Thessaloniki: A City in Transition, 1912–2012 (Routledge Studies in Modern European History)

This book shares the conclusions of a remarkable conference marking the centennial of Thessaloniki’s incorporation into the Greek state in 1912. Like its Roman and Byzantine predecessors, Ottoman Salonica was the metropolis of a huge, multi-ethnic Balkan hinterland, a center of modernization/westernization, and the de facto capital of Sephardic Judaism. The powerful attraction it exerted on competing local nationalisms, including the Young Turks, gave it a paradigmatic role in the transition from imperial to national rule in southeastern Europe. Twenty-three articles cover the multicultural physiognomy of a ‘Levantine’ city. They describe the mechanisms for cultivating national consciousness (including education, journalism, the arts, archaeology, and urban planning), the relationship between national identity, religious identity, and an evolving socialist labor movement, anti-Semitism, and the practical issues of governing and assimilating diverse non-Greek populations after Greece’s military victory in 1912. Analysis of this transformation extends chronologically through the arrival of Greek refugees from Turkey and the Black Sea in 1923, the Holocaust, the Greek civil war, and the new waves of migration after 1990. These processes are analyzed on multiple levels, including civil administration, land use planning, and the treatment of Thessaloniki’s historic monuments. This work underscores the importance of cities and their local histories in shaping the key national narratives that drove development in southeastern Europe. Those lessons are highly relevant today, as Europe reacts to renewed migratory pressures and the rise of new nationalist movements, and draws lessons, valid or otherwise, from the nation-building experiments of the previous century. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of figures List of tables List of contributors Introduction: Continuities and discontinuities in the transition from imperial to national order Note References Part I Searching for identity Chapter 1 Towards a history of Thessaloniki’s future Notes References Chapter 2 Thessaloniki and the cities of the Enlightenment Note References Chapter 3 Was Salonica a Levantine city? Diplomacy Language Hybridity Trade Modernity Vulnerability Notes References Chapter 4 The place of Thessaloniki in Greek national awareness: From Greek independence to 1912 and beyond The Balkan Wars in the context of the Macedonian question Greek ‘Macedonism’ Geopolitical analyzes of Macedonia in the inter-war period Epilogue Notes References Chapter 5 Salonica through Bulgarian eyes Notes References Chapter 6 The municipality of Salonica between old regime, Ottoman reforms, and the transition from empire to nation state Introduction Cosmopolitan Salonica and Ottoman governance: an ‘ancien régime’ municipal system The municipality of Salonica in the era of the Ottoman reforms Questions on the passage to municipal governance after the annexation to Greece Conclusion: new research perspectives on cities in transition Notes References Chapter 7 Amateur and professional theatre in Ottoman Thessaloniki: Multicultural identity and its implications Notes References Chapter 8 A new look at an ancient city: Thessaloniki in Ottoman archaeology, 1832–1912 Introduction: modernity and magic The first finds Setting up a system Towards a local collection Mosques, churches, or monuments? Telling stories The final stage: change and continuity Notes References Chapter 9 Urban transformation and the revolution: Salonica and the Young Turks, 1908–1912 The rise of an Ottoman port city: Salonica 1870–1908 The aftermath of the revolution: July 1908–March 1909 Capital of the revolution The unravelling of Ottoman Salonica, 1911–1912 Notes References Chapter 10 Bulgarian newspapers in Thessaloniki, 1869–1913 Introduction Bulgarian newspapers and journals Where were newspapers printed? Conclusions Notes References Part II A city in transition Chapter 11 The boundaries of Hellenism: Language and loyalty among Salonican Jewry, 1917–1933 Notes References Chapter 12 In the aftermath of the Balkan Wars: The incorporation of Thessaloniki into the Greek state From the occupation to the Hellenization of Thessaloniki Making Thessaloniki a Greek city In lieu of conclusion Notes References Chapter 13 Refugee resettlement, 1922–1924: A watershed in the ethnic, social, and economic transformation of Thessaloniki The settlement of refugees after 1922 Urban transformation Economic transformation Business activity Refugees and the city’s working class Refugee associations Inter-war political and electoral attitudes among refugees Instead of a conclusion References Chapter 14 Integration through the past: Jewish scholars write history in inter-war Salonica Shaping of a historicist discourse: ancient Greece and ancient Israel The presentation of Classical and Byzantine history The late Ottoman period: justifying Jewish loyalties Contemporary history: Jews as integral players in Greek politics Conclusions Notes References Chapter 15 Destruction and reconstruction of Thessaloniki’s class structure, 1912–1940 Economic underdevelopment Three different social contexts Class structure in Thessaloniki in the early 20th century Changes in ownership relations after 1912 The new social powers Comparing the schemes before 1911 and after 1925 The new adventures of the middle class Wage workers and the traditional middle class Replacement or reconstruction? Conclusion Notes References Chapter 16 From the call to prayer to the silences of the museum: Salonica’s soundscapes in transition Call to prayer, languages, and tram horns: the soundscape of Hamidiye, 1902–1922 A noisy coexistence: the refugee soundscape, 1922–1925 A silent ‘Kaiadas’ for antiquities: the Archaeological Museum, 1925–1940 Notes References Part III Mapping the future of Thessaloniki Chapter 17 The Muslims of Thessaloniki, 1912–2012: A discontinuous and uncomfortable presence Introduction Muslims in the Greek state 1913 and the New Lands—Thessaloniki, the centre of Greek Islam The community The Mufti Office of Thessaloniki Schools The Vakif (waqf ) Publications Political attitude and representation After the population exchange Thessaloniki’s New Islam Conclusions Notes References Chapter 18 Urban change and the persistence of memory in modern Thessaloniki Thessaloniki: history and urban development The literary response: Thessaloniki: 1912–1950s Conclusion: literary memory and urban change Notes References Chapter 19 French interests and Salonica’s port, 1872–1912: Entrepreneurial and architectural innovation The starting point: the construction of the quay, 1869–1882 The company of Chemins de fer Orientaux of Maurice de Hirsch and the first plans for the harbour The entrepreneurial plans of Société de Construction des Batignolles, 1874–1892 The Concessionaire Company of Edmond Bartissol The Bureau Technique de Béton Armé de François Hennebique and the construction of port’s buildings Epilogue Notes References Chapter 20 The post-war transformation of the Thessaloniki periphery: Urbanization and landscape The urban periphery as a field of research The periphery during the first post-war period (1945–1979): physical dispersion, ekistics deterioration, and natural landscape loss The second post-war period (1980–2010): introduction of rational planning principles and intensification of fragmentation Conclusion: the urban periphery of Thessaloniki in transition Notes References Chapter 21 Land policy in Thessaloniki and the transition to a contemporary metropolitan area, 1922–1967 Introduction Urban Rehabilitation Programme: consolidating small landholdings as a feature of the modern urban form Rural Rehabilitation Programme: consolidating small land holdings in the post-war urban periphery Other forms of land allocation Concluding remarks Note References Chapter 22 The care of monuments in modern Thessaloniki: Perceptions and practices The period of Ottoman reforms, 1850s–1912 Traditional approach Archaeological interest and research on the Byzantine monuments Restoration of Christian monuments (1907–1912) After the city’s incorporation into the Greek state (1912–1940) The restoration of Saint Demetrios The role of monuments in the Hébrard-Mawson city plan ‘Protection’ of Ottoman monuments: demolition, reconstruction/additions Protection of modern monuments: demolitions, reconstructions, extensions Notes References Chapter 23 A past for every possible future: Concluding remarks References Index "This book shares the conclusions of a remarkable conference marking the centennial of Thessaloniki's incorporation in the Greek state in 1912. Like its Roman and Byzantine predecessors, Ottoman Salonica was the metropolis of a huge, multi-ethnic Balkan hinterland, a center of modernization/westernization, and the de facto capital of Sephardic Judaism. The powerful attraction it exerted on competing local nationalisms, including the Young Turks, gave it a paradigmatic role in the transition from imperial to national rule in southeastern Europe. Twenty-three articles cover the multicultural physiognomy of a "Levantine" city. They describe the mechanisms for cultivating national consciousness (including education, journalism, the arts, archaeology, and urban planning), the relationship between national identity, religious identity, and an evolving socialist labor movement, anti-Semitism, and the practical issues of governing and assimilating diverse non-Greek populations after Greece's military victory in 1912. Analysis of this transformation extends chronologically through the arrival of Greek refugees from Turkey and the Black Sea in 1923, the Holocaust, the Greek civil war, and the new waves of migration after 1990. These processes are analyzed on multiple levels, including civil administration, land use planning, and the treatment of Thessaloniki's historic monuments. This work underscores the importance of cities and their local histories in shaping the key national narratives that drove development in southeastern Europe. Those lessons are highly relevant today, as Europe reacts to renewed migratory pressures and the rise of new nationalist movements, and draws lessons, valid or otherwise, from the nation-building experiments of the previous century"-- Provided by publisher List of figures, p.viii -- List of tables, p.xi -- List of contributors, p.xii -- Introduction:Continuities and discontinuities in the transition from imperial to national order, p.1 /Dimitris Keridis --PART I.SEARCHING FOR IDENTITY --1.Towards a history of Thessaloniki's future, p.15 /Mark Mazower --2.Thessaloniki and the cities of the Enlightenment, p.26 /Paschalis M. Kitromilides --3.Was Salonica a Levantine city?, p.35/Philip Mansel --4.Place of Thessaloniki in Greek national awareness: From Greek independence to 1912 and beyond, p.49 /Spyridon G. Ploumidis --5.Salonica through Bulgarian eyes, p.63 /Yura Konstantinova --6.Municipality of Salonica between old regime, Ottoman reforms, and the transition from empire to nation state, p.81 /Nora Lafi --7.Amateur and professional theatre in Ottoman Thessaloniki: Multicultural identity and its implications, p.95/Olivia Pallikari --8.New look at an ancient city: Thessaloniki in Ottoman archaeology, 1832-1912, p.105 /Edhem Eldem --9.Urban transformation and the revolution: Salonica and the Young Turks, 1908-1912, p.126/Sotiris Dimitriadis --10.Bulgarian newspapers in Thessaloniki, 1869-1913, p.139/Vlasis Vlasidis --PART II.A CITY IN TRANSITION --11.Boundaries of Hellenism: Language and loyalty among Salonican Jewry, 1917-1933, p.154 /Devin E. Naar --12.Aftermath of the Balkan Wars: The incorporation of Thessaloniki into the Greek state, p.169 /Elpida K. Vogli --13.Refugee resettlement, 1922-1924: A watershed in the ethnic, social, and economic transformation of Thessaloniki, p.183 /Constantinos Katerinopoulos 14.Integration through the past: Jewish scholars write history in inter-war Salonica, p.193 /Eyal Ginio --15.Destruction and reconstruction of Thessaloniki's class structure, 1912-1940, p.207 /Evangelos Hekimoglou --16.Call to prayer to the silences of the museum: Salonica's soundscapes in transition, p.227 /Eleni Kallimopoulou, /Kostis Kornetis, and /Panagiotis C. Poulos --PART III.MAPPING THE FUTURE OF THESSALONIKI --17.Muslims of Thessaloniki, 1912-2012: A discontinuous and uncomfortable presence, p.243 /Konstantinos Tsitselikis --18.Urban change and the persistence of memory in modern Thessaloniki, p.260 /Eleni Bastea and /Vilma Hastaoglou-Martinidis --19.French interests and Salonica's port, 1872-1912: Entrepreneurial and architectural innovation, p.291 /Vilma Hastaoglou-Martinidis --20.Post-war transformation of the Thessaloniki periphery: Urbanization and landscape, p.310 /Charis Christodoulou --21.Land policy in Thessaloniki and the transition to a contemporary metropolitan area, 1922-1967, p.333 /Athena Yiannakou --22.Care of monuments in modern Thessaloniki:Perceptions and practices, p.352 /Kornilia Trakosopoulou-Tzimou --23.Past for every possible future: Concluding remarks, p.375 /Basil C. Gounaris -- Index, p.381 Edited By Dimitris Keridis And John Brady Kiesling. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Electronic Reproduction. London Available Via World Wide Web. Dimitris Keridis Is Professor Of International Relations At The Panteion University In Athens, Greece, And Has Been A Member Of The Greek Parliament Since 2019. He Has Written Widely On Foreign Policy, Particularly On The Balkans And On Modern Greek History. John Brady Kiesling Is An Archaeologist And Former U.s. Diplomat, Whose Work Includes Greek Urban Warriors (2014), Diplomacy Lessons (2007), The Topostext Application, And Various Edited Works On Greek History.