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To Catch a Virus Trace the evolution of diagnostic virology from yellow fever to COVID-19 Join expert storytellers John Booss, Marilyn J. August, and Marie Louise Landry in a journey through the history of viral epidemics and the detective work of those determined to identify the culprits and treat the infected. From the identification of the first virus in the late 1800s to the molecular techniques that enabled the rapid recognition of and vaccine development for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, viral diagnostic methods have progressed over the past century to become a formidable tool in human health care. This collection of gripping historical narratives covers a range of fascinating outbreaks and public health challenges, from yellow fever and smallpox to AIDS and COVID-19. This new edition chronicles the ongoing story of the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the people, the pathogen, and the progress in the diagnostic laboratory and clinical settings that has touched every aspect of global health. The many photographs and rich biographical sketches of key figures, diagrams of diagnostic procedures, micrographs of virus-infected cells, timelines, and a new glossary of key terms make To Catch a Virus compelling reading. This book serves as an excellent resource for courses in virology, immunology, microbiology, and public health. As the world struggles with the ongoing pandemic of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, To Catch a Virus is an insightful and superbly told story that chronicles the incredible metamorphosis of diagnostic virology and the technological advances that now make it possible to quickly and accurately detect and monitor the many disease-causing viruses that plague humankind. A stimulating, informative, and absorbing read that is highly recommended. — Richard L. Hodinka, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; former Director, Clinical Virology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia To Catch a Virus provides a beautifully written and compelling story of scientific discovery. It carefully traces the understanding of viral diseases from the turn of the twentieth century to the present. For general readers the authors provide timely and expert guidance to the extraordinary advances in diagnosis, surveillance, and therapeutics that constitute the silver lining in the otherwise somber years of COVID-19. For anyone wishing to understand the challenges confronting virologists and their accomplishments to date, this work is the place to start. — Frank M. Snowden, PhD, Andrew Downey Orrick Professor Emeritus of History, Yale University; former Chair, Program in History of Science and History of Medicine, Yale University Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Foreword Preface About the Authors Chapter 1 Fear or Terror on Every Countenance Yellow Fever Introduction Germ Theory Birth of Virology, “Filterable Viruses” Walter Reed and the Yellow Fever Commission References Chapter 2 Of Mice and Men Animal Models of Viral Infection Introduction Rabies: Dogs and Rabbits Polio: Monkeys Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Yellow Fever, and Epidemic Encephalitides: Monkeys and Mice Influenza: Ferrets Embryonated Eggs References Chapter 3 Filling the Churchyard with Corpses Smallpox and the Immune Response Introduction Protection: the Case of Smallpox Start of the Science of Immunology: Phagocytosis and Humoral Immunity Antiviral Neutralization and Protection Standardization of Reagents for the First Diagnostic Laboratories References Chapter 4 What Can Be Seen from Viral Inclusion Bodies to Electron Microscopy Introduction Rudolf Virchow and Cellular Pathology Advances in Light Microscopy Advances in Tissue Preparation Rabies—Negri Bodies Smallpox—Guarnieri Bodies and Elementary Bodies Varicella—Intranuclear Inclusions and Multinucleated Cells Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease of the Newborn The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy and Virological Studies References Chapter 5 The Turning Point Cytopathic Effect in Tissue Culture Introduction The Beginnings of Tissue Culture Early Applications of Tissue Culture to Viral Growth FDR . . . “. . . by Friday evening he lost the ability to walk or move his legs . . .” The Growth of Poliovirus in vitro: “It was almost an afterthought” The First Viral Diagnostic Laboratory The First Diagnostic Virology Laboratory in the U.S. Civilian Sector References Chapter 6 A Torrent of Viral Isolates The Early Years of Diagnostic Virology Introduction Diagnostic Virology in University Hospital Laboratories The Beginnings of Diagnostic Virology at the CDC The LID at the NIH Refinements in Cell Culture Methods and Differential Susceptibility for Viral Diagnosis Profusion of Isolates, Taxonomy, and the Question of Disease Causation References Chapter 7 Imaging Viruses and Tagging Their Antigens Introduction Undefined viral illnesses Timeliness of diagnosis Refinements of EM Early diagnostic EM Thin sectioning Shadow casting Negative staining Immunoelectron microscopy Winter vomiting disease Acute infantile diarrhea Timeliness of Diagnosis: the Development of FA Coons and the development of the FA technique Early viral diagnostic studies with FA techniques Rapid viral diagnosis: the role of Phillip S. Gardner and Joyce McQuillin at Newcastle-upon-Tyne References Chapter 8 Immunological Memory Ingenuity and Serendipity Introduction Historical Origins of Hepatitis in Catarrhal Jaundice and Homologous Serum Jaundice Baruch Blumberg, Australia Antigen, and Posttransfusion Hepatitis Rosalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson: Development of RIA EIA and ELISA Western Blots Immunoglobulin Classes Monoclonal Antibodies References Chapter 9 To the Barricades The Molecular Revolution Introduction Inheritance, DNA, and the Double Helix HIV and the AIDS Epidemic Early Diagnostic Applications of Molecular Nucleic Acid Techniques PCR and Other Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests Future Directions for Molecular Diagnostics and Viral Pathogen Discovery...The Next Chapter References Chapter 10 The World ChangedThe COVID-19 Pandemic Introduction History of the Pandemic Wuhan, China—. . . . where it all began Truths from a cruise ship Lombardy, Italy, shattered the European sense of safety American epicenter: New York City India: a tale of two pandemics The Virus and Its Variants The virus Variants Variant naming Vaccines: the New “Arms Race” New vaccine platforms Duration of immunity and impact of variants Additional vaccines Diagnostic Tests Molecular tests for SARS-CoV-2 Testing asymptomatic individuals Tests and sensitivity Infectious virus Sample collection Diagnostic innovation SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing Changing test demands Staffing crisis Viral genome sequencing Surveillance for SARS CoV-2 in wastewater Clinical Dilemmas Adult COVID-19 Pregnancy and newborns COVID-19 in children Long COVID, aka long-haulers’ disease or postacute COVID syndrome (PACS) Therapies Cultural Impact of the Pandemic Life in the time of COVID-19 Health care disparities Prisons Nursing homes Schools Anthony Fauci The Future The fate of COVID-19; optimism fluctuates Future pandemics The role of diagnostic virology in international affairs References Appendix: Chapter timelines Chapter 1 Fear or Terror on Every Countenance: Yellow Fever Chapter 2 Of Mice and Men: Animal Models of Viral Infection Chapter 3 Filling the Churchyard with Corpses: Smallpox and the Immune Response Chapter 4 What Can Be Seen: from Viral Inclusion Bodies to Electron Microscopy Chapter 5 The Turning Point: Cytopathic Effect in Tissue Culture Chapter 6 A Torrent of Viral Isolates: the Early Years of Diagnostic Virology Chapter 7 Imaging Viruses and Tagging Their Antigens Chapter 8 Immunological Memory: Ingenuity and Serendipity Chapter 9 To the Barricades: the Molecular Revolution Chapter 10 The World Changed: The COVID-19 Pandemic Glossary Index EULA "We are pleased with the reception of the first edition of To Catch a Virus, suggesting that there is a place in the literature for a book describing the history of how viruses are captured and identified. With a nod to To Catch a Thief, Alfred Hitchcock's 1955 classic mystery film, the first edition served as a chronicle of discovery and diagnosis. It was a history of diagnostic virology from the initial diagnosis of a human viral illness at the turn of the 20th century by Walter Reed and the Yellow Fever Commission to the emergence of molecular methods of diagnosis and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS) epidemic more than a century later. We covered the first diagnostic virology lab at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center at the start of World War II. Diagnostic virology would emerge to sit astride the confluence of dynamic developments in science, public health struggles with epidemics and emerging diseases, and the intensive medical care of individual patients"-- Provided by publisher "Join expert storytellers John Booss and Marilyn J. August on a journey through the history of viral epidemics and the work of those determined to identify the culprits and treat the infected. From the identification of the first virus in the late 1800s to the molecular techniques that today allow physicians to know-within minutes-how best to treat an AIDS patient, the diagnostic virology laboratory has progressed over the past century to become a formidable tool in human health care. Replete with rich imagery, including photographs of key figures, diagrams of diagnostic procedures, and micrographs of virus-infected cells, To Catch a Virus is compelling reading for the scientific pioneer and adventure seeker who is interested in the evolution of virology." -- Publisher information.