THEORY TO COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST NEW RADARS

This book introduces readers to a range of jamming principles and techniques for new radars, combining a wealth of theoretical analyses, test data, calculations, and charts. With rapid advances in military radar technology, new types of radar are constantly emerging. Therefore, there is an urgent need to carry out effective research on these new radars and to develop corresponding jamming techniques. The main topics covered include development of radar and radar countermeasures; jamming techniques for synthetic aperture radar; jamming techniques for pulse compression radar; jamming techniques for pulse Doppler radar; general jamming techniques for various radars; analysis and calculation of the effective jamming suppression zone and jamming exposure zone for radars installed on different platforms; jamming techniques for phased array radar; jamming techniques for dual (multiple) static radar; and solutions for high equivalent radiation power, high reception sensitivity, and transceiver isolation in jammer design. Preface Contents 1 The Development of Radar and Radar Countermeasure 1.1 The Overview of Radar Development 1.1.1 The Origin of Radar 1.1.2 The Fundamental Principle of Radar 1.1.3 The Fundamental Function of Radar 1.1.4 The Basic Composition of Radar 1.1.5 The Main Weakness of Radar 1.1.6 The Frequency of Radar 1.1.7 Typical Statistical Average of Radar Cross-Section (RCS) 1.1.8 Radar Antenna 1.2 Development of Radar Countermeasures 1.2.1 Development of Radar Countermeasures Abroad 1.2.2 Overview of the Development of Chniese Electronic Countermeasures 1.2.3 Overview of the Development of Radar Countermeasure Technology 1.2.4 Jamming Equation to Conventional Pulse Radar 1.2.5 Jamming to Cone Scanning Radar 1.2.6 Jamming to the Hidden Cone-Scanning Radar 1.2.7 Jamming to Monopulse Tracking Radar 1.2.8 Jamming to Frequency Agile Radar 1.2.9 Countermeasure Against the “AGM-45 Shrike Anti-radiation Missile” 1.3 Development of Electronic Warfare to Information Warfare 1.3.1 Overview of the Battlefield of Informationized Operations 1.3.2 The Concept of Information Warfare and Informationized Operations 1.3.3 Use “Information Warfare” to Deal with “Informationized Operations” 2 Countermeasures Against Synthetic Aperture Radar 2.1 Operating Principle of Synthetic Aperture Radar 2.1.1 Equation of Synthetic Aperture Radar 2.1.2 Composition of Synthetic Aperture Radar 2.1.3 Pulse Repetition Frequency Selection of Synthetic Aperture Radar 2.2 Jamming Principle for Synthetic Aperture Radar 2.2.1 Jamming Equation to SAR 2.2.2 Jamming Equivalent Power Required for SAR 2.3 Measurement and Analysis of SAR Jamming Suppression Coefficient 2.3.1 Computer Simulation Measurement 2.3.2 Indoors Simulation Test of Low Power Jamming Against Formal SAR 2.3.3 Flight Test on the Jamming Suppression Coefficient for Airborne SAR 2.3.4 Data Analysis of Airborne SAR Jamming Suppression Coefficient from Flight Test 2.4 Analysis on Reflection Area of Point Target 2.4.1 Mechanism of Radar Target High-Frequency Scattering 2.4.2 Measurement on Equivalent Reflection Area of Complex Target’s Scattering Center 2.4.3 RCS of Regular Objects 2.5 Timely Reconnaissance of Spaceborne SAR 2.5.1 Necessity of Timely Reconnaissance for Spaceborne SAR 2.5.2 Feasibility of Timely Reconnaissance for Spaceborne SAR 2.5.3 Requirements for Timely SAR Reconnaissance Stations 2.5.4 Composition of Timely Reconnaissance Stations for Spaceborne SAR 2.6 Timely Suppression Jamming Against Spaceborne SAR 2.6.1 Feasibility of Timely Suppression Jamming Against Spaceborne SAR 2.6.2 Jamming Protection Zone of Spaceborne SAR from a Single Suppression Jamming Station 2.6.3 Protection Zone of Space Borne SAR from Multiple Suppression Jamming Stations 2.6.4 Composition of Suppression Stations for Spaceborne SAR 2.7 Jamming Against the Radar Identification System 2.8 Jamming Against Variable Polarization Height Measurement SAR 2.8.1 Interferometric SAR Three-Dimensional Imaging Image 2.8.2 Principle of Random Polarization Jamming 2.9 Selection of Optimal Jamming Patterns for SAR 3 Jamming Against Pulse Compression Radar 3.1 Airborne Early Warning Pulse Compression Radar 3.2 Operating Principle of Airborne Early Warning Pulse Compression Radar 3.2.1 Operating Principle of Pulse Compression Radar 3.3 Jamming Principle for Pulse Compression Radar 3.3.1 Jamming Equation for Early Warning Aircraft Radar 3.3.2 The Value of Jamming Suppression Coefficient for Pulse Compression Radar 3.3.3 Analysis on Jamming Exposure Area of Early Warning Aircraft Radar 3.4 Test of Jamming Suppression Coefficient and Jamming Exposure Area of Pulse Compression Radar 3.4.1 Test on the Antenna Pattern and Polarization Characteristics of Radar 3.4.2 Test of Jamming Suppression Coefficient and Jamming Exposure Area of Pulse Compression Radar 3.4.3 Measurement and Calculation of Jamming Suppression Coefficient of Pulse Compression Radar 3.5 Jamming Suppression Zone of the Airborne Jammer Against Ground Pulse Compression Radar 4 Jamming Techniques for Pulse-Doppler Radar 4.1 Jamming Principle for Pulse-Doppler Radar 4.1.1 Operating Principle of Pulse-Doppler Radar 4.2 Analysis of Jamming Suppression Coefficient for Pulse Doppler Radar 4.2.1 Determination of Jamming Suppression Coefficient for Pulse-Doppler Radar 4.2.2 Calculation of Equivalent Jamming Power for Pulse-Doppler Radar 4.2.3 Example of Jamming Suppression Coefficient of Pulse-Doppler Radar 4.3 Jamming Exposure Area for Pulse-Doppler Radar 5 Unified Jamming Equation and “One-to-Many Systems” Jammer 5.1 Unified Jamming Equation of Radar Jammer 5.1.1 Calculation of Jamming Suppression Coefficient for Pulse Compression Radar 5.1.2 Calculation of Jamming Suppression Coefficient of Pulse-Doppler Radar 5.1.3 Calculation of Equivalent Power of Jamming Synthetic Aperture Radar 5.2 “One-to-Many Systems” Radar Jammer 5.2.1 Essential Elements of ‘One-to-Many Systems’ 5.2.2 Composition of ‘One-to-Many Systems’ Jammer 5.3 The Layout of Air-to-Space Integration of ‘One-to-Many Systems’ Jammer 6 Analysis on Configuration of Radar Jammer and Protected Target 6.1 Ground Jamming Angainstaircraft Radar to Protect Important Military Targets 6.2 Jamming Exposure Area of Ground Jammer Against Early Warning Aircraft Radar 6.2.1 Theoretical Calculation of Jamming Exposure Area for Early Warning Aircraft Radar 6.2.2 The Measured Jamming Exposure Area for the Early Warning Aircraft Radar 6.2.3 The Jamming Exposure Area Formed by Shipborne Jammer covering the fleet 6.3 Analysis on the Jamming Exposure Area and Jamming Effective Area of Ground-to-Air Jammers Against Airborne SAR 6.3.1 Analysis and Calculation on Jamming Effective Area for Airborne SAR 6.3.2 Steps and Methods for Measuring the Jamming Effective Area to Airborne SAR 6.4 Analysis and Calculation of Jamming Effective Area F Spaceborne SAR 7 Jamming Techniques for Bistatc Radar 7.1 Basic Working Principle of Bistatic Radar 7.2 Jamming Equation and Jamming Exposure Area for Bistatic Radar 7.2.1 Self-Defense Jamming to Bistatic Radar 7.2.2 Exposure Area in Stand-Off Jamming to Bistatic Radar 7.3 Analysis on Jamming Exposure Area for Bistatic Radar 7.4 Selection of Beamwidth of the Jamming Antenna When Jamming Against Bistatic Radar 7.4.1 Selection of Beamwidth of Antenna Azimuth 7.4.2 Selection of Beamwidth of Jamming Transmitting Antenna Elevation 7.5 Jamming Against Multi-Base Radar 7.5.1 Cover Jamming for Multi-Base Radar 7.5.2 Self-Defense Jamming to Multi-Base Radar 7.6 Block Diagram of the Bistatic Radar Jammers’ Compostion 7.7 Jamming Against Bistatic Airborne SAR 8 Broadband Antenna Technology 8.1 Major Indicator of the Broadband Antenna 8.2 The Technology of Multi-mode Antenna 8.2.1 Small Aperture Broadband Adcock Antenna Array 8.2.2 Four-Arm Spiral Antenna 8.2.3 Multi-mode Log-Periodic Antenna Array 8.3 The Technology of Multi-beam Antenna 8.3.1 Bootlace Lens Multi-beamformer Bootlace 8.3.2 Beamforming of Luneburg Lens 8.3.3 Two-Dimensional Multi-beam Area Array Antenna 8.3.4 Dielectric Lens Antenna with Matching Layer 8.4 Broadband Phased Circular Array Antenna 8.4.1 Broadband Phased Circular Array Antenna 8.4.2 Broadband Phased Transmit Array Antenna 8.4.3 Broadband Active Phased Array Antenna 8.4.4 Broadband Planar Phased Array Antenna 8.5 Broadband Array and Reflective Surface Composite Antenna 8.6 Digital Beamforming Technology 8.7 Broadband Antenna System 8.7.1 Broadband Radome 8.7.2 Broadband Polarization Cover 8.7.3 Antenna Receiving and Transmitting Isolation Technology 8.7.4 System Architecture of Broadband Antenna 9 Jamming Against Phased Array Radar 9.1 Overview of Phased Array Radar 9.1.1 Phase Scanning 9.1.2 Frequency Scanning 9.1.3 Typical Phased Array Radar 9.1.4 Planar Array Beam 9.1.5 Sparse Array and Small Array Pattern 9.1.6 Low Sidelobe Phased Array 9.2 The Advantages of Phased Array Radar and Jamming Countermeasures 9.2.1 The Advantages of Phased Array Radar 9.2.2 Basic Jamming Countermeasures Against of Phased Array Radar 9.2.3 An Example of Jammer Designed for Intergrated Phased Array Radar 9.3 Analysis of Effective Area of Phased Array Radar Jamming 9.3.1 Jamming Exposure Area of Phased Array Radar 9.3.2 The Ratio of the Radar’s Detection Area Under Jamming 9.4 The Analysis of the Jamming Effect on Phased Array SAR of Airborne (or Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) 9.4.1 Analysis of Jamming Effect on UAV-Borne SAR 9.4.2 Analysis of the Effective Area of Point Target Jamming in the Ground Attack of Missile-Borne SAR 9.5 Analysis of Jamming Effect on Spaceborne Phased Array SAR 9.5.1 The Jamming Equation of Spaceborne Phased Array SAR 9.5.2 Derivation of “Unified Jamming Equation” of Phased Array Synthetic Aperture Radar 9.5.3 Calculation of Equivalent Power of Jamming to Spaceborne Phased Array Synthetic Aperture Radar 9.5.4 Analysis of Jamming Effective Area Against Spaceborne Phased Array SAR 10 New Concepts and Technologies of Electronic Warfare 10.1 Combat Effect and Protection Technology of Electromagnetic Pulse 10.1.1 High Repetition Frequency Electromagnetic Pulse with No Carrier and Low Peak Power 10.1.2 Effect of Electromagnetic Pulse on Electronic Devices 10.1.3 Analysis of Combat Effect of Electromagnetic Pulse 10.1.4 Protection Technology for High Power Electromagnetic Pulse 10.2 Radar Countermeasures and High-Power Microwave Devices 10.2.1 Mechanism of High Power Microwave 10.2.2 The Power Required by Various Jammers and High-Power Microwave Weapons 10.2.3 Application Comparison of Solid-State Microwave Power Devices and Electric Vacuum Microwave Devices 10.3 Feasibility Analysis of Attacking Reconnaissance Satellites Using High-Power Microwave Weapons 10.3.1 The Feasibility of Using High-Power Microwave Attacks on Passive Reconnaissance Satellites 10.3.2 The Feasibility of Strong Microwave Jamming to Reconnaissance Satellites 10.4 Application of UWB High PRF Jammer 10.4.1 Demand Status 10.4.2 Demand Analysis for High Repetition Frequency 10.4.3 Pulse Width and Spectrum 10.4.4 Jamming Effect on Meter Band Radar 10.4.5 Application of UWB Jammer 10.4.6 Test of UWB Jammer 10.5 Integrated Electronic Warfare Technology Including Reconnaissance, Jamming, and Positioning 10.5.1 Utilize the Integrated Technology of High-Power Continuous Wave Noise Jammer 10.5.2 Using the Jammer’s Angle Passive Tracking System to Realize the Integration of “Reconnaissance, Positioning, and Jamming” 10.5.3 Ranging Error of Single Station Passive Positioning System Using Angle Passive Tracking System 10.5.4 Single Station Passive Positioning Based on a Passive Angle Tracking System 10.5.5 Typical Application of Single Station Passive Location Based on Angle Passive Tracking System 10.6 Analysis of Jamming Effect of “Signal Hiding” Anti-jamming Radar References