Third Generation Internet Revealed : Reinventing Computer Networks with IPv6

This book covers the inexorable exhaustion of the IPv4 address space, the interim fix to this based on Network Address Translation (NAT) and Private Addresses, and the differences between IPv4 and IPv6. It will help you understand the limitations and problems introduced by the use of NAT and introduce you to the far simpler network and software designs possible, using a larger, unified address space. IPv6, a mature and viable replacement for IPv4, is currently used by more than 36% of all global Internet traffic. Wireless telephone service providers in many countries have migrated their networks to IPv6 with great success. The elimination of NAT and Private Addresses has vastly simplified network design and implementation. Further, there are now enough public addresses allocated to accommodate all anticipated uses for the foreseeable future. Most networking products and software, especially open-source software, are already fully IPv6 compliant. Today, no business should purchase obsolete products that support only IPv4. The global IPv6 Forum estimates that there are millions of networking professionals still needing to learn the fundamentals of IPv6 technologies to move forward. This book is for them. With plans in place for a shutdown of IPv4 on global networks ("Sunset IPv4") the time to learn is now. If you want a job in IT, especially network hardware or software, and you don't know IPv6, you are already obsolete . What You Will Learn This book serves as a guide to all relevant Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards Request for Comments (RFCs), organized by topic and discussed in plain language Understand how IPv6 makes viable technologies such as multicast (for efficient global audio/video streaming), IPsec VPNs (for better security), and simpler VoIP Take "edge computing" to the limit by eliminating intermediary servers made necessary by IPv4 NAT–for example, making connections directly from my node to yours Discover how organizations can introduce IPv6 into existing IPv4 networks ("Dual Stack"), and then eliminate the legacy IPv4 aspects going forward ("Pure IPv6") for the mandates going into place now (for example, US DoD requirements to move all networks to Pure IPv6) Recognize that 5G networking (the Grand Convergence of conventional networks and wireless service) depends heavily on the advanced features IPv6 Who This Book Is For Networking professionals. Readers should have at least some familiarity with the precursor protocol (IPv4) and legacy TCP/IP based networks. Some knowledge of network models, such as DoD four-layer model or OSI 7-layer model, is helpful to understand where the Internet Protocol fits into the larger picture. For network software developers using the Sockets API (in UNIX, Windows, etc.), this book will help you to understand the extensions to that API needed to work with IPv6. Table of Contents About the Author About the Technical Reviewer Acknowledgments Foreword Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction History of This Work and the Term “Third Internet” Why IPv6 Is Important Wait. How Can the Internet Grow to 75 Billion Nodes? Why Was 2011 a Significant Year for the Second Internet? An Analogy: The Amazing Growing Telephone Number So Just What Is It That We Are Running Out Of? But You Said There Were 4.3 Billion IPv4 Addresses? Is IPv6 Just an Asian Thing? So Exactly What Is This “Third Internet”? Is It the Next-Generation Network (NGN) That Telcos Talk About? Is It Internet2 or National LambdaRail? Is It Web 2.0? Hypertext, WAIS/SGML, and Gopher HTML and HTTP Web 2.0 Whatever Happened to IPv5? Let’s Eliminate the Middleman Why Am I the One Writing This Book? Just Who Do I Think I Am, Anyway? Summary Chapter 2: History of Computer Networks Up to IPv4 Real Computer Networking Ethernet and Token Ring Network Software The Beginnings of the Internet (ARPANET) UNIX Open System Interconnection (OSI) Email Standardization Evolution of the World Wide Web And That Brings Us Up to Today Summary and a Look Ahead Chapter 3: Review of IPv4 Network Hardware RFCs: The Internet Standards Process IPv4 Four-Layer (“DoD”) IPv4 Architectural Model IPv4: The Internet Protocol, Version 4 Relevant Standards for IPv4 IPv4 Packet Header Structure IPv4 Addressing Model Network Ports IPv4 Subnetting MAC Addresses Mapping from IPv4 Addresses to Link Layer Addresses Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Inverse ARP (InARP) Types of IPv4 Packet Transmissions IPv4 Broadcast IPv4 Multicast Relevant Standards for IPv4 Multicast Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) ICMPv4: Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv4 IPv4 Routing Relevant Standard for IPv4 Routing Network Address Translation (NAT) Relevant Standard for IPv4 NAT Connection Without NAT (Inside the LAN) Connection Through Hide-Mode NAT BINAT (One-to-One NAT) Ramifications of Using NAT Basic IPv4 Routing TCP: The Transmission Control Protocol Standards Relevant to TCP TCP Packet Header UDP: The User Datagram Protocol Standards Relevant to UDP UDP Packet Header DHCPv4: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv4 The DHCPv4 Useful Commands Related to DHCPv4 IPv4 Network Configuration Manual Network Configuration Auto Network Configuration Using DHCPv4 Summary Chapter 4: The Depletion of the IPv4 Address Space OECD IPv6 Report, March 2008 OECD Follow-Up Report on IPv6, April 2010 OECD Second Follow-Up Report on IPv6, November 2014 How IPv4 Addresses Were Allocated in the Early Days Original “Classful” Allocation Blocks Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Problems Introduced by Customer Premises Equipment NAT (CPE NAT) Implementing NAT at the Carrier: Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN) Summary Chapter 5: IPv6 Deployment Progress Google Statistics Predictions for Future Years Summary Chapter 6: IPv6 Core Protocols Network Hardware RFCs: A Whole Raft of New Standards for IPv6 IPv6 Four-Layer IPv6 Architectural Model Link Layer Issues with IPv6 IPv6: The Internet Protocol, Version 6 IPv6 Packet Header Structure IPv6 Addressing Model IPv6 Packet Transmission Types IPv6 Address Scopes IPv6 Address Types Automatically Generated Interface Identifiers Based on EUI-64 Randomized Interface Identifiers IPv6 Address Allocation Subnetting in IPv6 Link Layer Addresses Neighbor Discovery (ND) Protocol Router Discovery Address Resolution (Mapping IPv6 Addresses to MAC Addresses) Prefix Discovery Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) Next-Hop Determination Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD) Redirect SEcure Network Discovery (SEND) Types of IPv6 Packet Transmission IPv6 Broadcast IPv6 Multicast ICMPv6: Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 IPv6 Routing Network Address Translation TCP: The Transmission Control Protocol in IPv6 TCP Packet Header UDP: The User Datagram Protocol in IPv6 DHCPv6: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 Relevant RFCs for DHCPv6 The DHCPv6 Useful Commands Related to DHCPv6 IPv6 Network Configuration Manual Network Configuration for IPv6-Only Auto Network Configuration Using Manually Specified (Static) IPv6 Address Summary Chapter 7: IPsec and IKEv2 Internet Protocol Layer Security (IPsec) Relevant Standards for IPsec Security Association, Security Association Database, and Security Parameter Index IPsec Transport Mode and IPsec Tunnel Mode IPsec over IPv6 IPsec in Multicast Networks Using IPsec to Secure L2TP Connections Internet Key Exchange (IKE) Internet Key Exchange Version 2 (IKEv2) Kerberized Internet Negotiation of Keys: KINK Summary Chapter 8: Transition Mechanisms Relevant Standards for Transition Mechanisms Transition Mechanisms Co-existence (Dual Stack and Dual-Stack Lite) Tunneling Translation Proxies (Application Layer Gateways) Dual Stack Tunneling 6in4 Tunneling 6over4 Tunneling 6to4 Tunneling Teredo 6rd: IPv6 Rapid Deployment Intra-site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP) Softwires (Includes Dual-Stack Lite, MAP-E, MAP-T, and 4in6) Relevant Standards for Softwires Dual-Stack Lite PET (Prefixing, Encapsulation, and Translation) Translation NAT64/DNS64 IVI Preferred Network Implementation Going Forward: IPv6-Only Supporting IPv6 for Developers at Sixscape Summary Chapter 9: IPv6 on Mobile Devices Android iPhone What Are the Implications of This? Decentralized Messaging Summary Chapter 10: DNS How DNS Evolved Host Files Network Information Service (NIS) DNS Was Invented Domain Names Top-Level Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names NS Resolver DNS Server Configuration DNS Protocol DNS Resource Records DNS Servers and Zones Different Types of DNS Servers Authoritative DNS Servers Caching-Only Servers Client Access to DNS Recursive DNS Queries The Root DNS Servers MX and SRV Resource Records ENUM DNSSEC (Secure DNS) Summary Chapter 11: The Future of Messaging with No NAT Private IPv4 Addresses Public IPv4 Addresses Network Address Translation NAT Gateways Can Run Out of Port Numbers The Need for Centralized Servers in the IPv4+NAT Internet Carrier-Grade NAT (NAT444) Centralization on the IPv4 Internet But Doesn’t NAT “Protect” My Network? NAT Traversal: How Skype Fakes Incoming Connections What if Everyone Had Public Addresses? IPv6: The NAT-Less Internet VoIP and IPv6 Skype WhatsApp Email over IPv6 The Future of Messaging on the Third Internet 5G: The Grand Convergence of the Internet and Telephony Summary Chapter 12: IPv6-Related Organizations Internet Governance Bodies Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN): www.arin.net Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC): www.ripe.net Asia Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC): www.apnic.net Latin American and Caribbean Network Information Center (LACNIC): www.lacnic.net Africa Region (AfriNIC): www.afrinic.net The Number Resource Organization (NRO): www.nro.net Internet Architecture Board (IAB): www.iab.org Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): www.ietf.org Internet Research Task Force (IRTF): www.irtf.org Internet Society (ISOC): www.isoc.org IPv6 Forum Groups Local IPv6 Forum Chapters IPv6 Ready Logo Program IPv6-Ready Product Testing and Certification IPv6-Enabled ISP and Website Certification Informal IPv6 Network Administration Certification WIDE Project, Japan Summary Chapter 13: IPv6 Projects Accompanying Website Hurricane Electric IPv6 Certification SixConf Conclusion Index This book covers the inexorable exhaustion of the IPv4 address space, the interim fix to this based on Network Address Translation (NAT) and Private Addresses, and the differences between IPv4 and IPv6. It will help you understand the limitations and problems introduced by the use of NAT and introduce you to the far simpler network and software designs possible, using a larger, unified address space. IPv6, a mature and viable replacement for IPv4, is currently used by more than 36% of all global Internet traffic. Wireless telephone service providers in many countries have migrated their networks to IPv6 with great success. The elimination of NAT and Private Addresses has vastly simplified network design and implementation. Further, there are now enough public addresses allocated to accommodate all anticipated uses for the foreseeable future. Most networking products and software, especially open-source software, are already fully IPv6 compliant. Today, no business should purchase obsolete products that support only IPv4. The global IPv6 Forum estimates that there are millions of networking professionals still needing to learn the fundamentals of IPv6 technologies to move forward. This book is for them. With plans in place for a shutdown of IPv4 on global networks ("Sunset IPv4") the time to learn is now. If you want a job in IT, especially network hardware or software, and you don't know IPv6, you are already obsolete. What You Will Learn This book serves as a guide to all relevant Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards Request for Comments (RFCs), organized by topic and discussed in plain language Understand how IPv6 makes viable technologies such as multicast (for efficient global audio/video streaming), IPsec VPNs (for better security), and simpler VoIP Take "edge computing" to the limit by eliminating intermediary servers made necessary by IPv4 NAT-for example, making connections directly from my node to yours Discover how organizations can introduce IPv6 into existing IPv4 networks ("Dual Stack"), and then eliminate the legacy IPv4 aspects going forward ("Pure IPv6") for the mandates going into place now (for example, US DoD requirements to move all networks to Pure IPv6) Recognize that 5G networking (the Grand Convergence of conventional networks and wireless service) depends heavily on the advanced features IPv6 This book is for networking professionals. Readers should have at least some familiarity with the precursor protocol (IPv4) and legacy TCP/IP based networks. Some knowledge of network models, such as DoD four-layer model or OSI 7-layer model, is helpful to understand where the Internet Protocol fits into the larger picture. For network software developers using the Sockets API (in UNIX, Windows, etc.), this book will help you to understand the extensions to that API needed to work with IPv6. Lawrence E. Hughes is a renowned expert in IPv6 and PKI. He has spoken at numerous IPv6 Summits worldwide. He created and ran one of the IPv6 Ready product certification centers for many years. He is an IPv6 Forum Gold Certified Trainer and was inducted into the IPv6 Hall of Fame in 2019. He co-founded Sixscape Communications in Singapore where he built their dual stack networks and was responsible for creating much of their technology. He is a security author and most recently published Pro Active Directory Certificate Services with Apress