Thin-Film Optical Filters, Fourth Edition (Series in Optics and Optoelectronics)

Written by a world-renowned authority of optical coatings, Thin-Film Optical Filters , Fourth Edition presents an introduction to thin-film optical filters for both manufacturers and users. The preeminent author covers an assortment of design, manufacture, performance, and application topics. He also includes enough of the basic mathematics of optical thin films to enable readers to carry out thin-film calculations. This new edition of a bestseller retains most of the descriptions of older design techniques because of their importance in understanding how designs work. However, this edition includes a substantial amount of new material as well. A new chapter on color takes into account the increasing importance of color in optical coatings. In addition, a new section discusses the effects of gain in optical coatings. This comprehensive yet accessible book continues to offer valuable insight into the principles, techniques, and processes of successful coating design. It provides the sound foundation required to make further advances in the field. Contents......Page 8 Preface to the Fourth Edition......Page 14 Symbols and Abbreviations......Page 16 1.1 Early History......Page 20 1.2 Thin-Film Filters......Page 24 References......Page 29 2.1 Maxwell's Equations and Plane Electromagnetic Waves......Page 32 2.1.1 The Poynting Vector......Page 37 2.2 The Simple Boundary......Page 40 2.2.1 Normal Incidence......Page 42 2.2.2 Oblique Incidence......Page 46 2.2.3 The Optical Admittance for Oblique Incidence......Page 50 2.2.4 Normal Incidence in Absorbing Media......Page 52 2.2.5 Oblique Incidence in Absorbing Media......Page 57 2.3 The Reflectance of a Thin Film......Page 61 2.4 The Reflectance of an Assembly of Thin Films......Page 64 2.5 Reflectance, Transmittance, and Absorptance......Page 67 2.6 Units......Page 70 2.7 Summary of Important Results......Page 71 2.8 Potential Transmittance......Page 76 2.9 A Theorem on the Transmittance of a Thin-Film Assembly......Page 79 2.10 Coherence......Page 80 2.11 Incoherent Reflection at Two or More Surfaces......Page 85 References......Page 90 3.1 Quarter- and Half-Wave Optical Thicknesses......Page 92 3.2 Admittance Loci......Page 93 3.3 Electric Field and Losses in the Admittance Diagram......Page 99 3.4 The Vector Method......Page 106 3.6 Alternative Method of Calculation......Page 108 3.7 Smith's Method of Multilayer Design......Page 111 3.8 The Smith Chart......Page 114 3.9 Reflection Circle Diagrams......Page 116 References......Page 122 4. Antireflection Coatings......Page 124 4.1.1 The Single-Layer Antireflection Coating......Page 125 4.1.2 Double-Layer Antireflection Coatings......Page 131 4.1.3 Multilayer Coatings......Page 140 4.2 Antireflection Coatings on Low-Index Substrates......Page 148 4.2.2 Two-Layer Antireflection Coatings......Page 149 4.2.3 Multilayer Antireflection Coatings......Page 159 4.3 Equivalent Layers......Page 175 4.4 Antireflection Coatings for Two Zeros......Page 187 4.5 Antireflection Coatings for the Visible and the Infrared......Page 191 4.6 Inhomogeneous Layers......Page 198 4.7 Further Information......Page 201 References......Page 202 5.1.1 Metallic Layers......Page 204 5.1.2 Protection of Metal Films......Page 206 5.1.3 Overall System Performance, Enhanced Reflectance......Page 212 5.1.4 Reflecting Coatings for the Ultraviolet......Page 215 5.2.1 Beam Splitters Using Metallic Layers......Page 217 5.2.2 Beam Splitters Using Dielectric Layers......Page 220 5.3 Neutral-Density Filters......Page 224 References......Page 226 6.1 The Fabry–Perot Interferometer......Page 228 6.2 Multilayer Dielectric Coatings......Page 234 6.2.1 All-Dielectric Multilayers with Extended High-Reflectance Zones......Page 245 6.2.2 Coating Uniformity Requirements......Page 250 6.3 Losses......Page 254 References......Page 258 7.1 Thin-Film Absorption Filters......Page 260 7.2 Interference Edge Filters......Page 261 7.2.1 The Quarter-Wave Stack......Page 262 7.2.2 Symmetrical Multilayers and the Herpin Index......Page 263 7.2.3 Performance Calculations......Page 275 8.1 Broadband-Pass Filters......Page 318 8.2.1 The Metal–Dielectric Single–Cavity Filter......Page 321 8.2.2 The All-Dielectric Single-Cavity Filter......Page 329 8.2.3 The Solid Etalon Filter......Page 344 8.2.4 The Effect of Varying the Angle of Incidence......Page 348 8.2.5 Sideband Blocking......Page 360 8.3 Multiple Cavity Filters......Page 361 8.3.1 Thelen's Method of Analysis......Page 368 8.4 Higher Performance in Multiple-Cavity Filters......Page 375 8.4.1 Effect of Tilting......Page 383 8.4.2 Losses in Multiple Cavity Filters......Page 386 8.4.3 Further Information......Page 388 8.5 Phase Dispersion Filter......Page 389 8.6 Multiple Cavity Metal–Dielectric Filters......Page 396 8.6.1 The Induced-Transmission Filter......Page 399 8.6.2 Examples of Filter Designs......Page 405 8.7 Measured Filter Performance......Page 415 References......Page 418 9.1 Modified Admittances and the Tilted Admittance Diagram......Page 422 9.2 Application of the Admittance Diagram......Page 430 9.3.1 The Brewster Angle Polarizing Beam Splitter......Page 444 9.3.2 Plate Polarizer......Page 449 9.4 Nonpolarizing Coatings......Page 450 9.4.1 Edge Filters at Intermediate Angle of Incidence......Page 451 9.4.2 Reflecting Coatings at Very High Angles of Incidence......Page 456 9.4.3 Edge Filters at Very High Angles of Incidence......Page 460 9.5.1 p-Polarization Only......Page 461 9.5.2 s-Polarization Only......Page 462 9.5.3 s- and p-Polarization Together......Page 463 9.6.1 The Ellipsometric Parameters and Relative Retardation......Page 466 9.6.2 Series of Coated Surfaces......Page 467 9.6.3 Retarders......Page 468 9.6.4 Simple Retarders......Page 470 9.6.5 Multilayer Retarders at One Wavelength......Page 474 9.6.6 Multilayer Retarders for a Range of Wavelengths......Page 478 9.7 Optical Tunnel Filters......Page 483 References......Page 486 10.1 Color Definition......Page 490 10.2 The 1964 Supplementary Colorimetric Observer......Page 497 10.3 Metamerism......Page 498 10.4 Other Color Spaces......Page 499 10.5 Hue and Chroma......Page 500 10.6 Brightness and Optimal Stimuli......Page 501 10.7 Colored Fringes......Page 504 References......Page 506 11. Production Methods and Thin-Film Materials......Page 508 11.1 The Production of Thin Films......Page 509 11.1.1 Thermal Evaporation......Page 510 11.1.2 Energetic Processes......Page 520 11.1.3 Other Processes......Page 532 11.1.4 Baking......Page 536 11.2 Measurement of the Optical Properties......Page 539 11.3 Measurement of the Mechanical Properties......Page 559 11.4 Toxicity......Page 569 11.5 Summary of Some Properties of Common Materials......Page 570 References......Page 580 12.1 Microstructure and Thin-Film Behavior......Page 588 12.2 Sensitivity to Contamination......Page 603 References......Page 611 13.1 Uniformity......Page 614 13.1.1 Flat Plate......Page 616 13.1.3 Rotating Substrates......Page 617 13.1.4 Use of Masks......Page 622 13.2 Substrate Preparation......Page 623 13.3 Thickness Monitoring and Control......Page 626 13.3.1 Optical Monitoring Techniques......Page 627 13.3.2 The Quartz-Crystal Monitor......Page 637 13.3.3 Monitoring by Deposition Time......Page 639 13.4 Tolerances......Page 640 References......Page 656 14.1.1 Performance Specification......Page 661 14.1.3 Test Specification......Page 664 14.2.1 Abrasion Resistance......Page 668 14.2.2 Adhesion......Page 671 14.2.3 Environmental Resistance......Page 672 References......Page 673 15. System Considerations: Applications of Filters and Coatings......Page 674 15.1 Potential Energy Grasp of Interference Filters......Page 678 15.2 Narrowband Filters in Astronomy......Page 684 15.3 Atmospheric Temperature Sounding......Page 689 15.4 Order Sorting Filters for Grating Spectrometers......Page 698 15.5 Glare Suppression Filters and Coatings......Page 710 15.6.1 Electrode Films for Schottky-Barrier Photodiodes......Page 714 15.6.2 Spectrally Selective Coatings for Photothermal Solar Energy Conversion......Page 717 15.6.3 Heat Reflecting Metal–Dielectric Coatings......Page 722 References......Page 724 16.1 Rugate Filters......Page 726 16.2 Ultrafast Coatings......Page 737 16.3 Automatic Methods......Page 748 16.4 Gain in Optical Coatings......Page 759 16.4.1 Oblique Incidence......Page 763 16.5 Photonic Crystals......Page 767 16.5.2 Two-dimensional Photonic Crystals......Page 769 16.5.3 One-dimensional Photonic Crystals......Page 770 References......Page 776 17. Characteristics of Thin-Film Dielectric Materials......Page 779 References......Page 786 Bibliography......Page 790 "Written by a world-renowned authority of optical coatings, Thin-Film Optical Filters, Fourth Edition presents an introduction to thin-film optical filters for both manufacturers and users. The preeminent author covers an assortment of design, manufacture, performance, and application topics. He also includes enough of the basic mathematics of optical thin films to enable readers to carry out thin-film calculations." "This new edition of a bestseller retains most of the descriptions of older design techniques because of their importance in understanding how designs work. However, this edition includes a substantial amount of new material as well. A new chapter on color takes into account the increasing importance of color in optical coatings. In addition, a new section discusses the effects of gain in optical coatings." "This comprehensive yet accessible book continues to offer valuable insight into the principles, techniques, and processes of successful coating design. It provides the sound foundation required to make further advances in the field."--Jacket