Third Sector Research

To mark the 20^th^ Anniversary of __Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations__ the editor has compiled a comprehensive overview of contemporary debates in third sector scholarship, comprised of all original research by leaders in the field. This work offers a critical review of the central and innovative themes that have come to form the core of third sector debate and research with an international focus. The first global compendium of third sector research, this contributions to this work provide an international, multi-disciplinary, and state-of-the-art overview of the field. The contributions not only examine and review the existing scholarship, but introduce new perspectives and thinking on the third sector—especially in terms of future implications around the world. Topics covered include: -History and Development of the Field -New Trends in Volunteering and Philanthropy -Volunteering and Participation in Developing Countries -Leadership and Governance -Corporate Responsibility -Social Capital -Global Civil Society With a broad and comprehensive look at the field of __Third Sector Research__, this work will be of primary interest to researchers in political science, sociology, development studies, and nonprofit leadership programs. Springer 1441957065 1 Third Sector Research 4 Contents 6 Contributors 8 Abbreviations 10 About the Authors 12 1 Moving Beyond Empirical Theory 16 The Rise of Third Sector Research 16 Theorizing the Third Sector 17 Third Sector Research as Empirical Theory 19 Beyond Empirical Theory 21 2 Defining and Theorizing the Third Sector 25 Introduction 25 Defining the Third Sector 27 Theorizing the Third Sector as Process 29 Conclusion 32 3 Sector Labels 35 Introduction 35 The Structure of Sector Concepts 36 The Voluntary Approach 36 Third Sector 39 The Civil Label 40 The Nonprofit Label 44 Conclusion: Integration and Autonomy 45 4 Social Origins 50 Introduction 50 Social Origins Theory 50 Critiques of Social Origins Theory 52 Applying Social Origins Theory to Ireland 53 Discussion and Conclusions 58 5 The Civil Society Index 62 Introduction 62 Civil Society as an Apolitical Field of Enquiry 63 Bringing Politics Back In 66 Third Sector Research: The CSI as a Political Enquiry 68 6 Social Economy 73 Introduction 73 The Rise of Not-For-Profit Organizations 74 The Concept of Social Economy 74 A Normative Perspective 75 A Legal/Institutional Perspective 76 Terminological Debate 76 Researching the Social Economy 78 Final Considerations 80 7 Volunteering 84 Introduction: The State of the Art and Beyond 84 Antecedents of Volunteering: Toward a Macro-Structural Theory 86 The Process of Volunteering: Styles, Stages, and Transitions 88 Volunteering and Social Change: Emergence of the Reflexive Volunteer 89 Trends in Volunteering 90 Innovations in Volunteer Management 92 Volunteering and Third Sector Change 93 The Value of Volunteering: What is it Worth? 94 Conclusion: A Kaleidoscopic View 96 8 Volunteering in Developing Countries 101 Introduction 101 Case Studies: Mexico and South Africa 103 The South African Context for Volunteering: History and Background 103 The Mexican Context for Volunteering: History and Background 106 Comparative Analysis 109 9 Participation 114 Introduction 114 Arguments for Participation in the Third Sector 115 The Fulfilment of Functions 115 Accountability, Legitimacy, and Deliberative Participation 118 Arguments Against Participation in the Third Sector 120 Exit and Voice 120 The Threat to Freedom of Association 122 Levels of Participation 122 Variables of Participation 123 Conclusion 125 10 Philanthropy 129 Introduction 129 The Nature of Philanthropy 130 The Philanthropic Impulse 131 The Expressions of Philanthropy 134 The Location of Philanthropy 136 The Values of Philanthropy 138 Conclusion 140 11 Leadership and Governance 146 Introduction 146 Leadership or Management? 146 Narrow Concepts of Leadership 147 Leadership as Management 147 Leadership as Transformation 148 Governance 149 Leadership in Action: Case Study Evidence 152 Social Care Case Study 152 Affordable Housing 153 Conclusion 153 12 Nonprofit Marketing 157 Introduction 157 Evolution and Definition of Nonprofit Marketing 157 Nonprofit Marketing Research Reviewed 160 Social Marketing 161 Operative Marketing in Nonprofit Organizations 163 Strategic Marketing in Nonprofit Organizations 163 Cause-Related Marketing 164 Fundraising 165 Lobbying 167 Transparency and Accountability through Nonprofit Marketing 167 Conclusion 168 13 Social Accounting 176 Introduction 176 The Emergence of Social Accounting 176 Critiques of Social Accounting 177 Nonprofit Accounting 177 Multiple Accountabilities 178 Accountability Frameworks 179 Three Approaches to Social Accounting for Nonprofits 179 Global Reporting Initiative 180 The GRI in Use 180 Balanced Scorecard Approach 182 Balanced Scorecard in Use 183 Expanded Value Added Statement 185 The EVAS in Use 186 Conclusion 188 14 Corporate Social Responsibility 191 Introduction 191 What is CSR? 193 Moral Aspects of CSR 193 The Business Case for CSR 194 The Efficiency and Effectiveness of Business 196 New Systems of Governance 198 The Impact of CSR on the CorporateThird Sector Relationship 200 Implications for Third Sector Research 201 15 Third SectorGovernment Partnerships 205 Introduction 205 Partnerships: A Difficult Topic 206 The Challenge of Multifunctionality 206 The Legal Environment of Partnerships: Terrain to Be Discovered 207 Partnership Arrangements in the Light of Governance 207 The Advocacy or Lobbying Perspective 208 The Public Policy Perspective 210 Rationales and Functions of Third Sector Partnership Arrangements 212 Najam's Four-C's Model 213 Young--s Typology of Third Sector--Government Arrangements 214 Salamon's Interdependence Theory 214 Seibel's Theory of Functional Dilettantism 215 Social Origins Theory 217 Concluding Comments 218 16 Social Capital 222 Introduction 222 Specification of Hypotheses 223 Data and Operationalizations 225 Empirical Analysis: Individual-Level Data 227 Aggregate Data 229 Testing the Causal Link at the Micro-level 231 Discussion and Conclusion 231 17 Transforming Democracy? 237 Introduction 237 Models of Democracy 238 The Third Sector as a Democratic Actor 241 Challenges for the Third Sector 244 Addressing the Challenges 247 Conclusion 249 18 The Dark Side 254 Introduction 254 Case Study One: Elite Partnerships for Managing the Planets Resources? 255 Case Study Two: International Anti-poverty NGOs and the Global Social Policy Consensus 257 Case Study Three: Fighting Corruption Cautiously 261 Discussion and Conclusion 264 19 Philanthropy in an Era of Global Governance 270 Introduction 270 Philanthropy and Social Policy as the Politics of Well-Being 271 Philanthropic Governing Capacitys Depolitization of Well-Being 274 Conclusion 278 20 The Question of the Poor 281 Introduction 281 The Question of the Poor in Theory and Practice 284 Invisible or Insurgent Citizens: The Engagement of the Poor in India 286 Case Studies of the Livelihood Struggles of the Poor in India 288 The Case of SPARC: Poor Pavement Dwellers 289 The Case of MKSS: The Right to Information for the Rural Poor 292 Conclusion: Toward Participatory Democracy and Inclusive Development 295 21 Global Environmental Engagement 299 Introduction 299 Global Environmental Change and Epistemic Communities 300 Global Environmental Politics and the Third Sector 302 Non-State Actors and Third Sector 306 Legitimacy, Accountability, and Organizational Form 308 The Earth System and a Sustainable Future 310 22 Global Civil Society 317 Introduction 317 An Emancipatory Concept 318 An Anti-Democratic Concept 319 A Contested Terrain 321 Theoretical Renewal 323 23 The World Social Forum 327 Introduction 327 The WSF as Network Form 328 The World Social Forum at the Crossroads 331 Wither WSF Politics? 332 Index 337 ISBN-13:,9781441957061 To mark the 20 th Anniversary of Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations the editor has compiled a comprehensive overview of contemporary debates in third sector scholarship, comprised of all original research by leaders in the field. This work offers a critical review of the central and innovative themes that have come to form the core of third sector debate and research with an international focus. The first global compendium of third sector research, this contributions to this work provide an international, multi-disciplinary, and state-of-the-art overview of the field. The contributions not only examine and review the existing scholarship, but introduce new perspectives and thinking on the third sector—especially in terms of future implications around the world. Topics covered include: -History and Development of the Field -New Trends in Volunteering and Philanthropy -Volunteering and Participation in Developing Countries -Leadership and Governance -Corporate Responsibility -Social Capital -Global Civil Society With a broad and comprehensive look at the field of Third Sector Research , this work will be of primary interest to researchers in political science, sociology, development studies, and nonprofit leadership programs. To mark the 20th Anniversary of Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations the editor has compiled a comprehensive overview of contemporary debates in third sector scholarship, comprised of all original research by leaders in the field. The volume will offer a critical review of the central and innovative themes that have come to form the core of third sector debate and research with an international focus. The first global compendium of third sector research, this volume provides a international, multi-disciplinary, and state-of-the-art overview of the field. The contributions not only examine and review the existing scholarship, but introduce new perspectives and thinking on the third sector—especially in terms of future implications around the world. Topics covered include: -History and Development of the Field -New Trends in Volunteering and Philanthropy -Volunteering and Participation in Developing Countries -Leadership and Governance -Corporate Responsibility -Social Capital -Global Civil Society This seminal volume provides a broad and comprehensive look at the field of Third Sector Research, of primary interest to researchers in political science, sociology, development studies, and nonprofit leadership programs. To mark the 20 th Anniversary of Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations the editor has compiled a comprehensive overview of contemporary debates in third sector scholarship, comprised of all original research by leaders in the field. The volume will offer a critical review of the central and innovative themes that have come to form the core of third sector debate and research with an international focus. The first global compendium of third sector research, this volume provides a international, multi-disciplinary, and state-of-the-art overview of the field. The contributions not only examine and review the existing scholarship, but introduce new perspectives and thinking on the third sectorespecially in terms of future implications around the world. Topics covered include: -History and Development of the Field -New Trends in Volunteering and Philanthropy -Volunteering and Participation in Developing Countries -Leadership and Governance -Corporate Responsibility -Social Capital -Global Civil Society This seminal volume provides a broad and comprehensive look at the field of Third Sector Research, of primary interest to researchers in political science, sociology, development studies, and nonprofit leadership programs. Front Matter....Pages i-xiv Moving Beyond Empirical Theory....Pages 1-9 Defining and Theorizing the Third Sector....Pages 11-20 Sector Labels....Pages 21-35 Social Origins....Pages 37-48 The Civil Society Index....Pages 49-59 Social Economy....Pages 61-71 Volunteering....Pages 73-89 Volunteering in Developing Countries....Pages 91-103 Participation....Pages 105-119 Philanthropy....Pages 121-137 Leadership and Governance....Pages 139-149 Nonprofit Marketing....Pages 151-169 Social Accounting....Pages 171-185 Corporate Social Responsibility....Pages 187-200 Third Sector–Government Partnerships....Pages 201-217 Social Capital....Pages 219-233 Transforming Democracy?....Pages 235-251 The Dark Side....Pages 253-268 Philanthropy in an Era of Global Governance....Pages 269-279 The Question of the Poor....Pages 281-298 Global Environmental Engagement....Pages 299-316 Global Civil Society....Pages 317-326 The World Social Forum....Pages 327-336 Back Matter....Pages 337-342