Tongue Image Analysis

This is the first book offering a systematic description of tongue image analysis and processing technologies and their typical applications in computerized tongue diagnostic (CTD) systems. It features the most current research findings in all aspects of tongue image acquisition, preprocessing, classification, and diagnostic support methodologies, from theoretical and algorithmic problems to prototype design and development of CTD systems. The book begins with a very in-depth description of CTD on a need-to-know basis which includes an overview of CTD systems and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in order to provide the information on the context and background of tongue image analysis. The core part then introduces algorithms as well as their implementation methods, at a know-how level, including image segmentation methods, chromatic correction, and classification of tongue images. Some clinical applications based on these methods are presented for the show-how purpose in the CTD research field. Case studies highlight different techniques that have been adopted to assist the visual inspection of appendicitis, diabetes, and other common diseases. Experimental results under different challenging clinical circumstances have demonstrated the superior performance of these techniques. In this book, the principles of tongue image analysis are illustrated with plentiful graphs, tables, and practical experiments to provide insights into some of the problems. In this way, readers can easily find a quick and systematic way through the complicated theories and they can later even extend their studies to special topics of interest. This book will be of benefit to researchers, professionals, and graduate students working in the field of computer vision, pattern recognition, clinical practice, and TCM, as well as those involved in interdisciplinary research. Front Matter....Pages i-xv Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Introduction to Tongue Image Analysis....Pages 3-18 Tongue Images Acquisition System Design....Pages 19-44 Front Matter....Pages 45-45 Tongue Image Segmentation by Bi-elliptical Deformable Contour....Pages 47-70 A Snake-Based Approach to Automated Tongue Image Segmentation....Pages 71-88 Tongue Segmentation in Hyperspectral Images....Pages 89-102 Tongue Segmentation by Gradient Vector Flow and Region Merging....Pages 103-113 Tongue Segmentation by Fusing Region-Based and Edge-Based Approaches....Pages 115-131 Tongue Shape Classification by Geometric Features....Pages 133-153 Front Matter....Pages 155-155 Color Correction Scheme for Tongue Images....Pages 157-178 Tongue Colorchecker for Precise Correction....Pages 179-205 Tongue Color Analysis for Medical Application....Pages 207-223 Statistical Analysis of Tongue Color and Its Applications in Diagnosis....Pages 225-250 Hyperspectral Tongue Image Classification....Pages 251-261 Front Matter....Pages 263-263 Computerized Tongue Diagnosis Based on Bayesian Networks....Pages 265-280 Tongue Image Analysis for Appendicitis Diagnosis....Pages 281-293 Diagnosis Using Quantitative Tongue Feature Classification....Pages 295-301 Detecting Diabetes Mellitus and Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Using CTD....Pages 303-325 Front Matter....Pages 327-327 Book Review and Future Work....Pages 329-331 Back Matter....Pages 333-335