ترانوسیتیک و پزشکی دقیق برای مدیریت کارسینوم هپاتوسلولار، جلد ۳: نتایج ترجمه‌ای و بالینی

Theranostics and Precision Medicine for the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Translational and Clinical Outcomes, Volume Three provides comprehensive information about ongoing research and clinical data on liver cancer. The book presents detailed descriptions about diagnostics and therapeutic options for easy understanding, with a focus on precision medicine approaches to improve treatment outcomes. This updated volume discusses topics such as clinical and safety assessment of HCC patients, liver transplantation as a therapeutic option, immunotherapy interventions, and image-based surveillance. In addition, it discusses immunohistology of HCC-enabled precision medicine and artificial intelligence for hepatocellular carcinomas. This is a valuable resource for cancer researchers, oncologists, graduate students, hepathologists and members of biomedical research who need to understand more about liver cancer to apply in their research work or clinical setting. Provides best practices for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma in the clinical setting Discusses emerging treatment approaches based on artificial intelligence and precision medicine tools and techniques Brings updated information on international clinical trials for the treatment of HCC Theranostics and Precision Medicine for the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Volume 3 Copyright Contents Dedication List of contributors Preface About the editors 1 Nanoparticles for diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma Abbreviations Introduction Chitosan nanoparticles Mesoporous silica nanoparticles Iron oxide nanoparticles Liposomal nanoparticles Solid lipid nanoparticles Gold nanoparticles Titanium oxide nanoparticles Pectin-based nanoparticles mPEG-PLGA-PLL copolymer-based nanoparticles Nanoparticles in clinical trials to treat hepatocellular carcinoma Toxicity Conclusion References 2 Theranostics application of nanocarriers in hepatocellular carcinoma Abbreviations Introduction Therapeutic application of nanocarriers in hepatocellular carcinoma Organic nanocarriers Chitosan nanoparticles Micelles Liposome Dendrimer Lipid nanocarriers Organic nanofiber Inorganic nanocarriers Graphene oxide-based nanocarriers Polylactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles Carbon nanotubes Superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles Nanoshell Inorganic nanofiber Theranostic applications of nanocarriers in hepatocellular carcinoma Gadolinium Superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles Quantum dots Conclusion Conflict of interest References 3 Nanoparticle-based theranostics and their role in hepatocellular carcinoma Abbreviations Introduction Pathogenesis Nanotheranostics in hepatocellular carcinoma Conclusions and future perspectives Conflicts of interest References 4 Therapeutic options for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma Abbreviations Introduction Chemotherapeutic drugs Sorafenib Brivanib Sunitinib Everolimus Doxorubicin Gemcitabine Immunotherapy Checkpoint inhibitors CTLA-4 blockers PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors Vaccine therapy Hepatocellular carcinoma cells vaccines Antigen peptide-based vaccine Dendritic cell vaccines Adoptive cell therapy Cytokine-induced killer cells Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes Chimeric antigen receptor T cell Oncolytic virus therapy Phytochemicals Curcumin Resveratrol Quercetin Triptolide Betulinic acid Phloretin Capsaicin Nanomedicines Curcumin-conjugated nanoparticles Beta-Sitosterol Conclusion References 5 Targeting hepatocellular carcinoma by small-molecule inhibitors Abbreviations Introduction Small-molecule inhibitors and their relevance in cancer Current small-molecule inhibitors used in HCC Sorafenib Regorafenib Lenvatinib Cabozantinib Viral proteins as therapeutic targets for small-molecule inhibitors in HCC Signaling pathway components as small-molecule targets in HCC Drug resistance in HCC: a major concern for the development of new SMIs Noncoding RNAs induced drug resistance in HCC Conclusion Conflict of interest Funding References 6 Curing of liver cancer: an update on the efficacy of bioactive compounds Abbreviations Background study of liver cancer Introduction Role of bioactive compounds in liver cancer Bioactive compounds from plants for curing liver cancer Bioactive compounds from microalgae for curing liver cancer Bioactive compounds from bacteria and another microbial source for curing liver cancer Conclusion and future perspectives Conflict of interest References 7 Plant therapeutics for hepatocellular carcinoma Abbreviations Introduction Biology of liver Histopathology of liver Liver cancer risk factors and diagnosis Natural compounds on liver cancer Curcumin Silibinin/silymarin Resveratrol Tanshinone IIA Emodin Polyphyllin D Ardipusilloside I Panaxydol and ginsenoside Astragaloside Piper betel leaves Green tea Conclusion and future outlook Conflict of interest References 8 Phytochemicals for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy: from in vitro to clinic Abbreviations Introduction Genes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma Genes involved in WNT- and TGF-β-signaling cascade Herbs and their secondary metabolites Baliospermum montanum Azadirachta indica Artemisia absinthium Astragalus membranaceus Solanum nigrum Tripterygium wilfordii Mangifera indica Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz Allium sativum Zingiber officinale Calotropis procera Cassia fistula Aloe barbadensis Miller Apium graveolens Amaranthus spinosus Asparagus racemosus Arachniodes exilis Annona reticulata Brassica nigra Citrus limon Vitis vinifera Lawsonia inermis Moringa oleifera Sesamum indicum Phoenix dactylifer Carica papaya Conclusion Conflict of interest References 9 Resveratrol for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy Abbreviations Introduction Structure Source Chemical synthesis Functions of resveratrol Resveratrol as a phytoalexin Resveratrol as a natural phenol Resveratrol as a natural antioxidant Resveratrol as anticarcinogenic agent Reactive oxygen species Role of resveratrol on hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) Conclusions and future perspectives Conflict of interest References 10 Curcumin: a spice pigment against hepatic cancer Abbreviations Introduction Curcumin: the golden spice component Biological activity of curcumin Antioxidant activity Antiinflammatory activity Cardioprotective activity Immune regulatory activity Antidiabetic activity Antineoplastic activity Curcumin and liver cancer Curcumin and prevention of hepatic cancer Curcumin analog against liver cancer Limitations and prospects Conclusion Declarations of interest Funding References 11 Curcumin formulated nanoparticles for hepatocellular carcinoma Abbreviations Introduction Chemicals involved in hepatocellular carcinoma Curcumin nanoformulations in hepatocellular carcinoma Nanoparticles Liposomes Conjugates and cyclodextrins Micelles, nanospheres, and microcapsules Miscellaneous nanoformulations Synthesis of nanoformulations Anticancer properties of curcumin facilitated nanoformulations Conclusion Funding Conflict of interest References 12 Role of phytoconstituents in the hepatocellular carcinoma management: current perspective, challenges, and future perspe... Abbreviations Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma management with dietary natural products and combination therapy Potent phytoconstituents having hepatocellular carcinoma activity Polyphenols in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment Phytoconstituents evaluated in clinical trials of hepatocellular carcinoma Conclusions and future perspectives Conflict of interest References 13 Phytonanoformulations for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy Abbreviations Introduction Nanomedicine Properties of nanoparticles Size Shape and charge Nanocarriers Nanophytochemicals used in cancer treatment Phytochemicals used in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma Conclusion References 14 Immune checkpoint inhibitors for hepatocellular carcinoma Abbreviations Introduction The immunology of hepatocellular carcinoma Immune responses of the liver that promotes tumor cell proliferation Immune checkpoint inhibitors and hepatocellular carcinoma Combination immunotherapy: potential treatment of the future? Conclusion and future perspective References 15 Recent advancements in immunotherapy interventions for the management of liver cancer Abbreviations Introduction Types of immunotherapy T-cell therapy Genetically modified T cell therapy Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy TCR-engineered T (TCR-T) cell therapy Vaccines Monoclonal antibodies Immune checkpoint inhibitors Programmed cell death protein 1 Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 Lymphocyte activation gene 3 Transforming growth factor-β Immunotherapy using induced pluripotent stem cells Advantages and disadvantages Future direction and conclusion References 16 Immunotherapy for hepatocellular cancer: a review of current status Abbreviations Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma immunology Immune checkpoint inhibitors Checkpoint inhibitors for hepatocellular carcinoma monotherapy Nivolumab Pembrolizumab Tislelizumab Camrelizumab Durvalumab Tremelimumab Combination treatment Combination between two different immune checkpoint inhibitors Nivolumab (anti-PD-1 Ab) with ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4 Ab) Durvalumab (anti-PD-L1 Ab) with tremelimumab (anti-CTLA4 Ab) Combination between immune checkpoint inhibitors with molecularly targeted agents Atezolizumab+bevacizumab Pembrolizumab+lenvatinib Camrelizumab+apatinib Combination between immune checkpoint inhibitors with local therapy Nivolumab+transarterial chemoembolization Pembrolizumab+TACE Conclusions and future perspective References 17 Updates on clinical trials for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma Abbreviations Introduction Staging and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma Management of hepatocellular carcinoma Locoregional treatments Surgical resection Liver transplantation Image-guided tumor ablation Transarterial chemoembolization Systemic therapies Sorafenib Lenvatinib Atezolizumab with bevacizumab Second-line systemic therapies Regorafenib Cabozantinib Ramucirumab Immune checkpoint inhibitors Nivolumab Pembrolizumab Camrelizumab Combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors Conclusions and future perspectives References 18 Theranostic and precision medicine for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma Abbreviations Epidemiology Ultrasound Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Tumor markers Guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance Cost-effectiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma diagnostic modalities Conflict of interest References 19 Precision medicine approaches for treating hepatocellular carcinoma Abbreviations General information on hepatocellular carcinoma Ablation Embolization Precision medicine definition and use in cancers in general Significance for using precision medicine approaches for treating hepatocellular carcinoma Chemo-resistive mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma Liquid biopsy Summary and conclusions Future directions References 20 Decoding the functional role of extracellular vesicles in hepatocellular carcinoma: implications in clinical theranostics Abbreviations Functional role of EVs in hepatocellular carcinoma: from angiogenesis to metastatic organotropism HCC-derived EVs regulate the behavior of endothelial cells to induce angiogenesis HCC-derived EVs target normal surrounding cells to regulate tumor progression HCC-derived EVs target immune cells to evade immunosurveillance and generate immunosuppressive microenvironment Tumor-associated macrophages Natural killer cells Neutrophils B cells T cells HCC-derived EVs participate in metabolic reprogramming Stromal cell-derived EVs alter the biologic behavior of HCC cells to aid hepatocarcinogenesis and progression Normal hepatic cell-derived EVs Adipocyte-derived EVs Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived EVs HCC-derived EVs confer drug resistance HCC-derived EVs facilitate organotropic metastasis EVs in targeted therapeutic interventions in HCC EVs as efficient drug delivery systems EVs as candidate immunotherapeutic agents in HCC Conclusion and future prospects Conflict of interest Funding References 21 Cathepsin B: structure, function, tumorigenesis, and prognostic value in hepatocellular carcinoma Abbreviations Introduction Structure-function properties of cathepsin B Structure of cathepsin B Normal function of cathepsin B Tumorigenesis and metastatic role of cathepsin B in cancers with emphasis on hepatocellular carcinoma Cathepsin B role in cancer and regulation Cathepsin B role in fibrogenesis and cirrhosis Cathepsin B role in modulating growth, invasion, and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma Prognostic values of cathepsin B in hepatocellular carcinoma Conclusions and future perspective Conflict of interest References 22 Chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma—an updated review Abbreviations Introduction Risk factors and pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma Chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma Sorafenib–a first-line chemotherapeutic agent Sunitinib Brivanib Linifanib Erlotinib Vandetanib Nintedanib Dovitinib Doxorubicin Everolimus Axitinib Tigatuzumab Lenvatinib Resminostat Regorafenib Cabozantinib Ramucirumab Tivantinib Immunotherapeutic agents Tremelimumab Nivolumab Conclusion Conflict of interest References 23 Recent advances in medical treatment of hepatocellular cancer Abbreviations Introduction Lenvatinib Regorafenib Cabozantinib Ramucirumab Bevacizumab plus atezolizumab Nivolumab and nivolumab plus ipilimumab Nivolumab Nivolumab plus ipilimumab Pembrolizumab Sequencing systemic in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma Conclusions and future perspectives References 24 Recent perspectives on therapeutic significance of microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma Abbreviations Introduction Biogenesis of microRNAs Canonical microRNA biogenesis Noncanonical microRNA biogenesis MicroRNA involvement in development of hepatocellular carcinoma Proliferation and apoptosis Metastasis Drug resistance Autophagy Angiogenesis MicroRNA as diagnostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma MicroRNA as therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma Exosomal microRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma Conclusions References 25 Pharmacogenomics and outcomes for hepatocellular cancer treatment Abbreviations Introduction Pathophysiological aspects p53 gene pathways Phosphoinositide-3-kinase-catalytic-alpha gene Wingless/int-1 (Wnt)/β-catenin pathway Hedgehog pathway AT-rich interactive domain 2 (ARID2) pathway Guidelines for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma Challenges in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma Pharmacogenomic considerations for hepatocellular carcinoma treatments References 26 Epigenetic biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma Abbreviations Introduction DNA methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma Histone modifications in hepatocellular carcinoma Conclusion Conflict of interest References Index