ترمودینامیک: اصولی که فرآیندهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی را توصیف می‌کنند

Thermodynamics: Principles Characterizing Physical and Chemical Processes, Fifth Edition is an authoritative guide on the physical and chemical processes based on classical thermodynamic principles. Emphasis is placed on fundamental principles, with a combination of theory and practice that demonstrates their applications in a variety of disciplines. Revised and updated to include new material and novel formulations, this edition features a new chapter on algebraic power laws and Fisher information theory, along with detailed updates on irreversible phenomena, Landau theory, self-assembly, Caratheodory's theorem, and the effects of externally applied fields. Drawing on the experience of its expert author, this book is a useful tool for both graduate students, professional chemists, and physicists who wish to acquire a more sophisticated overview of thermodynamics and related subject matter. Updated to reflect the latest developments in the field, including a new chapter on algebraic power laws and Fisher information theory Includes clear explanations of abstract theoretical concepts Provides exhaustive coverage of graphical, numerical and analytical computational techniques Thermodynamics: Principles Characterizing Physical and Chemical Processes Copyright Page Contents General Commentary Preface 1 Fundamentals 1.1. Introductory Definitions Remarks and Queries 1.2. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Additional Information 1.3. Mathematical Apparatus Remarks 1.4. Thermodynamic Forces Reference 1.5. Elements of Work Comment and Queries 1.6. The Element of Work for a System Subjected to Electromagnetic Fields Remark and Reference 1.7. The First Law of Thermodynamics Reference Notes 1.8. The Second Law of Thermodynamics Footnotes and Query 1.9. Consequences of the First and Second Laws Remarks and Questions 1.10. Functions of State; Reprise Appendix A: Remarks Concerning Irreversible Processes Appendix B: Time-Dependent Irreversible Processes Reference Notes 1.11. Statements of the Second Law; Thermodynamic Operation of Heat Engines; Kelvin and Planck Statements; Temperature Scale Exercise 1.12. Systematization of Results Based on Functions of State Review of Electronic Properties of Metals Exercises and Remark 1.13. The Third Law of Thermodynamics Remarks and Queries 1.14. The Gibbs–Duhem Relation and Its Analogs Query and Reference 1.15. Heat Capacities; Fundamentals and Applications Acknowledgment Exercises and Comments 1.16. Effect of Chemical Changes on the Energy of a System Remarks 1.17. Stability of a System; Fluctuations Appendices Reference 2 Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Systems 2.1. Equilibrium in a System of Several Components and Phases Exercises 2.2. Achievement of Equilibrium Comment and Exercise 2.3. System of One Component and Several Phases; the Clausius– Clapeyron Equation Reference and Footnote 2.4. Properties of Ideal Gases Exercises 2.5. Properties of Ideal Solutions in Condensed Phases Reference 2.6. The Duhem–Margules Equation and Its Consequences 2.7. Temperature Dependence of Composition of Solutions 2.8. Lowering of the Freezing Point and Elevation of the Boiling Point of a Solution Exercise 2.9. General Description of Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium; Application to Gases Remarks 2.10. Chemical Equilibrium in Homogeneous Condensed Ideal Solutions Comments 2.11. Chemical Equilibrium in Ideal Heterogeneous Systems 2.12. Equilibrium between Two Ideal Phases 3 Characterization of Nonideal Solutions 3.0. Introductory Remarks 3.1. Thermodynamic Treatment of Nonideal Gas Mixtures Notes and Exercise 3.2. Temperature and Pressure Dependence of the Fugacity of a Gas 3.3. Thermodynamic Description of Real Solutions in the Condensed State Query and Reference 3.4. Characterization of Chemical Equilibrium in Nonideal Solutions 3.5. Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Activities and Activity Coefficients 3.6. Determination of Activity Coefficients and Calorimetric Quantities in Chemical Processes References and Commentary 3.7. Determination of Activities from Freezing Point Lowering of Solutions 3.8. Thermodynamic Properties of Nonideal Solutions Exercises Exercises 3.9. Dependence of Higher Order Phase Transitions on Temperature Exercises and References 3.10. Elements of Order– Disorder Theory and Applications References 4 Thermodynamic Properties of Electrolytes and of EMF Cells 4.0. Introductory Comments 4.1. Activities of Strong Electrolytes Exercise and Comment 4.2. Theoretical Determination of Activities in Electrolyte Solutions; the Debye–Huckel Equation Comment and Exercises Experimental Determination of Activities and Activity Coefficients of Strong Electrolytes Equilibrium Properties of Weak Electrolytes Exercise 4.3. Galvanic Cells Remarks 4.4. Operation of Galvanic Cells Remarks 4.5. Galvanic Cells; Operational Analysis 4.6. Liquid Junction Potentials 4.7. EMF Dependence on Activities Examples of Operating Cells Types of Operating Cells Queries 4.8. Thermodynamic Information from Galvanic Cells Assignment 5 Thermodynamic Properties of Materials in ExternallyApplied Fields 5.0. Introductory Comments 5.1. Thermodynamics of Gravitational and Centrifugal Fields Comment and Exercises 5.2. Thermodynamics of Adsorption Processes References and Exercises 5.3. Heats of Adsorption Reference and Exercises 5.4. Surface vs Bulk Effects: Thermodynamics of Self-Assembly References 5.5. Pressure of Electromagnetic Radiation 5.6. Thermodynamic Characterization of Electrodynamic Radiation Exercises 5.7. Effects of Electric Fields on Thermodynamic Properties of Matter Reference and Exercises 5.8. Systematization of Electromagnetic Field Effects in Thermodynamics Comments and Assignments 5.9. Adiabatic Diamagnetization and Transitions to Superconductivity 5.10. Thermodynamic Characterization of Anisotropic Media Reference 5.11. Thermodynamic Properties of Anisotropic Media Reference and Exercise 5.12. Thermodynamics of Interacting Electron Assemblies Remarks and References 6 Irreversible Thermodynamics 6.0. Introductory Comments 6.1. Generalities Notes and Queries 6.2. Shock Phenomena Exercises 6.3. Linear Phenomenological Equations 6.4. Steady-State Conditions and Prigogine's Theorem Comments and Questions 6.5. Onsager Reciprocity Conditions Reference 6.6. Thermomolecular Mechanical Effects 6.7. Electrokinetic Phenomena Exercises 6.8. The Soret Effect Exercises 6.9. Thermoelectric Effects Comments and Exercises 6.10. Irreversible Thermomagnetic Phenomena in Two Dimensions Exercises 7 Critical Phenomena 7.0. Introductory Remarks 7.1. Properties of Materials Near Their Critical Point Notes and References 7.2. Homogeneity Requirements, Correlation Lengths, and Scaling Properties Footnotes 7.3. Derivation of Griffith's and Rushbrooke's Inequality Reference and Exercise 7.4. Scaled Equation of State Reference 7.5. Landau Theory of Critical Phenomena and Phase Transitions Reference 8 Topics Related to Critical Phenomena 8.1. Homogeneous Functions 8.2. Fixed Points 8.3. Remarks Concerning Chaos Theory Appendix: The Role of Fisher Information Theory in the Development of Physical Laws Reference 9 Reprise to the Second Law. Mathematical Proofof the Carathéodory Theorem and Resulting Interpretations 9.1. Fundamentals 9.2. Proof of Holonomicity 9.3. Necessary Condition for Establishing the Carathéodory's Theorem 9.4. Relevance to Thermodynamics 9.5. Derivation of the Limiting Form for the Debye–Huckel Equation References and Query 10 Elements of Statistical Thermodynamics 10.1. Distributions and Statistics 10.2. The Boltzmann Relation for the Entropy 10.3. Distribution Functions 10.4. Digression on the Concepts of Work and Heat 10.5. Statistical Representation of Functions of State 10.6. Summary 10.7. Alternative Statistical Interpretation for Entropy in Terms of Properties of a System Footnotes 10.8. Derivation of Curie's Law and Ohm's Law Index