The World Trade Organization Knowledge Agreements (cambridge Studies In Law And Society)

The WTO intellectual property and services agreements (TRIPs and GATS) form the global legal framework in which governments now regulate trade in knowledge. This second edition analyses the provisions of the agreements and examines closely the thirteen years of implementation and revision. Gathering together the interpretations placed on the agreements by the WTO dispute settlement bodies, it reports on the initiatives taken by the members both to liberalise trade in knowledge and to shape international business regulation. Drawing on this, Christopher Arup assesses the future of the WTO as a global law-making institution. Three expanded case studies (legal services, genetic codes/essential medicines, and on-line media) illustrate the impact of the agreements and highlight the challenges faced by the WTO in reconciling free trade with social regulation.-- Provided by Publisher Half-title......Page 3 Series-title......Page 4 Title......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 Contents......Page 9 Preface and Acknowledgements......Page 13 List of WTO Dispute Rulings......Page 15 OTHER AGREEMENTS, CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES......Page 19 Part I Globalisation, law and the WTO......Page 21 CHAPTER 1 Trade Law as a Global Mediator......Page 23 Globalisation and law......Page 25 Legal pluralism and inter-legality......Page 26 The WTO interface between legalities......Page 29 Non-Discrimination......Page 31 Market access and intellectual property protection......Page 33 Competition policy......Page 34 WTO law......Page 35 Global carriers......Page 38 NOTES......Page 39 CHAPTER 2 A global context......Page 42 Research......Page 44 Outlooks......Page 45 Convergence and divergence......Page 48 The economic sphere......Page 50 The political sphere......Page 51 The cultural sphere......Page 54 Horizontal private business justice......Page 55 Richly textured local law......Page 57 Intellectual property and related laws......Page 59 International law making......Page 62 Networks......Page 64 Norms......Page 65 Governance......Page 68 Laws......Page 71 Interfaces......Page 75 Conclusions......Page 78 NOTES......Page 79 CHAPTER 3 The World Trade Organization......Page 85 Trade liberalisation......Page 87 Multilateralism......Page 89 The WTO Constitution......Page 91 Trade negotiations......Page 94 Governance issues......Page 96 Cross-institutional structures......Page 99 Recent GATS negotiations......Page 101 Recent TRIPs negotiations......Page 103 Dispute settlement process......Page 105 Threshold participation......Page 109 Negotiated solutions......Page 112 Rulings......Page 113 Listening to voices......Page 114 Finding meaning......Page 115 Judging national measures......Page 116 Considering international law......Page 117 Reaching limits......Page 120 Proceedings for implementation and enforcement......Page 121 Attitudes to dispute settlement......Page 122 Measures affecting trade......Page 125 Transparency and form......Page 128 Nullification or impairment......Page 130 Non-violation complaints......Page 131 Complaints under GATS and TRIPs......Page 134 Most-favoured-nation treatment......Page 136 GATS and TRIPs MFN treatment......Page 137 National treatment......Page 139 Constraints on local legalities......Page 140 Allowances for foreign legalities......Page 141 GATS and TRIPs national treatment......Page 143 Market access for services......Page 145 Protection for intellectual property......Page 146 Bilateral free trade agreements......Page 149 Exceptional national regulation......Page 151 Disciplines applied to exceptions......Page 153 The necessity test......Page 154 National regulation and international concerns......Page 155 International regulatory competition......Page 158 International regulatory coordination......Page 159 Competition regulation......Page 163 National treatment and competition policy......Page 164 Competition policy and market access......Page 166 Competition policy and transnational business practices......Page 168 Conclusions......Page 171 NOTES......Page 172 Part II Services......Page 183 CHAPTER 4 The General Agreement on Trade in Services......Page 185 A trade agreement for services......Page 187 Liberalisation of trade in services......Page 189 Status and format of the agreement......Page 191 Scope and definition......Page 192 Substantive and procedural requirements......Page 194 The tenor of the agreement......Page 195 GATS listings approach......Page 196 Dispute settlement......Page 198 United States – Gambling Services......Page 199 Level of commitments......Page 200 Sources of reservations......Page 202 The MFN norm......Page 205 MFN exemptions......Page 206 Accommodation of regional agreements......Page 207 The national treatment norm......Page 208 Less favourable treatment......Page 209 Like services......Page 211 The market access norm......Page 213 The proscribed measures......Page 214 The reach of the norm......Page 215 Quantitative and qualitative limitations......Page 216 The modes of supply......Page 218 Cross-border supply......Page 219 Consumption abroad......Page 221 Presence of natural persons......Page 222 Commercial presence......Page 224 Legitimate regulatory objectives......Page 226 Disciplines applied to the exceptions......Page 228 Article VI disciplines......Page 230 Uruguay Round carry-over negotiations......Page 232 Scope of the financial services negotiations......Page 233 Outcome of the financial services negotiations......Page 235 GATS and FTAs......Page 236 Negotiations for commitments......Page 239 Negotiations over domestic regulation......Page 241 Competition regulation......Page 242 Other business regulation......Page 244 Conclusions......Page 246 NOTES......Page 248 CHAPTER 5 The case of legal services......Page 252 Demands of international clients......Page 254 Entrepreneurial legal services......Page 257 Relations with states, civil societies, communities......Page 258 Foreign or local lawyers......Page 260 Cross-border supply......Page 262 The power of presence......Page 264 Foreign and local lawyers......Page 266 National regulation......Page 267 Modes of supply......Page 268 Admission to the local profession......Page 269 GATS norms......Page 271 GATS commitments......Page 273 Japan......Page 274 The European Union......Page 277 The United States......Page 280 The People’s Republic of China......Page 282 New negotiations......Page 284 Cross-border supply and supply from home......Page 285 Commercial presence......Page 286 Professional standards......Page 288 Accounting sector disciplines......Page 290 Legal sector disciplines?......Page 292 International regulation......Page 294 Conclusions......Page 296 NOTES......Page 298 Part II Intellectual Property......Page 303 CHAPTER 6 The agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights......Page 305 The course of events......Page 306 Agenda setting......Page 308 Reaching agreement......Page 311 General provisions and basic principles......Page 312 National treatment......Page 313 DSB rulings......Page 315 Most-favoured-nation treatment......Page 318 Copyright and related rights......Page 319 Protection for works......Page 320 Use rights......Page 322 Related rights......Page 323 Patents......Page 324 Patentable subject matter......Page 325 Use rights......Page 326 Trademarks......Page 327 Geographical indications......Page 330 Industrial designs......Page 332 Undisclosed information......Page 333 Enforcement provisions......Page 335 Special and differential treatment......Page 337 Dispute settlement......Page 339 Determining non-compliance......Page 340 Trade sanctions......Page 342 National access regulation......Page 343 Copyright and related rights......Page 345 United States – section 110(5) Copyright Act......Page 347 Patents and other industrial property......Page 350 Canada – Patent Protection for Pharmaceuticals......Page 351 Trademarks......Page 354 Restrictive trade practices regulation......Page 355 TRIPs and FTAs......Page 356 Conclusions......Page 362 NOTES......Page 363 CHAPTER 7 The case of genetic codes......Page 368 Global carriers......Page 370 Strength of local resources......Page 373 Role of property rights......Page 376 Support for property rights......Page 378 Reservations regarding property rights......Page 381 The concept of invention......Page 383 The discovery/invention distinction......Page 384 Patenting genes......Page 385 Judicial responses......Page 387 The viability of the distinction......Page 388 The NIH claims......Page 389 Plants, animals, people......Page 391 Experience with the European exception......Page 392 European Biotechnology Directive......Page 394 Exceptions elsewhere......Page 395 Categories of exception......Page 396 Compulsory licences......Page 397 Plant variety rights......Page 398 The UPOV Convention......Page 399 Plant breeding......Page 400 Breeders’ rights......Page 401 Unilateral and bilateral initiatives......Page 403 Convention on Biological Diversity......Page 405 World Intellectual Property Organization......Page 408 TRIPs patentable subject matter......Page 410 TRIPs exceptions to patentability......Page 411 The role of the review......Page 414 Access to medicines......Page 415 Industry conditions......Page 416 TRIPs patentable subject matter......Page 419 TRIPs exceptions to patent infringement......Page 420 TRIPs use of undisclosed test data......Page 422 TRIPs disputes......Page 423 The Doha Declaration......Page 424 TRIPs system for trade in licensed drugs......Page 425 Conclusions......Page 429 NOTES......Page 431 Part IV Convergence......Page 441 CHAPTER 8 The case of communications media......Page 443 Globalising effects......Page 446 Access to the media......Page 448 Control of the media......Page 449 Industry-specific regulation......Page 452 Audio-visual sector......Page 454 Telecommunications sector......Page 455 Progress in the new GATS Round......Page 457 Intellectual property regulation......Page 458 Copyright......Page 460 Software interfaces......Page 463 Online content......Page 465 Licensing......Page 468 Impact of TRIPs......Page 471 Treaty proposals......Page 473 Treaty text......Page 474 Treaty mediation......Page 477 Competition regulation......Page 479 Market power and essential facilities......Page 482 Computer platforms......Page 485 Telecommunications networks......Page 488 Content resources......Page 491 Media alliances......Page 492 TRIPs and access regimes......Page 495 GATS and access regimes......Page 496 The Mexico telecommunications ruling......Page 500 Framing WTO competition policy......Page 504 Linkage to investment liberalisation......Page 507 The First Working Group Report......Page 514 Competition policy follow-up......Page 515 Access to knowledge......Page 517 Conclusions......Page 519 NOTES......Page 521 Index......Page 531 The WTO intellectual property and services agreements (TRIPs and GATS) form the global legal framework in which governments regulate trade in knowledge. In this book, Christopher Arup analyses the provisions of the agreements, examines closely their implementation and revision and assesses the future of the WTO as a global law-making institution. Previous (2000) edition : The new World Trade Organization agreements : globalizing law through services and intellectual property