Thermophysics and temperature control of spacecraft and entry vehicles a selection of technical papers based mainly on the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Thermophysics Specialist Conference held at Moneterey, California, September 13-1

Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Volume 18: Thermophysics and Temperature Control of Spacecraft and Entry Vehicles is a selection of technical papers based on two American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics meetings, namely, The Thermophysics Specialist Conference, held in Monterey, California on September 13-15, 1965 and the Third Aerospace Sciences Conference, held in New York on January 1966. This book covers the most important problems of thermophysical research and technology. This volume is composed of six parts encompassing 42 chapters. Part I contains papers on the thermal radiation properties of solids, including measuring techniques for solar reflectance and infrared emittance determination, and a paper on radiative transfer. Part II deals with the lunar and planetary thermal environment and includes research papers on emissivities, reflectivities, and polarization by planetary atmospheres and planetary surfaces. Part III discusses the effects of the space environment on the optical properties of thermal control surfaces. This part also presents results of flight experiments with sensors of environmental effects and flight experience with thermal coatings of satellites. Part IV covers the thermophysical measurements of ablative materials and with the char layers formed during the actual vehicle entry period or during laboratory simulation tests. Part V looks into the two comparatively areas of thermophysics, namely, the thermal similitude (thermal modeling) and interface resistance of joints under space conditions. Part VI summarizes the practical experience in thermal design gained on spacecraft flights. Thermophysicists, space engineers and designers, and research workers who are interested in thermophysical technology will find this book invaluable. Content: Progress in ASTRONAUTICS and AERONAUTICS , Pages ii-iii Front Matter , Page v Copyright , Page vi THE THERMOPHYSICS COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS , Pages vii-viii THE THERMOPHYSICS COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS , Pages ix-x PREFACE , Pages xi-xv , Gerhard B. Heller FAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE OF SPACECRAFT COATINGS , Pages 3-19 , D.K. Edwards, William M. Hall LOW-TEMPERATURE SPECTRAL EMITTANCE MEASUREMENTS , Pages 21-31 , Donald L. Stierwalt TOTAL NORMAL EMITTANCE MEASUREMENTS TO 2200 °C IN AIR , Pages 33-46 , Jack C. Hedge SOLAR ABSORPTANCE AND THERMAL EMITTANCE OF ALUMINUM COATED WITH SURFACE FILMS OF EVAPORATED ALUMINUM OXIDE , Pages 47-60 , G. Hass, J.B. Ramsey, J.J. Triolo, H.T. Albright LOW-TEMPERATURE EMITTANCE DETERMINATIONS , Pages 61-73 , R.P. Caren THERMAL RADIATION PROPERTIES OF BINARY MIXTURES , Pages 75-100 , Elihu A. Schatz DIRECTIONALLY REFLECTIVE COATING STUDY , Pages 101-128 , R.L. Cox, J.V. Ray APPARATUS FOR SPECTRAL BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS DURING ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION IN VACUUM , Pages 129-149 , H.F. MacMillan, A.F. Sklensky, L.A. McKellar TOTAL HEMISPHERICAL THERMAL EMITTANCE OF NICKEL AS A FUNCTION OF OXIDE THICKNESS IN THE TEMPERATURE RANGE 400°-900°C , Pages 151-165 , Jack L. Shelton, W.W. Akers EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON EMITTANCE OF NONMETALS , Pages 167-172 , Joseph C. Richmond RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER FROM NONGRAY SURFACES WITH EXTERNAL RADIATION , Pages 173-197 , J.A. Plamondon, C.S. Landram EFFECT OF SPECULAR GROUND REFLECTION ON RADIATION LEAVING TOP OF A PLANETARY ATMOSPHERE , Pages 201-218 , Robert S. Fraser EFFECT OF SURFACE PROPERTIES ON PLANETARY ALBEDO , Pages 219-237 , Kinsell L. Coulson IRRADIATION ABOVE ATMOSPHERE DUE TO RAYLEIGH SCATTERING AND DIFFUSE TERRESTRIAL REFLECTIONS , Pages 239-279 , William Campbell Snoddy THEORY OF DIFFUSE SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE OF A THICK LAYER OF ABSORBING AND SCATTERING PARTICLES , Pages 281-289 , A.G. Emslie FAR-INFRARED STUDIES OF SILICATE MINERALS , Pages 291-309 , J.R. Aronson, H.G. McLinden DIRECTIONAL RADIATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF CONICAL CAVITIES AND THEIR RELATION TO LUNAR PHENOMENA , Pages 311-323 , Leslie G. Polgar, John R. Howell LOW-ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE ENVIRONMENT OF THE EARTH , Pages 327-363 , W.N. Hess, G.D. Mead, M.P. Nakada EXPLORATORY TRAPPED-PARTICLE AND TRAPPED-PARTTCLE-PLUS-ULTRAVIOLET EFFECTS ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SPACECRAFT THERMAL CONTROL COATINGS , Pages 365-388 , Ronald A. Breuch EFFECTS OF SIMULATED SOLAR-WIND BOMBARDMENT ON SPACECRAFT THERMAL CONTROL SURFACES , Pages 389-398 , G.V. Jorgenson EFFECTS OF LOW ENERGY PROTONS ON THERMAL CONTROL COATINGS , Pages 399-412 , R.A. Miller, F.J. Campbell EFFECTS OF PROTONS AND ALPHA PARTICLES ON THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SPACECRAFT AND SOLAR CONCENTRATOR COATINGS , Pages 413-440 , Roger B. Gillette, Richard R. Brown, Richard F. Seiler, W.R. Sheldon MARINER-MARS ABSORPTANCE EXPERIMENT , Pages 441-457 , D.W. Lewis, T.O. Thostesen PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THE AMES EMISSIVITY EXPERIMENT ON OSO-II , Pages 459-472 , B.Douglas Pearson Jr. SNAP 10A THERMAL CONTROL COATINGS , Pages 473-491 , James R. Crosby, Milton A. Periow DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE PROFILE IN CHARRED PHENOLIC COMPOSITES BY RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ABLATION PROCESS , Pages 495-512 , Michael A. DeSesa, Janet S. Perkins EFFECTS OF UNCERTAINTIES IN THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES ON ABLATION EFFICIENCY , Pages 513-548 , T.E. Shaw, D.C. Garner, D.E. Florence DETERMINATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CHAR UNDER HEATING CONDITIONS SIMULATING ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY , Pages 549-568 , J.P. Brazel, R.A. Tanzilli, A.R. Begany ABLATION OF MAGNESIA , Pages 569-585 , A.G. Metcalfe, A.R. Stetson, B. Ohnysty, F.K. Rose THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY MEASUREMENTS OF GRAPHITES AND CHARS USING A PULSED LASER , Pages 587-603 , G.R. Cunnington, F.J. Smith, W. Bradshaw TEST ON A THERMALLY SCALED MODEL SPACE STATION IN A SIMULATED SOLAR ENVIRONMENT , Pages 607-626 , N.R. Folkman, F.L. Baldwin, J.B. Wainwright RESULTS OF TRANSIENT THERMAL MODELING IN A SIMULATED SPACE ENVIRONMENT , Pages 627-659 , R.E. Rolling SCALING OF TRANSIENT TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF SIMPLE BODIES IN A SPACE CHAMBER , Pages 661-674 , D.L. Adkins THERMAL SCALE MODELING OF THE MARINER IV SPACECRAFT , Pages 675-695 , F. Gabron, R.W. Johnson, J.M.F. Vickers, J.W. Lucas THERMAL CONDUCTANCE OF METALLIC CONTACTS IN A VACUUM , Pages 697-718 , Erwin Fried, Maurice J. Kelley MEASUREMENTS OF CONTACT COEFFICIENTS OF THERMAL CONDUCTANCE , Pages 719-734 , E.M. Fry PERFORMANCE OF MULTILAYER INSULATION SYSTEMS FOR THE 300° TO 800° K TEMPERATURE RANGE , Pages 735-771 , E.R. Streed, G.R. Cunningtont, C.A. Zierman THERMAL CONTACT CONDUCTANCE OF NOMINALLY FLAT, ROUGH SURFACES IN A VACUUM ENVIRONMENT , Pages 773-794 , M.Michael Yovanovich, H. Fenech RANGER AND MARINER TEMPERATURE CONTROL EXPERIENCES , Pages 797-817 , Elmer M. Christensen PROBLEMS IN THE THERMAL DESIGN OF SPACECRAFT , Pages 819-834 , William C. Snoddy THERMAL CONTROL EXPERIENCE AT TRW SYSTEMS , Pages 835-842 , R.P. Lipkis THERMAL PROBLEMS REVEALED BY FLIGHT EXPERIENCE WITH SMALL, SPIN-STABILIZED SATELLITES , Pages 843-863 , Robert E. Kidwell Jr. CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 18 , Pages 865-867