TORONTO NOTES 2022

Toronto Notes 2022 New to Toronto Notes 2022 is updated and streamlined Evidence Based Medicine content with all clinical chapters now including a table of often discussed Landmark Clinical Trials that will further deepen your understanding of clinical practices. Alongside our textbook-wide revisions, the Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, the Geriatric Medicine, and the Infectious Diseases chapters have all been thoroughly revised and expanded. In addition to content updates, the Toronto Notes 2022 Clinical Handbook chapters now include a section on Do Not Miss Diagnoses to guide your learning during clerkship rotations. Key Features: Comprehensive medical textbook. Three separate volumes. Complementary Toronto Notes website. Clinical Handbook: a MUST for clerkship! Ebook version. Cover Title Page Edition Notice Dedication Preface Acknowledgements Student Contributors Faculty Contributors Table of Contents How to Use this Book Common Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in Medicine Common Unit Conversions Commonly Measured Laboratory Values Ethical, Legal, and Organizational Medicine Acronyms The Canadian Healthcare System Overview of Canadian Healthcare System Legal Foundation History of the Canadian Healthcare System and Crown-Indigenous Relations Pursuant to Healthcare Healthcare Expenditure and Delivery in Canada Physician Licensure and Certification Role of Professional Associations Ethical and Legal Issues in Canadian Medicine Introduction to the Principles of Ethics Confidentiality Consent and Capacity Negligence Truth-Telling Ethical Issues in Health Care Reproductive Technologies End-of-Life Care Physician Competence and Professional Conduct Research Ethics Physician-Industry Relations Resource Allocation Conscientious Objection Indigenous Health Overview of the History and Impact of Colonialism Movement Towards Reconciliation Indigenous Disproportionate Over-Representation of Biological, Psychological, and Social Co-Morbidities Indigenous Health Coverage and Jurisdictions Resources in Indigenous Health References Anesthesia Acronyms Overview of Anesthesia Types of Anesthesia Preoperative Assessment History and Physical Preoperative Investigations American Society of Anesthesiology Classification Preoperative Optimization Medications Hypertension Coronary Artery Disease Respiratory Diseases Aspiration Fasting Guidelines Hematological Disorders Endocrine Disorders Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Monitoring Airway Management Airway Anatomy Methods of Supporting Airways Tracheal Intubation Difficult Airway Oxygen Therapy Ventilation Intraoperative Management Temperature Heart Rate Blood Pressure Fluid Balance and Resuscitation IV Fluids Blood Products Induction Routine Induction vs. Rapid Sequence Induction Induction Agents Muscle Relaxants and Reversing Agents Analgesia Maintenance Extubation Complications of Extubation Regional Anesthesia Epidural and Spinal Anesthesia Peripheral Nerve Blocks Local Anesthesia Local Anesthetic Agents Systemic Toxicity Local Infiltration and Hematoma Blocks Topical Anesthetics Postoperative Care Common Postoperative Anesthetic Complications Pain Management Acute Pain Neuropathic Pain Chronic Pain Obstetrical Anesthesia Paediatric Anesthesia Uncommon Complications Malignant Hyperthermia Abnormal Pseudocholinesterase Appendices Difficult Tracheal Intubation in Unconscious Patient Difficult Tracheal Intubation Advanced Cardiac Life Support Guidelines Landmark Anesthesiology Trials References Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Acronyms Basic Anatomy Review Coronary Circulation Cardiac Anatomy Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations Chest Pain Loss of Consciousness Local Edema Generalized Edema Palpitations Dyspnea Cardiac Diagnostic Tests Electrocardiography Basics Approach to ECGs Classical Approach to ECGs Alternative PQRSTU Approach to ECGs Cardiac Biomarkers Ambulatory ECG Echocardiography Stress Testing Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography Coronary Angiography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Arrhythmias Mechanisms of Arrhythmias Bradyarrhythmias Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias Pre-Excitation Syndromes Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias Sudden Cardiac Arrest Electrophysiologic Studies Electrical Pacing Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators Catheter Ablation Ischemic Heart Disease Chronic Stable Angina Acute Coronary Syndromes Treatment Algorithm for Acute Coronary Syndrome Coronary Revascularization Heart Failure Congestive Heart Failure Sleep-Disordered Breathing Cardio-oncology Myocardial Disease Myocarditis Dilated Cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy Cardiac Transplantation Ventricular Assist Devices Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Cardiac Tumours Valvular Heart Disease Infective Endocarditis Rheumatic Fever Valve Repair and Valve Replacement Choice of Valve Prosthesis Prosthetic Valve Management Summary of Valvular Disease Pericardial Disease Acute Pericarditis Pericardial Effusion Cardiac Tamponade Constrictive Pericarditis Extracorporeal Circulation Cardiopulmonary Bypass Protection during Cardiopulmonary Bypass Common Medications Antiarrhythmics Landmark Cardiac Trials References Clinical Pharmacology Acronyms General Principles Drug Nomenclature Phases of Clinical Drug Testing Drug Administration Pharmacokinetics Absorption Distribution Metabolism (Biotransformation) Elimination Pharmacokinetic Considerations Pharmacodynamics Effects of Drugs on Receptors Effectiveness and Safety Therapeutic Indices Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Adverse Drug Reactions Approach to Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions Variability in Drug Response Drug Interactions Autonomic Pharmacology Parasympathetic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Opioid Therapy and Chronic Non-Cancer Pain Common Drug Endings Landmark Pharmacology Trials References Dermatology Acronyms Introduction to Skin Normal Processes of Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Skin Anatomy Skin Function Morphology Primary Lesions Secondary Lesions Patterns and Distribution Differential Diagnoses for Common Presentations Common Skin Lesions Cysts Fibrous Lesions Hyperkeratotic Lesions Keloids Pigmented Lesions Vascular Lesions Lipoma Xanthoma Acneiform Eruptions Acne Vulgaris/Common Acne Perioral Dermatitis Rosacea Dermatitis (Eczema) Asteatotic Dermatitis Atopic Dermatitis Contact Dermatitis Dyshidrotic Dermatitis Nummular Dermatitis Seborrheic Dermatitis Stasis Dermatitis Lichen Simplex Chronicus Papulosquamous Diseases Lichen Planus Pityriasis Rosea Psoriasis Vesiculobullous Diseases Bullous Pemphigoid Pemphigus Vulgaris Dermatitis Herpetiformis Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Drug Eruptions Exanthematous Urticarial Pustular Bullous Other Heritable Disorders Ichthyosis Vulgaris Epidermolysis Bullosa Neurofibromatosis (Type I; von Recklinghausen’s Disease) Oculocutaneous Albinism Vitiligo Infections Bacterial Infections: Epidermis Bacterial Infections: Dermis Bacterial Infections: Epidermis and Dermis Dermatophytoses Parasitic Infections Viral Infections Yeast Infections Sexually Transmitted Infections Pre-Malignant Skin Conditions Actinic Keratoses (Solar Keratoses) Leukoplakia Malignant Skin Tumours Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers Malignant Melanoma Other Cutaneous Cancers Diseases of Hair Density Hair Growth Non-Scarring (Non-Cicatricial) Alopecia Scarring (Cicatricial) Alopecia Nails and Disorders of the Nail Apparatus Adnexal Disorders Oral Diseases Skin Manifestations of Systemic Disease Paediatric Exanthems Miscellaneous Lesions Angioedema and Urticaria Erythema Nodosum Pruritus Wounds and Ulcers Sunscreens and Preventative Therapy Topical Steroids Dermatologic Therapies Traumatic and Mechanical Disorders Landmark Dermatology Trials References Emergency Medicine Acronyms Patient Assessment/Management 1. Rapid Primary Survey 2. Resuscitation 3. Secondary Survey Ethical Considerations Traumatology Considerations for Traumatic Injury Head Trauma Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Spine and Spinal Cord Trauma Chest Trauma Abdominal Trauma Genitourinary Tract Injuries Orthopaedic Injuries Wound Management Approach to Common ED Presentations Abdominal Pain Acute Pelvic Pain Altered Level of Consciousness Chest Pain Headache Joint and Back Pain Seizures Shortness of Breath Syncope Sexual Assault Medical Emergencies Anaphylaxis and Allergic Reactions Asthma Cardiac Dysrhythmias Acute Exacerbation of COPD Heart Failure Venous Thromboembolism Diabetic Emergencies Electrolyte Disturbances Hypertensive Emergencies Acute Coronary Syndrome Sepsis Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack Otolaryngological Presentations and Emergencies Epistaxis Gynaecologic/Urologic Emergencies Vaginal Bleeding Pregnant Patient in the ED Nephrolithiasis (Renal Colic) Ophthalmologic Emergencies Dermatologic Emergencies Environmental Injuries Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke Hypothermia and Cold Injuries Burns Inhalation Injury Bites Near Drowning Toxicology “ABCD3EFG” of Toxicology D1 – Universal Antidotes D2 – Draw Bloods D3 – Decontamination and Enhanced Elimination E – Expose and Examine the Patient F – Full Vitals, ECG Monitor, Foley, X-Rays G – Give Specific Antidotes and Treatments Alcohol Related Emergencies Approach to the Overdose Patient Psychiatric Emergencies Approach to Common Psychiatric Presentations Acute Psychosis Suicidal Patient Common Paediatric ED Presentations Modified Glasgow Coma Score Respiratory Distress Febrile Infant and Febrile Seizures Abdominal Pain Common Infections Child Abuse and Neglect Common Medications References Endocrinology Acronyms Basic Anatomy Review Major Endocrine Organs Dyslipidemias Overview of Lipid Transport Primary Dyslipidemias (rare) Secondary Dyslipidemias Dyslipidemia and the Risk for Coronary Artery Disease Treatment of Dyslipidemias Disorders of Glucose Metabolism Overview of Glucose Regulation Pre-Diabetes (Impaired Glucose Tolerance/ Impaired Fasting Glucose) Diabetes Mellitus Treatment of Diabetes Acute Complications Macrovascular Complications Microvascular Complications Other Complications Hypoglycemia Metabolic Syndrome Obesity Pituitary Gland Pituitary Hormones Growth Hormone Prolactin Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone Antidiuretic Hormone Pituitary Pathology Thyroid Thyroid Hormones Tests of Thyroid Function and Structure Thyrotoxicosis Graves’ Disease Subacute Thyroiditis (Thyrotoxic Phase) Toxic Adenoma/Toxic Multinodular Goitre Thyrotoxic Crisis/Thyroid Storm Hypothyroidism Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Myxedema Coma Non-Thyroidal Illness (Sick Euthyroid Syndrome) Non-Toxic Goitre Thyroid Nodules Thyroid Malignancies Adrenal Cortex Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Adrenocortical Hormones Adrenocortical Functional Workup Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndromes Cushing’s Syndrome Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Hyperandrogenism Adrenocortical Insufficiency Adrenal Medulla Catecholamine Metabolism Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma Disorders of Multiple Endocrine Glands Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Calcium Homeostasis Hypercalcemia Hypocalcemia Metabolic Bone Disease Osteoporosis Osteomalacia and Rickets Renal Osteodystrophy Paget’s Disease of Bone Male Reproductive Endocrinology Androgen Regulation Tests of Testicular Function Hypogonadism and Infertility Erectile Dysfunction Gynecomastia Female Reproductive Endocrinology Paraneoplastic Syndrome Common Medications Diabetes Medications Thyroid Medications Metabolic Bone Disease Medications Adrenal Medications Landmark Endocrinology Trials References Family Medicine Acronyms Four Principles of Family Medicine Periodic Health Examination Purpose of the Periodic Health Examination Classification of Recommendations (GRADE) Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines Lung Cancer Screening Guidelines Colorectal Cancer Screening Guidelines Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines Prostate Cancer Screening Guidelines Health Promotion and Counselling Motivational Strategies for Behavioural Change Nutrition Obesity Dyslipidemia Exercise Smoking Cessation Alcohol Use Common Presenting Problems Abdominal Pain Allergic Rhinitis Amenorrhea Anxiety Asthma/COPD Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Bronchitis (Acute) Chest Pain Common Cold (Acute Rhinitis) Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Contraception Cough Dementia (Major Neurocognitive Disorder) Depression Diabetes Mellitus Dizziness Domestic Violence/Elder Abuse Dyspepsia Dyspnea Dysuria Epistaxis Erectile Dysfunction Fatigue Fever Headache Hearing Impairment Hypertension Joint Pain Low Back Pain Menopause/Hormone Therapy Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Rash Sexually Transmitted Infections Sinusitis Sleep Disorders Sore Throat (Pharyngitis) Palliative Care Principles and Quality of Life End-of-Life Care Discussions Power of Attorney Instructional Advance Directives Symptom Management Complementary and Integrative Medicine Antimicrobial Quick Reference Landmark Family Medicine Trials References Gastroenterology Acronyms Anatomy Review Overview of Gastrointestinal Tract Visualizing the Gastrointestinal Tract Differential Diagnosis of Common Complaints Esophagus Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Barrett’s Esophagus Dysphagia Esophageal Motor Disorders Esophageal Diverticula Peptic Stricture (from Esophagitis) Esophageal Carcinoma Webs and Rings Infectious Esophagitis Stomach and Duodenum Dyspepsia Stomach Gastritis Peptic Ulcer Disease H. pylori-Induced Peptic Ulceration NSAID-Induced Ulceration Stress-Induced Ulceration Gastric Carcinoma Small and Large Bowel Classification of Diarrhea Acute Diarrhea Traveller’s Diarrhea Chronic Diarrhea Maldigestion and Malabsorption Celiac Disease (Gluten Enteropathy/Sprue) Inflammatory Bowel Disease Crohn’s Disease Ulcerative Colitis Irritable Bowel Syndrome Constipation Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Esophageal Varices Mallory-Weiss Tear Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diverticular Bleeding Infectious Colitis Colorectal Carcinoma Colorectal Polyps Familial Colon Cancer Syndromes Benign Anorectal Disease Liver Investigations of Hepatobiliary Disease Acute Viral Hepatitis (General) Hepatitis A Virus Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis D Virus Hepatitis C Virus Autoimmune Liver Disease Drug-Induced Liver Disease Wilson’s Disease Hemochromatosis Alcoholic Liver Disease Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Acute Liver Failure (formerly Fulminant Hepatic Failure) Cirrhosis Hepatocellular Carcinoma Liver Transplantation Portal Hypertension Hepatic Encephalopathy Ascites Biliary Tract Jaundice Gilbert’s Syndrome Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Primary Biliary Cholangitis (formerly Primary Biliary Cirrhosis) Biliary Colic, Cholecystitis Ascending Cholangitis Pancreas Pancreatic Enzyme Abnormalities Acute Pancreatitis Chronic Pancreatitis Autoimmune Pancreatitis Clinical Nutrition Determination of Nutritional Status Enteral Nutrition Parenteral Nutrition Common Medications Landmark Gastroenterology Trials References General and Thoracic Surgery Acronyms Basic Anatomy Review Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations Acute Abdominal Pain Abdominal Mass Gastrointestinal Bleeding Jaundice Preoperative Preparations Surgical Complications Postoperative Fever Wound/Incisional Complications Urinary and Renal Complications Postoperative Dyspnea Respiratory Complications Cardiac Complications Intra-Abdominal Abscess Paralytic Ileus Delirium Thoracic Surgery Mediastinal Masses Thymoma Hiatus Hernia Esophageal Perforation Esophageal Carcinoma Pleura, Lung, and Mediastinum Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion Empyema Pneumothorax Tube Thoracostomy Lung Cancer Approach to the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule Lung Transplantation Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Stomach and Duodenum Peptic Ulcer Disease Gastric Carcinoma Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour Bariatric Surgery Small Bowel Obstruction Mechanical Small Bowel Obstruction Paralytic Ileus Intestinal Ischemia Tumours of Small Intestine Short Gut Syndrome Abdominal Hernia Groin Hernias Appendix Appendicitis Inflammatory Bowel Disease Crohn’s Disease Ulcerative Colitis Large Bowel Obstruction Mechanical Large Bowel Obstruction Functional Large Bowel Obstruction: Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (Ogilvie’s Syndrome) Diverticular Disease Diverticulosis Diverticulitis Colorectal Neoplasms Colorectal Polyps Familial Colon Cancer Syndromes Colorectal Carcinoma Other Conditions of the Large Intestine Angiodysplasia Volvulus Toxic Megacolon Fistula Stomas Anorectum Hemorrhoids Anal Fissures Anorectal Abscess Fistula-In-Ano Pilonidal Disease Rectal Prolapse Anal Neoplasms Liver Liver Cysts Liver Abscesses Neoplasms Liver Transplantation Biliary Tract Cholelithiasis Biliary Colic Acute Cholecystitis Acalculous Cholecystitis Choledocholithiasis Acute Cholangitis Gallstone Ileus Carcinoma of the Gallbladder Cholangiocarcinoma Pancreas Acute Pancreatitis Chronic Pancreatitis Pancreatic Cancer Spleen Splenic Trauma Splenectomy Splenic Infarct Breast Benign Breast Lesions Breast Cancer Surgical Endocrinology Thyroid and Parathyroid Adrenal Gland Pancreas Paediatric Surgery Skin Lesions Common Medications Landmark General and Thoracic Surgery Trials References Acronyms Geriatric Medicine Acronyms Physiology and Pathology of Aging Common Presentations in Older Adults Constipation Delirium Elder Abuse Falls Frailty Immobility Incontinence Malnutrition Presbycusis Pressure Injuries Driving Competency Reporting Requirements Conditions That May Impair Driving Hazards of Hospitalization Healthcare Institutions Geriatric Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Polypharmacy Inappropriate Prescribing in Older Adults Common Medications Landmark Geriatric Medicine Trials References Gynaecology Acronyms Basic Anatomy Review Menstruation Menstrual Cycle Stages of Puberty Premenstrual Syndrome Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Common Investigations and Procedures Imaging Endometrial Biopsy Hysterectomy Disorders of Menstruation Amenorrhea Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Dysmenorrhea Endometriosis Adenomyosis Fibroids Contraception Hormonal Methods Intrauterine Device Emergency Postcoital Contraception Termination of Pregnancy Pregnancy-Related Complications First and Second Trimester Bleeding Spontaneous Abortions Ectopic Pregnancy Infertility Female Factors Male Factors Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Gynaecological Infections Physiologic Discharge Non-Physiologic Discharge Vulvovaginitis Sexually Transmitted Infections Bartholin Gland Abscess Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) Surgical Infections Sexual Abuse Sexuality and Sexual Dysfunction Menopause Menopause Hormone Therapy Urogynaecology Pelvic Organ Prolapse Urinary Incontinence Gynaecological Oncology Pelvic Mass Uterus Ovary Cervix Fallopian Tube Vulva Vagina Gestational Trophoblastic Disease/Neoplasia Common Medications Landmark Gynaecology Trials References Hematology Acronyms Basics of Hematology Complete Blood Count Blood Film Interpretation Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy Common Presenting Problems Anemia Erythrocytosis Thrombocytopenia Thrombocytosis Pancytopenia Neutrophilia Neutropenia Lymphocytosis Lymphopenia Eosinophilia Agranulocytosis Leukemoid Reaction Approach to Lymphadenopathy Approach to Splenomegaly Microcytic Anemia Iron Metabolism Iron Deficiency Anemia Anemia of Chronic Disease Sideroblastic Anemia Lead Poisoning Normocytic Anemia Aplastic Anemia Hemolytic Anemia Thalassemia β-Thalassemia Minor (Thalassemia Trait) β-Thalassemia Major β-Thalassemia Intermedia α-Thalassemia Sickle Cell Disease Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia/Thrombotic Microangiopathy Hereditary Spherocytosis Hereditary Elliptocytosis Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Macrocytic Anemia Vitamin B12 Deficiency Folate Deficiency Hemostasis Stages of Hemostasis Disorders of Primary Hemostasis Immune Thrombocytopenia Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome von Willebrand Disease Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis Hemophilia A (Factor VIII Deficiency) Hemophilia B (Factor IX Deficiency) Factor XI Deficiency Liver Disease Vitamin K Deficiency Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Hypercoagulable Disorders Venous Thromboembolism Approach to Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism Hematologic Malignancies and Related Disorders Myeloid Malignancies Acute Myeloid Leukemia Myelodysplastic Syndromes Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Polycythemia Vera Idiopathic Myelofibrosis Essential Thrombocythemia Lymphoid Malignancies Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Lymphomas Hodgkin Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Malignant Clonal Proliferations of Mature B-Cells Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Multiple Myeloma Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown Significance Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma Complications of Hematologic Malignancies Hyperviscosity Syndrome Tumour Lysis Syndrome Blood Products and Transfusions Blood Products Red Blood Cells Platelets Coagulation Factors Acute Blood Transfusion Reactions Delayed Blood Transfusion Reactions Common Medications Antiplatelet Therapy Anticoagulant Therapy Chemotherapeutic and Biologic Agents Used in Oncology Landmark Hematology Trials References Infectious Diseases Acronyms Principles of Microbiology Bacteriology Virology Mycology Parasitology Transmission of Infectious Diseases Nosocomial Infections Respiratory Infections Pneumonia Influenza COVID-19 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Cellulitis Necrotizing Fasciitis Acquired Oral Lesions Gastrointestinal Infections Traveller’s Diarrhea Chronic Diarrhea Peptic Ulcer Disease (Helicobater pylori) Bone and Joint Infections Septic Arthritis Diabetic Foot Infections Osteomyelitis Cardiac Infections Infective Endocarditis CNS Infections Meningitis Encephalitis Generalized Tetanus Rabies Systemic Infections Sepsis and Septic Shock Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) Lyme Disease Toxic Shock Syndrome Cat Scratch Disease Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever West Nile Virus Syphilis Tuberculosis HIV and AIDS Epidemiology Etiology Modes of Transmission Natural History Anti-Retroviral Treatment Prevention of HIV Infection Types of Testing HIV Pre- and Post-Test Counselling Fungal Infections Skin and Subcutaneous Infections Superficial Fungal Infections Dermatophytes Subcutaneous Fungal Infections Endemic Mycoses Opportunistic Fungi Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly P. carinii) Pneumonia: PJP or PCP Cryptococcus spp. Candida albicans Aspergillus spp. Parasitic Infections Protozoa – Intestinal/Genitourinary Infections Entamoeba histolytica (Amoebiasis) Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis Cryptosporidium spp. Blood and Tissue Infections Plasmodium spp. (Malaria) Trypanosoma cruzi Toxoplasma gondii Helminths Roundworms – Nematodes Flatworms – Cestodes/Trematodes Schistosoma spp. Ectoparasites Travel Medicine General Travel Precautions Fever in the Returned Traveller Fever of Unknown Origin Infections in the Immunocompromised Host Febrile Neutropenia Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome A Simplified Look at Antibiotics Antimicrobials Antibiotics Antivirals Antifungals Antiparasitics Quick Reference: Common Infections and Their Antibiotic Management Landmark Infectious Diseases Trials References Medical Genetics Acronyms Introduction to Genetics Pedigrees Genetic Testing and Counselling Differences in Morphology Congenital Anomalies Approach to the Patient with Physical Differences Genetic Conditions Other Single Gene Disorders Metabolic Diseases Landmark Medical Genetics Trials References Medical Imaging Acronyms Imaging Modalities X-Ray Imaging Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Scans Contrast Enhancement Chest Imaging Chest X-Ray Chest Computed Tomography Lung Abnormalities Pulmonary Vascular Abnormalities Pleural Abnormalities Mediastinal Abnormalities Tubes, Lines, and Catheters Abdominal Imaging Abdominal X-Ray Approach to Abdominal X-Ray Abdominal Computed Tomography Approach to Abdominal Computed Tomography Contrast Studies Specific Visceral Organ Imaging “itis” Imaging Angiography of Gastrointestinal Tract Genitourinary System and Adrenal Urological Imaging Gynaecological Imaging Adrenal Mass Neuroradiology Modalities Approach to Head Computed Tomography Selected Pathology Musculoskeletal System Modalities Approach to Bone X-Rays Trauma Arthritis Bone Tumour Infection Metabolic Bone Disease Nuclear Medicine Brain Thyroid Respiratory Cardiac Abdomen and Genitourinary System Bone Interventional Radiology Vascular Procedures Nonvascular Interventions Breast Imaging Modalities Breast Interventional Procedures Breast Findings Landmark Radiology Trials References Nephrology Acronyms Basic Anatomy Review Embryology of the Kidney Renal Structure and Function Renal Hemodynamics Assessment of Renal Function Measurement of Renal Function Urinalysis Urine Microscopy Urine Biochemistry Electrolyte Disorders Sodium Homeostasis Hyponatremia Hypernatremia Diabetes Insipidus Potassium Homeostasis Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia Hyperphosphatemia Hypophosphatemia Hypermagnesemia Hypomagnesemia Acid-Base Disorders Metabolic Acidosis Metabolic Alkalosis Polyuria Acute Kidney Injury Approach to AKI Parenchymal Kidney Diseases Glomerular Diseases Glomerular Syndromes Tubulointerstitial Disease Vascular Diseases of the Kidney Analgesic Nephropathies Systemic Disease with Renal Manifestation Diabetes Scleroderma Multiple Myeloma Malignancy Chronic Kidney Disease Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Hypertension Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis Renovascular Hypertension Renal Parenchymal Hypertension Cystic Diseases of the Kidney Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease Medullary Sponge Kidney End Stage Renal Disease Presentation of End Stage Renal Disease Renal Replacement Therapy Dialysis Renal Transplantation Common Medications Landmark Nephrology Trials References Neurology Acronyms Approach to the Neurological Complaint Lesion Localization The Neurological Exam General Exam and Mental Status Cranial Nerve Exam Motor Exam Sensory Exam Coordination Exam and Gait Basic Anatomy Review Lumbar Puncture Approach to Common Presentations Weakness Numbness/Altered Sensation Gait Disturbance Cranial Nerve Deficits CN I: Olfactory Nerve CN II: Optic Nerve CN III: Oculomotor Nerve CN IV: Trochlear Nerve CN V: Trigeminal Nerve CN VI: Abducens Nerve CN VII: Facial Nerve CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN X: Vagus Nerve CN XI: Accessory Nerve CN XII: Hypoglossal Nerve Neuro-Ophthalmology Optic Neuritis Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION) Amaurosis Fugax Optic Disc Edema Optic Disc Atrophy Abnormalities of Visual Field Abnormalities of Eye Movements Disorders of Gaze Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia Diplopia Nystagmus Abnormalities of Pupils Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxic Injuries Seizure Disorders and Epilepsy Seizure Status Epilepticus Behavioural Neurology Acute Confusional State/Delirium Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (Mild Cognitive Impairment) Major Neurocognitive Disorder (formerly Dementia) Major or Mild NCD due to Alzheimer’s Disease Major or Mild NCD with Lewy Bodies (formerly Dementia with Lewy Bodies) Major or Mild Frontotemporal NCD (formerly Frontotemporal Dementia) Major or Mild Vascular NCD Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Aphasia Apraxia Agnosia Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Neuro-Oncology Paraneoplastic Syndromes Tumours of the Nervous System Movement Disorders Function of the Basal Ganglia Overview of Movement Disorders Movement Disorders Parkinson’s Disease Other Parkinsonian Disorders Huntington’s Disease Wilson’s Disease Dystonia Tic Disorders Tourette’s Syndrome (Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome) Cerebellar Disorders Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Cerebellar Ataxias Vertigo Motor Neuron Disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s Disease) Other Motor Neuron Diseases Peripheral Neuropathies Diagnostic Approach to Peripheral Neuropathies Classification Guillain-Barré Syndrome Neuromuscular Junction Diseases Clinical Approach to Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction Myasthenia Gravis Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Botulism Myopathies Clinical Approach to Muscle Diseases Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Pain Syndromes Approach to Pain Syndromes Neuropathic Pain Trigeminal Neuralgia Postherpetic Neuralgia Painful Diabetic Neuropathy Complex Regional Pain Syndromes Headache Migraine Headaches Sleep Disorders Overview of Sleep Coma Insomnia Sleep Apnea Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and Periodic Limb Movement in Sleep (PLMS) Narcolepsy Parasomnias CNS Infections Spinal Cord Syndromes Stroke Terminology Pathophysiology Assessment of Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke Primary and Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke Cerebral Hemorrhage Neurocutaneous Syndromes Multiple Sclerosis Common Medications Landmark Neurology Trials References Neurosurgery Acronyms Basic Anatomy Review Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations Intracranial Pressure Dynamics ICP/Volume Relationship Cerebral Blood Flow ICP Measurement Elevated ICP Herniation Syndromes Treatment of Elevated ICP Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumour Cerebri) Hydrocephalus Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension CNS Tumours Metastatic Tumours Adult Diffuse Gliomas Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Meningioma Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma) Pituitary Adenoma Cerebral Abscess Blood Extradural (“Epidural”) Hematoma Subdural Hematoma Cerebrovascular Disease Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Intracranial Aneurysms Intracerebral Hemorrhage Vascular Malformations Arteriovenous Malformations, Cavernous Malformations, and Dural Fistulas Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistulas Approach to Limb/Back Pain Extradural Lesions Root Compression Cervical Disc Syndrome Cervical Spondylosis Lumbar Disc Syndrome Cauda Equina Syndrome Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Neurogenic Claudication Intradural Intramedullary Lesions Syringomyelia (Syrinx) Spinal Cord Syndromes Peripheral Nerves Neurotrauma Trauma Assessment Head Injury Brain Injury Spinal Cord Injury Fractures of the Spine Neurologically Determined Death Coma Persistent Vegetative State Paediatric Neurosurgery Spinal Dysraphism Intraventricular Hemorrhage Hydrocephalus in Paediatrics Dandy-Walker Malformation Chiari Malformations Craniosynostosis Paediatric Brain Tumours Functional Neurosurgery Movement Disorders Neuropsychiatric Disorders Chronic Pain Surgical Management of Epilepsy Surgical Management for Trigeminal Neuralgia Landmark Neurosurgery Trials References Obstetrics Acronyms Basic Anatomy Review Pregnancy Diagnosis of Pregnancy Maternal Physiologic Adaptations to Pregnancy Antepartum Care Preconception Counselling Initial Prenatal Visit Nausea and Vomiting Hyperemesis Gravidarum Subsequent Prenatal Visits Prenatal Screening and Diagnostic Tests Fetal Surveillance Counselling