Timing Analysis and Simulation for Signal Integrity Engineers (Prentice Hall Modern Semiconductor Design Series' Sub Series: PH Signal Integrity Library)

Every day, companies call upon their signal integrity engineers to make difficult decisions about design constraints and timing margins. Can I move these wires closer together? How many holes can I drill in this net? How far apart can I place these chips? Each design is unique: there’s no single recipe that answers all the questions. Today’s designs require ever greater precision, but design guides for specific digital interfaces are by nature conservative. Now, for the first time, there’s a complete guide to timing analysis and simulation that will help you manage the tradeoffs between signal integrity, performance, and cost. Writing from the perspective of a practicing SI engineer and team lead, Greg Edlund of IBM presents deep knowledge and quantitative techniques for making better decisions about digital interface design. Edlund shares his insights into how and why digital interfaces fail, revealing how fundamental sources of pathological effects can combine to create fault conditions. You won’t just learn Edlund’s expert techniques for avoiding failures: you’ll learn how to develop the right approach for your own projects and environment. Coverage includes • Systematically ensure that interfaces will operate with positive timing margin over the product’s lifetime– without incurring excess cost • Understand essential chip-to-chip timing concepts in the context of signal integrity • Collect the right information upfront, so you can analyze new designs more effectively • Review the circuits that store information in CMOS state machines–and how they fail • Learn how to time common-clock, source synchronous, and high-speed serial transfers • Thoroughly understand how interconnect electrical characteristics affect timing: propagation delay, impedance profile, crosstalk, resonances, and frequency-dependent loss • Model 3D discontinuities using electromagnetic field solvers • Walk through four case studies: coupled differential vias, land grid array connector, DDR2 memory data transfer, and PCI Express channel • Appendices present a refresher on SPICE modeling and a high-level conceptual framework for electromagnetic field behavior Objective, realistic, and practical, this is the signal integrity resource engineers have been searching for. Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvi About the Author xix About the Cover xx Chapter 1: Engineering Reliable Digital Interfaces 1 Chapter 2: Chip-to-Chip Timing 13 Chapter 3: Inside IO Circuits 39 Chapter 4: Modeling 3D Discontinuities 73 Chapter 5: Practical 3D Examples 101 Chapter 6: DDR2 Case Study 133 Chapter 7: PCI Express Case Study 175 Appendix A: A Short CMOS and SPICE Primer 209 Appendix B: A Stroll Through 3D Fields 219 Endnotes 233 Index 235 Cover Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Author About the Cover 1 Engineering Reliable Digital Interfaces A Sadly Familiar Tale Power On The Long Reach of Legacy Design Reflections on a Near Disaster Motivations to Develop a Simulation Strategy The Boundaries of Simulation Space 2 Chip-to-Chip Timing Root Cause CMOS Latch Timing Failures Setup and Hold Constraints Common-Clock On-Chip Timing Setup and Hold SPICE Simulations Timing Budget Common-Clock IO Timing Common-Clock IO Timing Using a Standard Load Limits of the Common-Clock Architecture 3 Inside IO Circuits CMOS Receiver CMOS Differential Receiver Pin Capacitance Receiver Current-Voltage Characteristics CMOS Push-Pull Driver Output Impedance Output Rise and Fall Times CMOS Current Mode Driver Behavioral Modeling of IO Circuits Behavioral Model for CMOS Push-Pull Driver Behavioral Modeling Assumptions Tour of an IBIS Model IBIS Header IBIS Pin Table IBIS Receiver Model IBIS Driver Model Behavioral Modeling Assumptions (Reprise) Comparison of SPICE and IBIS Models Accuracy and Quality of IO Circuit Models 4 Modeling 3D Discontinuities Beyond Transmission Lines Finite Difference Time Domain Method Solo Flight in a 3D Field Solver Coaxial Transmission Line Boundary Conditions Waveguide Ports Stimulus Function Mesh Density Running the Solver Port Signals S-Parameters Energy Field Visualization Coaxial Discontinuity Formation of Reflection S-Parameters and Their Explanation 5 Practical 3D Examples Coupled Differential Vias Mechanical Drawings Ports Mesh Density Sanity Check Documentation Pre-Flight Checklist Land Grid Array Connector Mechanical Trade-Offs Electrical Characterization 3D Modeling Decisions Test Card Design Model-to-Hardware Correlation 6 DDR2 Case Study Evolution from a Common Ancestor DDR2 Signaling Write Timing Read Timing Get to Know Your IO Off-Chip Driver On-Die Termination Rising and Falling Waveforms Interconnect Sensitivity Analysis Conductor and Dielectric Losses Impedance Tolerance Pin-to-Pin Capacitance Variation Length Variation Within a Byte Lane DIMM Connector Crosstalk Vref AC Noise and Resistor Tolerance Slope Derating Factor Final Read and Write Timing Budgets Sources of Conservatism Assumptions 7 PCI Express Case Study High-Speed Serial Interfaces Sensitivity Analysis Ideal Driver and Lossy Transmission Line Differential Driver with De-Emphasis Card Impedance Tolerance 3D Discontinuities Channel Step Response Crosstalk Pathology Crosstalk-Induced Jitter Channel Characteristics Sensitivity Analysis Results Model-to-Hardware Correlation Reflections A: A Short CMOS and SPICE Primer MOSFETs Two Basic CMOS Circuits SPICE Sample SPICE Input Deck SPICE Transistor Models SPICE Subcircuits B: A Stroll Through 3D Fields Four Poetic Equations Charges at Rest Steady-State Currents The Non-Intuitive Force Enter Time Waves Dropping a Few Dimensions Endnotes Index A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V W-X-Y-Z

Every day, companies call upon their signal integrity engineers to make difficult decisions about design constraints and timing margins. Can I move these wires closer together? How many holes can I drill in this net? How far apart can I place these chips? Each design is unique: there’s no single recipe that answers all the questions. Today’s designs require ever greater precision, but design guides for specific digital interfaces are by nature conservative. Now, for the first time, there’s a complete guide to timing analysis and simulation that will help you manage the tradeoffs between signal integrity, performance, and cost.

Writing from the perspective of a practicing SI engineer and team lead, Greg Edlund of IBM presents deep knowledge and quantitative techniques for making better decisions about digital interface design. Edlund shares his insights into how and why digital interfaces fail, revealing how fundamental sources of pathological effects can combine to create fault conditions. You won’t just learn Edlund’s expert techniques for avoiding failures: you’ll learn how to develop the right approach for your own projects and environment.

Coverage includes

• Systematically ensure that interfaces will operate with positive timing margin over the product’s lifetime–without incurring excess cost

• Understand essential chip-to-chip timing concepts in the context of signal integrity

• Collect the right information upfront, so you can analyze new designs more effectively

• Review the circuits that store information in CMOS state machines–and how they fail

• Learn how to time common-clock, source synchronous, and high-speed serial transfers

• Thoroughly understand how interconnect electrical characteristics affect timing: propagation delay, impedance profile, crosstalk, resonances, and frequency-dependent loss

• Model 3D discontinuities using electromagnetic field solvers

• Walk through four case studies: coupled differential vias, land grid array connector, DDR2 memory data transfer, and PCI Express channel

• Appendices present a refresher on SPICE modeling and a high-level conceptual framework for electromagnetic field behavior

Objective, realistic, and practical, this is the signal integrity resource engineers have been searching for.

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xvi

About the Author xix

About the Cover xx

Chapter 1: Engineering Reliable Digital Interfaces 1

Chapter 2: Chip-to-Chip Timing 13

Chapter 3: Inside IO Circuits 39

Chapter 4: Modeling 3D Discontinuities 73

Chapter 5: Practical 3D Examples 101

Chapter 6: DDR2 Case Study 133

Chapter 7: PCI Express Case Study 175

Appendix A: A Short CMOS and SPICE Primer 209

Appendix B: A Stroll Through 3D Fields 219

Endnotes 233

Index 235

This is the eBook version of the printed book. If the print book includes a CD-ROM, this content is not included within the eBook version. Every day, companies call upon their signal integrity engineers to make difficult decisions about design constraints and timing margins. Can I move these wires closer together? How many holes can I drill in this net? How far apart can I place these chips? Each design is unique: there's no single recipe that answers all the questions. Today's designs require ever greater precision, but design guides for specific digital interfaces are by nature conservative. Now, for the first time, there's a complete guide to timing analysis and simulation that will help you manage the tradeoffs between signal integrity, performance, and cost. Writing from the perspective of a practicing SI engineer and team lead, Greg Edlund of IBM presents deep knowledge and quantitative techniques for making better decisions about digital interface design. Edlund shares his insights into how and why digital interfaces fail, revealing how fundamental sources of pathological effects can combine to create fault conditions. You won't just learn Edlund's expert techniques for avoiding failures: you'll learn how to develop the right approach for your own projects and environment. Coverage includes • Systematically ensure that interfaces will operate with positive timing margin over the product's lifetime–without incurring excess cost • Understand essential chip-to-chip timing concepts in the context of signal integrity • Collect the right information upfront, so you can analyze new designs more effectively • Review the circuits that store information in CMOS state machines–and how they fail • Learn how to time common-clock, source synchronous, and high-speed serial transfers • Thoroughly understand how interconnect electrical characteristics affect timing: propagation delay, impedance profile, crosstalk, resonances, and frequency-dependent loss • Model 3D discontinuities using electromagnetic field solvers • Walk through four case studies: coupled differential vias, land grid array connector, DDR2 memory data transfer, and PCI Express channel • Appendices present a refresher on SPICE modeling and a high-level conceptual framework for electromagnetic field behavior Objective, realistic, and practical, this is the signal integrity resource engineers have been searching for. Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvi About the Author xix About the Cover xx Chapter 1: Engineering Reliable Digital Interfaces 1 Chapter 2: Chip-to-Chip Timing 13 Chapter 3: Inside IO Circuits 39 Chapter 4: Modeling 3D Discontinuities 73 Chapter 5: Practical 3D Examples 101 Chapter 6: DDR2 Case Study 133 Chapter 7: PCI Express Case Study 175 Appendix A: A Short CMOS and SPICE Primer 209 Appendix B: A Stroll Through 3D Fields 219 Endnotes 233 Index 235 Every day, companies call upon their signal integrity engineers to make difficult decisions about design constraints and timing margins. __Can I move these wires closer together? How many holes can I drill in this net? How far apart can I place these chips?__ Each design is unique: there’s no single recipe that answers all the questions. Today’s designs require ever greater precision, but design guides for specific digital interfaces are by nature conservative. Now, for the first time, there’s a complete guide to timing analysis and simulation that will help you manage the tradeoffs between signal integrity, performance, and cost. Writing from the perspective of a practicing SI engineer and team lead, Greg Edlund of IBM presents deep knowledge and quantitative techniques for making better decisions about digital interface design. Edlund shares his insights into how and why digital interfaces fail, revealing how fundamental sources of pathological effects can combine to create fault conditions. You won’t just learn Edlund’s expert techniques for avoiding failures: you’ll learn how to develop the right approach for __your own__ projects and environment. Coverage includes • Understand essential chip-to-chip timing concepts in the context of signal integrity • Review the circuits that store information in CMOS state machines–and how they fail • Thoroughly understand how interconnect electrical characteristics affect timing: propagation delay, impedance profile, crosstalk, resonances, and frequency-dependent loss • Walk through four case studies: coupled differential vias, land grid array connector, DDR2 memory data transfer, and PCI Express channel Objective, realistic, and practical, this is the signal integrity resource engineers have been searching for. Preface xiii About the Author xix Chapter 1: Engineering Reliable Digital Interfaces 1 Chapter 3: Inside IO Circuits 39 Chapter 5: Practical 3D Examples 101 Chapter 7: PCI Express Case Study 175 Appendix A: A Short CMOS and SPICE Primer 209 Endnotes 233 "Every day, companies call upon their signal integrity engineers to make difficult decisions about design constraints and timing margins. Can I move these wires closer together? How many holes can I drill in this net? How far apart can I place these chips? Each design is unique: there's no single recipe that answers all the questions. Today's designers require ever greater precision, but design guides for specific digital interfaces are by nature conservative. Now, for the first time, there's a complete guide to timing analysis and simulation that will help you manage the tradeoffs between signal integrity, performance, and cost." "Writing from the perspective of a practicing SI engineer and team lead, Greg Edlund of IBM presents deep knowledge and quantitative techniques for making better decisions about digital interface design. Edlund shares his insights into how and why digital interfaces fail, revealing how fundamental sources of pathological effects can combine to create fault conditions. You won't just learn Edlund's expert techniques for avoiding failures; you'll learn how to develop the right approach for your own projects and environment."--Jacket