Theory and Application of Diagrams: First International Conference, Diagrams 2000, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, September 1-3, 2000 Proceedings (Lecture Notes ... / Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)

Diagrams 2000 is dedicated to the memory of Jon Barwise. Diagrams 2000 was the ?rst event in a new interdisciplinary conference series on the Theory and Application of Diagrams. It was held at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, September 1-3, 2000. Driven by the pervasiveness of diagrams in human communication and by the increasing availability of graphical environments in computerized work, the study of diagrammatic notations is emerging as a research ?eld in its own right. This development has simultaneously taken place in several scienti?c disciplines, including, amongst others: cognitive science, arti?cial intelligence, and computer science. Consequently, a number of di?erent workshop series on this topic have been successfully organized during the last few years: Thinking with Diagrams, Theory of Visual Languages, Reasoning with Diagrammatic Representations, and Formalizing Reasoning with Visual and Diagrammatic Representations. Diagrams are simultaneously complex cognitive phenonema and sophis- cated computational artifacts. So, to be successful and relevant the study of diagrams must as a whole be interdisciplinary in nature. Thus, the workshop series mentioned above decided to merge into Diagrams 2000, as the single - terdisciplinary conference for this exciting new ?eld. It is intended that Diagrams 2000 should become the premier international conference series in this area and provide a forum with su?cient breadth of scope to encompass researchers from all academic areas who are studying the nature of diagrammatic representations and their use by humans and in machines. Theory and Application of Diagrams Preface Organization Table of Contents Invited Talk: Representations to Mediate Geospatial Collaborative Reasoning: A Cognitive-Semiotic Perspective Invited Talk: Jon Barwise: A Heterogeneous Appreciation Tutorial 1: Formal Approaches to Visual Language Specification and Understanding Tutorial 2a: Cognitive History of Science: The Roles of Diagrammatic Representations in Discovery and Modeling Discovery Tutorial 2b: Cognitive (Production System) Modelling of How an Expert Uses a Cartesian Graph Tutorial 2c: The Coordination of External Representations and Internal Mental Representations in Display-Based Cognitive Tasks Positive Semantics of Projections in Venn-Euler Diagrams Introduction Preliminaries The Case for Projections Intuitive Semantics of Projections Covers and Contexts Interacting Projections Multi-Projections Conclusions and Future Research References On the Completeness and Expressiveness of Spider Diagram Systems Introduction Spider Diagrams: SD2 Syntactic Elements of Unitary SD2 Diagrams Semantics of Unitary SD2 Diagrams Compound Diagrams and Multi-diagrams Compliance and Consistency Rules of Transformation for SD2 Consistency of a Multi-diagram and Combining Diagrams Soundness and Completeness Extending the Notation Extending the Notation Rules of Transformation for Extended Notation Soundness and Completeness of Extended System Derived Reasoning Results Negation Conclusion and Related Work References Non-standard Logics for Diagram Interpretation Introduction Diagram Interpretation with Attributed Multiset Grammars Embedding Grammars into First-Order Logic Embedding Grammars into Linear Logic Embedding Grammars into Situation Theory Towards a Hybrid Approach References Reviving the Iconicity of Beta Graphs Introduction Conjunctive and Disjunctive Juxtaposition Peirce's Intuition for Iconicity Lines of Identity Existential versus Universal Quantifiers Scope of Quantifiers New Reading Comparison among Different Readings Conclusion References Constraint Matching for Diagram Design: Qualitative Visual Languages Introduction Background Scope and Terminology Qualitative Spatial Relations vs. Topology Graphemes Repertoire Scalability Relation Analysis Example Analyses of Domains and Diagram Systems File System Diagrams Set Theory Diagrams The Benefits of Constraint Matching Conclusion References Picking Knots from Trees - The Syntactic Structure of Celtic Knotwork Introduction Plaits Square Knots Elements of Carpet-Page Designs Rectangular Knots Knots Based on Triangular Tiles The Final Treatment of a Knot Conclusion References Differentiating Diagrams: A New Approach Introduction Exploring the "One Property" Assumption The Diagrammatic/Sentential Distinction Examined A Two-Property Approach „Bare“ vs. „Endowed“ Symbols Discretion and Assimilability Changes in Classification Conclusions Two Objections The Concept of Perspicuousness References Logical Systems and Formality Introduction A Notion of Formality Applying the Notion First-Order Logic Peirce's Alpha-Logic Shin's Venn-I Hammer's Heterogeneous Venn System Hyperproof Generalizing from the Data Purely Linguistic Systems Purely Diagrammatic Systems Heterogeneous Systems and the ``Interlingua'' Debate References Distinctions with Differences: Comparing Criteria for Distinguishing Diagrammatic from Sentential Systems Introduction Diagrammatic and Sentential Semantics Compared Spatial Homomorphisms Symbols, Icons and Indices Nomic and Stipulative Constraints Directness and Indirectness of Interpretation The Criteria Related Peirce's Existential Graphs References How People Extract Information from Graphs: Evidence from a Sentence-Graph Verification Paradigm Introduction The Sentence-Graph Verification Task: A Tool for Studying Goal Directed Comprehension Pinker's Account of Graph Comprehension Experiment Method Results Discussion Relevance to Pinker's Account of Graph Comprehension Relation to Other Approaches to Graph Comprehension Directions for Future Work Conclusions References Restricted Focus Viewer: A Tool for Tracking Visual Attention Introduction The Restricted Focus Viewer Description of the RFV Data Replayer Validation of the RFV Method Participants Materials and Design Procedure Data Treatment Results and Discussion Errors Response Times Comparison of the RFV with Eye-Tracking Future Work References Communicating Dynamic Behaviors: Are Interactive Multimedia Presentations Better than Static Mixed-Mode Presentations? Introduction Multimodal Information Integration and Comprehension: A Cognitive Model and Its Design Implications Stage 1: Decomposition Stage 2: Constructing a Static Mental Model by Making Representational Connections Stage 3: Making Referential Connections Stage 4: Hypothesizing Lines of Action Stage 5: Constructing a Dynamic Mental Model by Mental Animation and Inference Structure of Expository Mixed-Mode Presentations in Two Domains Experiments with Mixed-Mode Presentations Discussion References Capacity Limits in Diagrammatic Reasoning Introduction Capacity Limits in Visual-Spatial Cognition A Brief Review of Research on Mental Animation. Mental Animation Depends on Visual-Spatial Working Memory Mental Animation is Piecemeal A Model of Mental Animation Discussion References Recording the Future: Some Diagrammatic Aspects of Time Management Introduction Diary Diagrams Diary Content Investigation of Diary Diagrams and Time Visualisation Method Results Discussion Explanation Questions Raised by the Research References Lines, Blobs, Crosses and Arrows: Diagrammatic Communication with Schematic Figures Some Ways that Graphics Communicate Meaningful Graphic Forms Sketching Route Maps: Lines, Curves, Crosses and Blobs Graphing Data: Bars and Lines Diagramming Complex Systems: Arrows Meaningful Graphic Forms Again In Sum References Animated Diagrams: An Investigation into the Cognitive Effects of Using Animation to Illustrate Dynamic Processes Introduction Theoretical Background Animation of Dynamic Systems: A Brief Account of Important Aspects Study 1: Comparison of Animated and Static Formats of Diagrammatic Representation Method Results Discussion Study 2: Investigation of Knowledge Construction from Animated Diagrams Method Results Discussion Conclusion References A Comparison of Graphics and Speech in a Task-Oriented Interaction Graphics in Interaction The Block Task Experiment Methods Materials Procedure Results Task Performance Use of the Graphical Channel Communicative Coherence Discussion References Diagramming Aesthetics: Modernism and Architecture in the 21st Century Introduction Zevi's Modern Language of Architecture The Seven Invariables Diagramming Languages Application Student Designs Conclusions References JVenn: A Visual Reasoning System with Diagrams and Sentences Introduction Preliminaries Outline of Hammer's System Well-Formed Diagrams Diagrammatic Rules Aristotelian Syllogism Implementation of a Visual Reasoning System JVenn The Interface Part -- Window Construction -- The Management Part of Venn Diagrams Handling Venn Diagrams Examples of Use of JVenn Concluding Remarks References A Proposal for Automating Diagrammatic Reasoning in Continuous Domains Introduction Axiom: n. Received or Accepted Principle; Self Evident Truth An Example Proof Related Work Some Formal Notation for Scribbling Generic Diagrams Are Truth Values Relevant? The Constructive 1 Rule Another Example: Pythagoras' Theorem Concept Overview for Real Analysis Example Proof for Theorem 1 Revisited Limitations and Future Work References Playing with Diagrams Introduction ARCHIMEDES at Play Example 1 Example 2 Discussion Conclusion References The Use of Intermediate Graphical Constructions in Problem Solving with Dynamic, Pixel-Level Diagrams Introduction On Intermediate Constructions Examples of Intermediate Constructions in a PRS Example 1: Blob Move Example 2: From Source to Sink around an Obstacle Example 3: Reducing Connected Components to Dots Example 4: Digit Recognition Discussion References Treatment of Diagrams in Document Image Analysis Introduction Challanges in Implementing a Diagram Recognizer Representing Notational Conventions Handling Noise Handling Dialects Providing an Effective Interface for Error Correction Handling Complexity Grammars and Production Rules Anderson Graph Grammars and Graph Transformation Stochastic Grammars Visual Language Methods Recognition Using a Model of Diagram Generation Blackboard Systems Schema-Based Systems Kernel of a Recognition System Conclusion References Universal Arrow Foundations for Visual Modeling Introduction Basics of Arrow Thinking and Arrow Logic Arrow Diagram Logic: Simple Examples Arrow Diagram Logic: General Formulation Arrow Thinking and Category Theory: A Brief Manifesto Example of Sketching a Visual Modeling Discipline: Semantic Data Modeling via Sketches General Methodology Interpretation of Arrows Sketches vs. ER-Diagrams: Simple Example Sketches vs. UML: Simple Examples Sketching Visual Models: Visualization Aspects Visualization Aspects of Sketching ER-Diagrams. Visualization Aspects of Sketching UML-Diagrams. Summary. Conclusion References Diagrammatic Acquisition of Functional Knowledge for Product Configuration Systems with the Unified Modeling Language Introduction Construction of Knowledge Bases Using UML Functional Configuration Knowledge Contextual Diagrams Knowledge Base Generation Prototype Environment Related Work Conclusions References Evaluating the Intelligibility of Diagrammatic Languages Used in the Specification of Software Introduction Diagrammatic Languages Used to Specify Software Systems The Evaluation of Specification Languages Properties of Languages Used to Specify Software Key Properties Relating to Intelligibility Evaluating the Intelligibility of Diagrammatic Languages Conclusion: The Importance of Structure References Executing Diagram Sequences Introduction Background Technical Framework The Implemented System Conclusion Future Work References MetaBuilder: The Diagrammer's Diagrammer Introduction Problem - The Construction of Diagramming Software is Complex Solution - Use Software to Build other Diagramming Software MetaModelling Other Related Work Other MetaCASE Systems Toolkits and Component Based Approaches Visual Programming Languages Generic Diagram Editing Systems MetaBuilder History The Metabuilder Metamodelling Notation The MetaBuilder Tool Other Facilities of the MetaBuilder System The Advantages of the MetaBuilder Approach MetaBuilder in Use MOOSE Toolset MetaBuilder is Self-defining Conclusion References Diagrammatic Control of Diagrammatic Structure Generation Introduction Graph Grammars Comparison of Related Control Approaches Motivation of the Problem Solutions Found in the Literature Our Approach Watching out for Suitable Control Structures Dijkstra Schemas Activity Diagrams Control Flow Diagrams and Their Interpretation Example Summary References Two-Dimensional Positioning as Visual Thinking Introduction Writing, Programming and Jigsaw Puzzle Writing Component-Based Programming Jigsaw Puzzle Two-Dimensional Positioning Two Tools -- ART and RemBoard ART System Overview Visualizing the Current Situation RemBoard System Overview Visualizing the Current Situation Discussion Overview of the User Studies Adding, Deleting and Editing Elements Seeing what They Have Elements under Consideration Characteristics of Elements Relationship between Elements Sketching and Two-Dimensional Positioning Conclusion References Reordering the Reorderable Matrix as an Algorithmic Problem Introduction Exploring the Reorderable Matrix Motivation for This Work Preliminaries Reordering Aesthetics Methods for Reordering The Townships Example The Hotel Example 2D Sort Method 2D Sort: The Townships Example 2D Sort: The Hotel Example Sugiyama's Algorithm Sugiyama's Algorithm: The Townships Example Sugiyama's Algorithm: The Hotel Example Concluding Remarks Clouds: A Module for Automatic Learning of Concept Maps Introduction Using Inductive Learning Algorithms in Concept Map Construction References A Diagrammatic Notation for Interval Algebra Introduction Intervals and Interval Diagrams References Animation of Diagrams: An Aid to Learning? Method and Data Analysis Results and Discussion References Diagrams as Components of Multimedia Discourse: A Semiotic Approach Introduction The Semiotic Approach Conclusion References Formalising the Essence of Diagrammatic Syntax Elements of Diagrammatic Syntax Sketches for Diagrams Gains, Prospects and Problems References Using Grids in Maps Introduction Applying Grids to Maps Conclusion Reference Case Analysis in Euclidean Geometry: An Overview A Diagrammatic Formal System Case Analysis Satisfiable and Unsatisfiable Diagrams References Bar Charts Recognition Using Hough Based Syntactic Segmentation Introduction Bar Chart Syntactic Analysis Recognition Model and Method Experiments Conclusions References Experimenting with Aesthetics-Based Graph Layout Introduction Syntactic Performance Individual Aesthetics Algorithms Semantic Preference Discussion References Author Index

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams, Diagrams 2000, held in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK in September 2000.
The 31 revised full papers presented together with 9 posters were carefully reviewed and selected from around 100 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on logic and diagrams, theoretical concerns about diagrams, human communication with diagrams, diagrammatic reasoning and proof systems, and diagrams for systems versus systems for diagrams.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams, Diagrams 2000, held in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK in September 2000. The 31 revised full papers presented together with 9 posters were carefully reviewed and selected from around 100 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on logic and diagrams, theoretical concerns about diagrams, human communication with diagrams, diagrammatic reasoning and proof systems, and diagrams for systems versus systems for diagrams