Topography and History of Ancient Epicnemidian Locris (Mnemosyne Supplements: History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity)

This Book Presents The Results Of A Major Project Carried Out By A Team From The Universidad Autónoma De Madrid And The 14th Ephorate Of Prehistoric And Classical Antiquities At Lamia. The Book Gives A Full Picture Of A Extensive Area Of Greece Known As Epicnemidian Locris, On Which Very Little Has Been Studied And Published In The Past. Its Relevance In Historical Times Was Due To Its Natural Environment And Mainly On The Pass At Thermopylae, Which Marked The Physical Boundary Between Central/northern Greece And The South, Being The Scene Of Repeated Conflicts. The Book Offers A A Complete Picture Of What Epicnemidian Locris Was Like In The Past: Its Geography, Topography, Frontiers And The Ancient Settlements Of The Region.-- Geography: The Natural Landscape Of Epicnemidian Locris: The Historical Conditions Of Its Physical Environment / J.a. Gonzalez, C. Arteaga, F. Arteaga-manjon-cabeza, M. Arjona And R. Garcia -- Topography: The Ancient Topography Of The Epicnemidian Locris / J. Pascual ; The Dipotamos Valley And The Phocian Corridor / M. Papakonstantinou And G. Zachos ; The Necropoleis Of Epicnemidian Locris And Dipotamos Valley / M. Papakonstantinou And E. Karantzali ; The Fortifications Of Epicnemidian Locris / S. Milan ; Communication Routes In And Around Epicnemidian Locris / E. Sanchez-moreno ; Mountain Passes In Epicnemidian Locris / E. Sanchez-moreno ; Thalatta Lokron: Plying The Sea Of The Locrians / M. Arjona -- History: From Neolithic To Late Helladic / S. Dimaki ; Early Settlement And Configuration Of The Archaic Poleis / A.j. Dominguez Monedero ; The Late Archaic Period / A.j. Dominguez Monedero ; The Classical Period (480-323) / J. Pascual ; The Hellenistic Period (323-146) / J.j. Moreno Hernandez And I.m. Pascual Valderrama ; The Roman Period From 146 Bc To Justinian / G. Zachos. Edited By José Pascual, Maria-foteini Papakonstantinou. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Topography and History of Ancient Epicnemidian Locris 4 Contents 8 List of Illustrations 10 Figures 10 Tables 11 Plates 12 Explanatory notes 16 Abbreviations 18 Acknowledgments 22 Nina Kyparissi-Apostolika: Foreword 24 José Pascual & Maria-Foteini Papakonstantinou: Introduction 32 Part I: Geography 38 1 Juan Antonio González & al.: The Natural Landscape of Epicnemidian Locris: The Historical Conditions of its Physical Environment 40 1. Introduction 40 2. The Architecture of the Locrian Landscape: The Relief and Its Structural Elements 44 Geotectonic Outline 44 Morphostructural Setting: The Tectonic Framework and Its Seismic Activity 48 3. The Mountains: Their Slopes and Drainage Network 53 The Rocks and Their Metalliferous Resources 54 The Mountain Slopes 58 The River Network: Morphometric Characteristics 63 4. The Coastal Plain and the Coast of Malian Gulf 68 Alluvial Fans: Their Role in Forming the Coastal Plain 70 The Accumulations on the Coast: Deltas, Alluvial Fan Deltas and Beaches 74 The Delta of Spercheius 77 The Alluvial-Fan Deltas of the Locrian Coast 78 The Narrow Strips of Beach 80 The Travertines of the Ancient Pass of Thermopylae 81 Evolution of the Locrian Coast 83 5. Final Considerations 88 Part II: Topography 94 2 José Pascual: The Ancient Topography of Epicnemidian Locris 96 1. Frontiers and Extension of Epicnemidian Locris 96 2. The Sites 103 A. The West Part of Epicnemidian Locris 103 1. Psylopyrgos = Alponus (Alpenus) 105 2. Roumelio/Platanakos = Nicaea 119 3. Agia Triada 129 4. Paliokastro Anavras 130 B. The Valley of the River Potamia 137 1. Trochala/Prossilia/Agios Charalambos = Scarpheia 139 2. The Church of Agios Konstantinos and Agia Eleni = Scarpheia’s Harbour? 146 3. Agios Vlassios = A Possible Ancient Sanctuary 148 4. Mendenitsa 152 5. Profitis Ilias in Karavydia 159 6. The Stefani Fortress in the Kleisoura Pass 162 C. The Xerias/Platanias (= Ancient Boagrius) Valley and the East of Epicnemidian Locris 164 1. Palaikastro ta Marmara/Pikraki/Bzika = Thronium 166 2. Agios Titos in Kainourgio 175 3. Trikorfo/Trilofo Renginiou = Tarphe-Pharygae? 175 4. Kamena Vourla 180 5. Tachtali/Ities 185 6. Allangi/Voulomeni Petra 188 7. Palianifitsa, Kalyvia, Agios Ioannis Anifitsas, Anivitsa or Anivitza 188 8. Velona 191 9. The Metamorphoseos tou Sotiros Monastery of Kamena Vourla 192 10. Karya 195 11. Gouvali = Cnemides (Cnemis) 197 12. Mavrolithia-Mavralitharia = Cnemides’ Harbour? 204 13. Palaiokastro/Paliokastra or Paleokastras Renginiou or Katafias = Naryca (Naryx) 207 14. The Kastraki Fortress 213 3. Settlement Development 216 From the Neolithic to the LH 216 From Geometric to Hellenistic Period 217 From the Second Century BC to the Sixth Century AD 220 4. Settlement Organization and Poleis 221 3 Maria-Foteini Papakonstantinou and George Zachos: The Dipotamos Valley and the "Phocian Corridor" 232 1. Introduction 232 2. The “Phocian Corridor” 235 3. The Sites 237 1. Isiomata = Daphnus 237 2. Agios Konstantinos = the Harbour of Daphnus 249 3. The Excavations at Rachi Vathyrematos—Dichalorematos 253 4. Agnanti 253 5. Zeli 254 4 Maria-Foteini Papakonstantinou and Efi Karantzali: The Necropoleis of Epicnemidian Locris and Dipotamos Valley 256 1. Introduction 256 2. The Cemeteries of the Prehistoric Period 259 3. The Necropoleis of the Historical Periods: From the Classical to the Early Christian Period 272 From the Classical to the End of Hellenistic Period (Figure 4.1, Red/Blue) 272 From Roman to Late Roman and Early Christian Periods (Figure 4.1, Green/Brown) 278 Miscellaneous Tombs and Cemetery Sites Dating to Historical Times (Figure 4.1, Black) 283 4. The Necropoleis of Epicnemidian Locris and Dipotamos Valley: A Synthesis of Research Results and Some Remarks 283 5. Catalogue of Cemetery Sites of Epicnemidian Locris 286 6. Catalogue of Cemetery Sites of Dipotamos Valley 291 5 Soledad Milán: The Fortifications of Epicnemidian Locris 294 6 Eduardo Sánchez-Moreno: Communication Routes in and around Epicnemidian Locris 310 1. Introduction. Marks on the Landscape, Landscape of Paths, Paths with No Names 310 2. Principal Axes of Communication in Epicnemidian Locris 318 West-East Routes 318 A. The (Supposed) Coastal Route 318 B. The Anavra-Mendenitsa-Naryx-Anifitsa (Vasilika) Route 323 C. Inland Routes between Mount Cnemis and the Callidromus 327 C.1. The Anifitsa-Tachtali-Dipotamos Corridor 327 C.2. Along the Mountain Crest of Cnemis and through the Plisorema Gorge 329 C.3. Via the Crest of Cnemis to Velona 330 C.4. Along the Crest of Cnemis to Naryx 331 North-South Routes 331 D. The Route through the Latzorema Valley 332 E. The Route along the Potamia Valley 334 F. The Route along the Aphamius Valley 335 G. The Routes through the Boagrius Valley 338 3. Other Routes 344 H. The Anopaea: Single Path or Network of Tracks and Passes? 344 4. Axis of Communication Bordering Epicnemidian Locris 352 I. Between the Oeta and the Callidromus: The Melas Road, the Asopus Road, and the Doris-Phocis Corridor 352 J. Between Daphnus and Hyampolis: The Dipotamos Corridor 360 7 Eduardo Sánchez-Moreno: Mountain Passes in Epicnemidian Locris 368 1. Thermopylae (A) 369 2. Kleisoura (B) 380 3. Fontana (Γ) 382 4. Vasilika (Δ) 384 8 Manuel Arjona: Thalatta Lokron: Plying the Sea of the Locrians 392 1. Navigation off the Locrian Coast in Antiquity 392 2. The Ports of Epicnemidian Locris (See Figure 8.1 below) 402 1. The Port of Alponus/Alpenus 405 2. The Port of Nicaea 407 3. The Port of Scarpheia 410 4. The Port of Thronium 412 5. A Possible Port at the Foot of Cnemis 415 6. Addenda: The Port of Daphnus 416 3. The Locrian Seafarers 417 Part III: History 424 9 Sofia Dimaki: From the Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age 426 10 Adolfo J. Domínguez Monedero: Epicnemidian Locris: Early Settlement and Configuration of the Archaic poleis 436 11 Adolfo J. Domínguez Monedero: The Late Archaic Period 476 12 José Pascual: Epicnemidian Locris in the Classical Period (480-323BC) 502 13 Jorge Juan Moreno Hernández and Ignacio M. Pascual Valderrama: Epicnemidian Locris in the Hellenistic Period (323-146BC) 538 14 George Zachos: The Roman Period: From 146BC to Justinian 568 Conclusions 580 Bibliography 594 Indices 632 Index A: Ancient Texts Cited or Discussed 634 1. Literary 634 2. Epigraphic 639 Index B: Gods, Heroes and Persons 640 Index C: Toponyms and General Subjects 644 Nina Kyparissi-Apostolika: Foreword José Pascual & Maria-Foteini Papakonstantinou: Introduction Part I: Geography 1 Juan Antonio González & al.: The Natural Landscape of Epicnemidian Locris: The Historical Conditions of its Physical Environment Part II: Topography 2 José Pascual: The Ancient Topography of Epicnemidian Locris 3 Maria-Foteini Papakonstantinou and George Zachos: The Dipotamos Valley and the "Phocian Corridor" 4 Maria-Foteini Papakonstantinou and Efi Karantzali: The Necropoleis of Epicnemidian Locris and Dipotamos Valley 5 Soledad Milán: The Fortifications of Epicnemidian Locris 6 Eduardo Sánchez-Moreno: Communication Routes in and around Epicnemidian Locris 7 Eduardo Sánchez-Moreno: Mountain Passes in Epicnemidian Locris 8 Manuel Arjona: Θάλαττα Λοκρῶν: Plying the Sea of the Locrians Part III: History 9 Sofia Dimaki: From the Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age 10 Adolfo J. Domínguez Monedero: Epicnemidian Locris: Early Settlement and Configuration of the Archaic poleis 11 Adolfo J. Domínguez Monedero: The Late Archaic Period 12 José Pascual: Epicnemidian Locris in the Classical Period (480-323BC) 13 Jorge Juan Moreno Hernández and Ignacio M. Pascual Valderrama: Epicnemidian Locris in the Hellenistic Period (323-146BC) 14 George Zachos: The Roman Period: From 146BC to Justinian José Pascual & Maria-Foteini Papakonstantinou: Conclusions This book presents the results of a major project carried out by a team from the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and the 14th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities at Lamia offering a complete picture of what Epicnemidian Locris was like in the past.