Thermofluids : From Nature to Engineering

Thermofluids: From Nature to Engineering presents the fundamentals of thermofluids in an accessible and student-friendly way. Author David Ting applies his 23 years of teaching to this practical reference which works to clarify phenomena, concepts and processes via nature-inspired examples, giving the readers a well-rounded understanding of the topic. It introduces the fundamentals of thermodynamics, heat transfer and fluid mechanics which underpin most engineering systems, providing the reader with a solid basis to transfer and apply to other engineering disciplines. With a strong focus on ecology and sustainability, this book will benefit students in various engineering disciplines including thermal energy, mechanical and chemical, and will also appeal to those coming to the topic from another discipline. Presents abstract and complex concepts in a tangible, accessible way Promotes the future of thermofluid systems with a focus on sustainability Guides the reader through the fundamentals of thermofluids which is essential for further study. Front cover Half title Title Copyright Dedication Contents Textbook Cover Photo List of figures List of tables Preface Acknowledgments Part 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Thermofluids 1.1 What is Thermofluids? 1.1.1 Thermodynamics 1.1.2 Fluid mechanics 1.1.3 Heat transfer 1.2 Thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer 1.3 Dimensions and units 1.4 Organization of the book Problems References Chapter 2 Energy and thermodynamics 2.1 The study of energy 2.2 The conservation of energy 2.3 The quality of energy 2.4 Thermodynamic systems 2.5 Thermodynamic state, equilibrium, and properties Problems References Chapter 3 Moving fluids 3.1 What is a fluid? 3.2 The continuum fluid 3.3 Nature thrives in moving fluids 3.4 What is viscosity? 3.5 Newtonian fluids 3.6 A classification of fluid motions 3.6.1 Fluid viscosity 3.6.2 Fluid compressibility 3.6.3 Flow space 3.6.4 Steady versus unsteady flow 3.6.5 Laminar versus turbulent flow 3.7 Fluid mechanics textbooks Problems References Chapter 4 The transfer of thermal energy 4.1 What is thermal energy? 4.2 Specific heats 4.3 Heat transfer versus thermodynamics 4.4 The three heat transfer mechanisms 4.4.1 Conduction 4.4.2 Convection 4.4.3 Radiation Problems References Part 2 An Ecological View on Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The four laws of ecology 5.1 What is ecology? 5.2 The four laws of ecology 5.3 Animal thermoregulation 5.4 Learning from intelligent designs 5.4.1 Natural-convection-enabled air transport 5.4.2 Wearing polar bear hair 5.4.3 Ecological buildings 5.4.4 Intelligent designs are complex and integrated Problems References Chapter 6 The first law of thermodynamics 6.1 Energy 6.2 Thermodynamic systems 6.3 Heat and work transfer 6.4 Conservation of energy 6.5 Moving boundary work 6.6 Enthalpy 6.7 Thermodynamic cycle Problems References Chapter 7 The second law of thermodynamics 7.1 Introduction 7.2 One-way energy flow 7.3 Entropy 7.4 Heat source and sink 7.5 Heat engine 7.6 Reverse heat engines Problems References Part 3 Environmental and Engineering Fluid Mechanics Chapter 8 Fluid statics 8.1 What is pressure? 8.2 Fluid statics 8.3 Hydrostatic pressure 8.4 Measuring pressure 8.5 Hydrostatic force on a surface 8.5.1 Curved two-dimensional surfaces 8.6 Buoyancy 8.6.1 Immersed bodies 8.6.2 Floating bodies Problems References Chapter 9 Bernoulli flow 9.1 Streamline, streakline, and pathline 9.1.1 Streamline 9.1.2 Streakline 9.1.3 Pathline 9.2 Streamline, streamtube, and Bernoulli's Wig 9.3 The Bernoulli equation 9.4 Bernoulli's pressures 9.5 Flow rate measurements 9.6 Energy line and hydraulic grade line Problems References Chapter 10 Dimensional analysis 10.1 Dimensional homogeneity 10.2 Scaling and dimensional analysis 10.3 Buckingham Pi theorem 10.4 Prevailing nondimensional parameters in fluid mechanics 10.5 Some remarks on dimensional analysis Problems References Chapter 11 Internal flow 11.1 Flow in a channel 11.2 The Reynolds number and the type of pipe flow 11.3 Developing pipe flow 11.3.1 Laminar pipe flow entrance length 11.3.2 Turbulent pipe flow entrance length 11.3.3 Pressure and shear stress 11.4 Fully developed horizontal pipe flow 11.4.1 Pressure drop 11.4.2 Velocity profile 11.4.3 Volumetric flow rate and average velocity 11.5 Fully developed inclined pipe flow 11.6 Energy conservation and head loss in pipe flow 11.6.1 Head loss 11.7 Major and minor losses in pipe flow 11.7.1 The Moody chart (diagram) Problems References Chapter 12 External flow 12.1 Everyday external flow 12.2 Lift and drag 12.3 Boundary layer 12.3.1 Disturbance boundary layer 12.4 Flat plate boundary layer development 12.4.1 Laminar boundary layer 12.4.2 Transitional boundary layer 12.4.3 Turbulent boundary layer 12.5 Bluff body aerodynamics 12.5.1 Steady flow across a smooth circular cylinder 12.5.2 Vortex shedding 12.5.3 Streamlining Problems References Part 4 Ecophysiology-flavored Engineering Heat Transfer Chapter 13 Steady conduction of thermal energy 13.1 Fourier's law of heat conduction 13.2 From electric resistance to thermal resistance 13.3 One-dimensional heat conduction in cylindrical coordinates 13.4 Heat conduction radially through a sphere 13.5 Steady conduction through multilayered walls 13.5.1 Thermal contact resistance 13.6 Multilayered inhomogeneous walls 13.6.1 Parallel-path method 13.6.2 Isothermal-plane method Problems References Chapter 14 Transient conduction of thermal energy 14.1 A lumped system with homogeneous temperature 14.2 Biot number 14.3 One-dimensional transient problems 14.4 Semi-infinite solid Problems References Chapter 15 Natural convection 15.1 Natural convection and thermals 15.2 Thermal expansion and buoyancy force 15.3 Nondimensional parameters in natural convection 15.4 The classical Rayleigh–Bernard convection 15.5 Continuous thermal plumes and buoyant jets 15.6 Free convection along a vertical plate 15.7 Other free convection cases Problems References Chapter 16 Forced convection 16.1 What is the force behind forced convection? 16.2 The convection heat transfer coefficient 16.3 Forcing heat to convect from a flat surface 16.4 Primary parameters in forced convection 16.5 Nusselt number, Reynolds number, and Prandtl number 16.5.1 Nusselt–Reynolds encounter 16.5.2 Nusselt number 16.5.3 Prandtl number 16.6 Nu–Re–Pr relationships 16.6.1 Constant temperature flat plate 16.6.2 Uniform heat flux flat plate 16.7 Relating heat convection with flow shear at the wall 16.8 Forced convection around a circular cylinder 16.9 Other nondimensional parameters of forced convection 16.10 Internal forced convection 16.10.1 Pipe flow regimes 16.10.2 Hydrodynamic and thermal entrance lengths 16.10.3 Uniform-heat-flux pipe 16.10.4 Constant-surface-temperature pipe 16.10.5 Nusselt number and pumping cost for laminar and turbulent forced convection in a pipe Problems References Chapter 17 Thermal radiation 17.1 The radiating Sun 17.2 All bodies above absolute zero radiate heat 17.3 Absorptivity, transmissivity, and reflectivity 17.4 View or shape factors 17.5 Further reading on thermal radiation Problems References Chapter 18 Heat exchangers 18.1 Nature thrives by exploiting effective heat exchangers 18.1.1 Indirect (noncontact) heat exchanger 18.1.2 Direct contact heat exchanger 18.2 Counter-flow, parallel-flow, and crossflow heat exchangers 18.3 Moving along a constant-temperature passage 18.4 Heat exchange between a hot stream and a cold stream 18.4.1 Heat capacity rate 18.5 Log mean temperature difference 18.5.1 Parallel-flow heat exchanger 18.5.2 Counter-flow heat exchanger 18.5.3 Correction factor 18.6 Heat exchanger effectiveness and number of transfer units Problems References Index Back cover