Ticks and tick-borne diseases : geographical distribution and control strategies in the Euro-Asia region

The continuing emergence and evolution of tick-borne diseases has significant implications for animal health, the profitability of food animal production and for human health, with many tick-borne diseases having zoonotic capability. These problems are being exacerbated as previously exotic-based ticks spread northwards, carrying diseases. This book is an expansion of the EFSA report on the subject, and includes coverage of the significance of tick-borne diseases, identification of tick species, emerging tick-borne infections, factors influencing the spread and distribution of ticks and surveillance and control measures. Contents......Page 6 Contributors......Page 10 Foreword......Page 12 Acknowledgements......Page 14 Abbreviations......Page 16 Significance of Tick-borne Diseases......Page 18 Methods Used for the Systematic Review of the Literature......Page 19 Identification Methods for Tick Species, Including the Most Recent Advanced Techniques and their Limitations......Page 22 1 Emerging (Re-emerging) Tick-borne Infections and the Dissemination of Ticks......Page 26 2.1 Soft Ticks (Argasidae)......Page 31 2.2 Hard Ticks (Ixodidae)......Page 36 3.1 Climate Changes......Page 52 3.2 Changes in Land Use......Page 53 3.3 Movement of Animals......Page 54 4.1 African Swine Fever......Page 58 4.2 Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever......Page 61 4.3 Tick-borne Encephalitis Group......Page 62 4.4 Anaplasmoses......Page 64 4.5 Ehrlichioses......Page 68 4.6 Rickettsioses......Page 69 4.7 Lyme Borrelioses......Page 76 4.8 Recurrent (Relapsing) Fever......Page 77 4.9 Piroplasmoses......Page 78 4.10 Hepatozoonosis......Page 81 4.11 Other Potentially Tick-borne Infections......Page 82 5 Maps of Reported Occurrence of Tick-borne Pathogens......Page 101 5.2 Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever......Page 102 5.3 Tick-borne Encephalitis Group Viruses......Page 103 5.5 Rickettsioses......Page 105 5.6 Borrelioses......Page 106 5.7 Babesioses......Page 107 5.8 Theilerioses......Page 108 5.9 Equine Piroplasmoses......Page 109 5.10 Bartonelloses......Page 110 5.12 Q fever......Page 111 6.1 Soft Ticks (Argasidae), Genus Ornithodoros......Page 114 6.2 Hard Ticks (Ixodidae)......Page 115 7.1 Introduction to Surveillance and its Aim......Page 123 7.2 Control Options for Hard Ticks......Page 129 7.3 Control Possibilities for Soft Ticks......Page 135 R......Page 140 T......Page 141 Table A1.1. Geographic distribution data for African swine fever virus (ASFV)......Page 142 Table A1.2. Geographic distribution data for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV)......Page 143 Table A1.3. Geographic distribution data for the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) group......Page 145 Table A1.4. Geographic distribution data for Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. now included in Anaplasma spp.......Page 150 Table A1.5. Geographic distribution data for Rickettsia spp.......Page 159 Table A1.6. Geographic distribution data for Borrelia spp.......Page 164 Table A1.7. Geographic distribution data for Babesia spp.......Page 184 Table A1.8. Geographic distribution data for Theileria spp.......Page 191 Table A1.9. Geographic distribution data for equine piroplasmoses......Page 193 Table A1.10. Geographic distribution data for Bartonella spp.......Page 194 Table A1.11. Geographic distribution data for Francisella tularensis......Page 195 Table A1.12. Geographic distribution data for Coxiella burnetii......Page 196 Table A1.13. Geographic distribution data for Ornithodoros spp.......Page 199 Table A1.14. Geographic distribution data for Ixodes ricinus......Page 201 Table A1.15. Geographic distribution data for Haemaphysalis punctata......Page 230 Table A1.17. Geographic distribution data for Haemaphysalis inermis......Page 234 Table A1.18. Geographic distribution data for Hyalomma marginatum......Page 235 Table A1.19. Geographic distribution data for Rhipicephalus sanguineus group (Rh. sanguineus and Rh. turanicus)......Page 242 Table A1.20. Geographic distribution data for Rhipicephalus bursa......Page 266 Table A1.21. Geographic distribution data for Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus......Page 273 Table A1.22. Geographic distribution data for Dermacentor marginatus......Page 275 Table A1.23. Geographic distribution data for Dermacentor reticulatus......Page 281 Table A1.24. Data from serological surveillance of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in domestic animals......Page 284 Table A1.25. Geographic distribution data for Rickettsia spp.......Page 287 Appendix 3 List of Scientific Papers That Could Not Be Retrieved......Page 301 Appendix 4 Keys for Genera and Species of Ticks in the Mediterranean Basin......Page 302 C......Page 318 I......Page 319 T......Page 320 The continuing emergence and evolution of tick-borne diseases has significant implications for animal health, the profitability of food animal production and for human health, with many tick-borne diseases having zoonotic capability. These problems are being exacerbated as previously exotic based ticks spread northwards, carrying diseases. This book is an expansion of the EFSA report on the subject, and includes coverage of the significance of tick-borne diseases, identification of tick species, emerging tick-borne infections, factors influencing the spread and distribution of ticks and survei Emerging (re-emerging) tick-borne infections and dissemination of ticks Generic morphological and geographic distribution of tick species that are involved transmission of animal pathogens including zoonoses Factors influencing the spread and distribution of ticks Tick-borne animal infections (including zoonoses) in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin Maps of reported occurrence of tick-borne pathogens Maps of reported occurrence of ticks Surveillance and control measures. This book is an expansion of the EFSA report on the subject, and details the significance of tick-borne diseases, identification of tick species, emerging tick-borne infections, factors influencing the spread and distribution of ticks and surveillance and control measures.