Therapeutic Use of Plant Secondary Metabolites

The book is an evidence-based reference about biochemical mechanisms of action of plant secondary metabolites. It conveys an understanding about how plant-based therapies work, and explains their role in the treatment of diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and microbial infections. The 15 chapters in the book are written by eminent scholars, lecturers, and experts in indigenous knowledge systems (IKS), industrial and medicinal plants, phytotherapeutics, and phytoinformatics. Reports on health benefits of specific phytochemicals are also highlighted. In addition to basic concepts in medicinal chemistry and ethnopharmacology, the book covers the role of modern computer techniques in developing new pharmaceuticals from plant sources. Therapeutic Uses of Plant Secondary Metabolites is a timely and valuable reference for both undergraduate and postgraduate students in medicinal chemistry, as well as researchers and professionals in IKS, phytomedicine, ethnopharmacology, phytopharmacology, plant biotechnology, drug discovery and development, and phytotherapeutics. Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Foreword Preface List of Contributors The Role of Plant Secondary Metabolites in Health Management Taofik Olatunde Uthman1,* 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES 3. POLYPHENOLS – A MAJOR CLASS OF PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES 3.1. Classes of Polyphenols 3.1.1. Phenolic Acids 3.1.2. Flavonoids 3.1.3. Lignans and Stilbenes 4. MEDICINAL PLANTS 5. PLANTS SECONDARY METABOLITES IN HEALTH MANAGEMENT 5.1. Alkaloids 5.2. Flavonoids 5.3. Terpenes 5.4. Saponins CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Medicinal Plants and Drug Discovery Emmanuel O. Ajani1,* 1. INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORICAL USE OF PLANTS FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL PURPOSES 3. THE PROCESS AND TECHNIQUES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT FROM PLANTS Phase 1: Collection and Identification Phase II: Isolation and Purification Phase III: Synthesis of the Bioactive Compound Phase IV: Clinical Trials 4. PLANTS BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN SOME DISEASES 4.1. Plants Bioactive Compounds as Anticancer Agents 4.2. Plants Bioactive Compounds as Antimalarial Agents 4.3. Plants Bioactive Compounds as Antiviral Agents 5. PLANT-BASED DRUG AND THE CHALLENGE OF EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES: COVID-19 EXPERIENCE 6. APPLICATION OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN PROMOTING DRUG DISCOVERY FROM PLANTS (a). Proteomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics (b). Combinatorial Chemistry (c). High-Throughput Screening (HTS) 7. CHALLENGES TO DRUG DISCOVERY FROM PLANTS 8. DRUG DISCOVERY FROM PLANTS: THE CHALLENGE FOR AFRICA 9. FUTURE PROSPECT OF PLANT-BASED DRUGS CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Therapeutic Properties of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites in Essential Oil Crops Fikisiwe C. Gebashe1, Adeyemi O. Aremu2,3 and Stephen O. Amoo1,2,4,* 1. INTRODUCTION 2. SECONDARY METABOLITES AND THEIR ROLE IN PLANTS 3. MAJOR BIOACTIVE SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM ESSENTIAL OILS OF SELECTED MEDICINAL HERBS 4. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS MAJOR COMPOUNDS 4.1. Antimicrobial Activity 4.2. Anti-inflammatory 4.3. Antioxidants 4.4. Cytotoxicity CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutic Intervention in Cancer Therapy Depika Dwarka1, Himansu Baijnath2 and John Jason Mellem1,* 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CANCER AND APOPTOSIS 2.1. Global Prevalence of Cancer 2.2. General Features of Cancer 2.3. Pathophysiology of the Carcinogenic Process 2.4. Apoptosis: Hallmark of Cancer Development and Progression 2.5. Free Radicals and Anti-oxidants in Relation to Cancer Inflammation 3. MEDICINAL PLANTS: THEIR USE IN ANTI-CANCER TREATMENT 3.1. Plant Based Chemotherapeutics 3.1.1. Camptothecin 3.1.2. Paclitaxel and Docetaxel 3.1.3. Colchicine 3.1.4. Vinca Alkaloids 3.1.5. Homoharringtonine 3.1.6. Podophyllotoxin 3.2. Other Plant-based Compounds of Importance in Cancer Treatment 3.2.1. Phenolic Compounds 3.2.2. Alkaloids 3.2.3. Polysaccharides 3.2.4. Terpenoids 3.2.5. Quinones CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutic Intervention in Mucocutaneous Cancers Henry A. Adeola1,2,*, Rashmi Bhardwaj3, Aderonke F. Ajayi-Smith4, Afsareen Bano3, Tayo A. Adekiya5, Michael C. Ojo6, Raphael T. Aruleba7, Adeniyi C. Adeola8, Babatunji E. Oyinloye6,9 and Chinedu E. Udekwu10 1. INTRODUCTION TO MUCOSAL AND SKIN CANCERS 1.1. Melanomas 1.2. Basal Cell Carcinoma 1.3. Squamous Cell Carcinoma 2. CONVENTIONAL MUCOCUTANEOUS CANCER THERAPY 2.1. Surgical Excision of Mucocutaneous Cancers 2.2. Non-surgical Treatment of Mucocutaneous Cancers 3. TARGETED MUCOCUTANEOUS CANCER THERAPIES 3.1. Purine/Pyrimidine Analogues 3.2. Photodynamic Therapy (using Antioxidants) 3.3. Bioactive Compound and Photodynamic Therapy-carotenoids, Flavonoids and Terpenoids 3.4. Emerging Targeted Molecular Therapies-Obstacles and Opportunities 4. BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AS POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR MUCOCUTANEOUS CANCERS 5. BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND OMICS APPROACH IN MUCOCUTANEOUS CANCERS 6. BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND IMPORTANCE IN THE TREATMENT OF MUCOCUTANEOUS CANCERS 6.1. Bioactive Compounds with Anti-skin Cancer Property 6.1.1. Curcumin 6.1.2. Myricetin 6.1.3. Tocotrienol 7. NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF BIOACTIVE FLAVONOID COMPOUNDS FOR MUCOCUTANEOUS CANCER MANAGEMENT CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTIONS REFERENCES Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutic Intervention in Bacterial Infections Kazeem A. Alayande1,2,*, Abdulwakeel A. Ajao3 and Mariam O. Oyedeji-Amusa3 1. INTRODUCTION 2. DIFFICULTIES IN THE TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS 3. WHAT BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS DO DIFFERENTLY 3.1. Efficiency of Bioactive Compounds against Bacterial Pathogens 3.2. Phenols and Phenolic Compounds 3.3. Alkaloids 3.4. Tannins 3.5. Terpenoids and Terpenes 3.6. Saponins 3.7. Flavonoids 3.8. Bioactive Peptides CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES The Use of Plant Secondary Metabolites in the Treatment of Bacterial Diseases Pillay Charlene1,*, Ramdhani Nishani2 and Singh Seema3 1. INTRODUCTION 2. GROUPS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES WITH ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES Terpenes Phenolics Flavonoids Tannins Coumarins Quinones Nitrogen Containing Compounds Alkaloids Sulphur Containing Compounds Allicin Ajoene Sulforaphane 3. THE MODE OF ACTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES ON MICROBIAL CELLS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Plant Secondary Metabolites in the Management of Degenerative Diseases Judith N. Ohanaka1,*, Uwazie C. Kenneth2, Fatai O. Balogun3 and Saheed Sabiu3 1. INTRODUCTION 2. SECONDARY METABOLITES 2.1. Major Classifications of Secondary Metabolites 2.1.1. Terpenoids 2.1.2. Phenolics 2.1.3. Alkaloids 3. SECONDARY METABOLITES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS 4. SECONDARY METABOLITES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF VIRAL INFECTIONS 5. SECONDARY METABOLITES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA DISEASES 6. SECONDARY METABOLITES IN CANCER MANAGEMENT 7. SECONDARY METABOLITES IN DIABETES MELLITUS MANAGEMENT CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutic Intervention in Neurodegenerative Diseases N. Suleiman1,*, I. Bulama2 and L.S. Bilbis3 1. INTRODUCTION 2. BIOACTIVE CHEMICALS 2.1. Role and Types of Bioactive Compounds 2.1.1. Phenolic Compounds 2.1.2. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Fat-Soluble Vitamins 2.1.3. Isothiocyanates 2.1.4. Carotenoids 2.1.5. Mind Food 2.2. Application of Some of the Bioactive Compounds in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases 2.3. Constituents of Bioactive compounds 2.3.1. Flavonoids 2.3.2. Anthocyanins 2.3.3. Tannins 2.3.4. Betalins 2.3.5. Carotenoids 2.3.6. Plant Sterols 2.3.7. Glucosinolates 3. NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES 3.1. Most Common Neurodegenerative Diseases 3.1.1. Alzheimer's disease (AD) 3.1.2. Parkinson disease (PD) 3.1.3. Huntington's Disease (HD) 3.1.4. Stroke 3.2. Pathophysiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Green Synthesis Application in Diabetes Therapy Fatai O. Balogun1,* and Saheed Sabiu1 INTRODUCTION Nano-synthesis Methods Characterization of Nanoparticles Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Interplay between Diabetes Mellitus, Medicinal Plants, and Nanotechnology Safety Concerns Mechanism of Action (MOA) MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY DISCUSSION CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES An Update on Green Synthesis Application in Cancer Therapy Karishma Singh1 and Saheed Sabiu1,* 1. INTRODUCTION 2. GREEN SYNTHESIZED NANOPARTICLES IN CANCER THERAPY 2.1. Silver 2.2. Gold 2.3. Zinc Oxide 2.4. Mechanism of Action of AgNPs, AuNPs, and ZnONPs Against Cancer Cells 3. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOPARTICLES 3.1. The Biological Approaches 3.2. Synthesis Using Microorganisms 3.2.1. Bacteria 3.2.2. Fungi 3.2.3. Cyanobacteria 3.2.4. Algae 3.3. Plant Extracts 3.4. Enzymes and Biomolecules 3.5. Characterization of Nanoparticles 4. Application of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy 5. The Pros and Cons of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PERSPECTIVES CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Oxidative Stress Involvement in Antibacterial Therapy Christiana E. Aruwa1 and Saheed Sabiu1,* 1. INTRODUCTION 2. DISCUSSION 2.1. Sources of Oxidative Stress 2.2. Mechanism of Action of Antibacterial Agents 2.3. The Antimicrobial Lethality-Oxidative Stress Link 2.3.1. Additional Notes and Considerations 2.3.2. Factors Impacting OS-mediated Antibacterial Therapy and Efficacy 2.4. Adaptations in OS and Antimicrobial Therapy 2.5. Oxidative Stress Assessment CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PERSPECTIVES CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Phytotherapy and the ‘Omics Concept Ismaila O. Nurain1,* 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE ‘OMICS CONCEPT IN PHYTOTHERAPY 2.1. ‘OMICS Concept in Phytotherapy at DNA Level 2.2. ‘OMICS Concept in Phytotherapy at the RNA Level 2.3. ‘OMICS Concept in Phytotherapy at Protein Level 2.4. ‘OMICS Concept in Phytotherapy at Metabolites Level 2.5. ‘OMICS Concept in Phytotherapy at the Electrolytes Level 2.6. ‘OMICS Concept in the Phytotherapy at the Cellular Level CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Phytoinformatics in Disease Management Ismaila O. Nurain1,* 1. INTRODUCTION 2. RELEVANCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT 3. MEDICINAL PLANT INFORMATICS AND APPLICATION IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT COMPUTATIONAL GENOMICS ANALYSIS COMPUTATIONAL TRANSCRIPTOMICS ANALYSIS COMPUTATIONAL PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS COMPUTATIONAL METABOLOMICS ANALYSIS 4. NON-EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF DATABASES AND TOOLS FOR PHYTOINFORMATICS 5. FROM DATA ACQUISITION TO DISEASE MANAGEMENT CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Computational Applications in the Drug Discovery and Development Processes M.O. Kaka1, J.O. Aribisala2, S. Karishma2, A.K. Oyebamiji3, T.A. Ajayeoba1, N.J. Ohanaka4 and S. Sabiu2,* 1. INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORY OF DRUGS DISCOVERY, DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 3. CHALLENGES INVOLVED WITH CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT 4. ADVANCES IN DRUGS DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES 4.1. Advances in Microscopy 4.2. The Rise of Gene-editing Technologies 4.3. Other Advances 5. ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF COMPUTATIONAL APPLICATIONS IN TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE/PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 5.1. Computer-aided Drug Discovery 5.2. Therapeutic Targets in Degenerative and Microbial Diseases 5.3. Application of Molecular Dynamics Simulation in the Drug Discovery and Development Processes for Degenerative and Microbial Diseases 5.4. Diabetes 5.5. Cancer 5.6. Malaria 5.7. Bacterial, Fungal and Viral Infections 6. CHALLENGES WITH COMPUTATIONAL APPLICATIONS IN THE DRUG DISCOVERY PROCESS 7. RECENT AND EMERGING ROLES OF COMPUTATION APPLICATIONS IN DRUG DISCOVERY Progress in Molecular Targeted Therapies CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Subject Index The book is an evidence-based reference about biochemical mechanisms of action of plant secondary metabolites. It conveys an understanding about how plant-based therapies work, and explains their role in the treatment of complementary and alternative medicine for in the treatment of diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, microbial infections, etc., The 15 chapters are written by eminent scholars, lecturers, and experts in indigenous knowledge systems (IKS), industrial and medicinal plants, phytotherapeutics, and phytoinformatics. Reports on health benefits of specific phytochemicals are also highlighted. In addition to basic concepts in medicinal chemistry and ethnopharmacology, the book covers the role of modern computer techniques in developing new pharmaceuticals from plat sources. Therapeutic Uses of Plant Secondary Metabolites is timely and valuable reference for both undergraduate and postgraduate students in medicinal chemistry, as well as researchers and professionals in IKS, phytomedicine, ethnopharmacology, phytopharmacology, plant biotechnology, drug discovery and development, and phytotherapeutics.