The World of Ancient Rome [2 volumes]: A Daily Life Encyclopedia

This study of Ancient Rome offers a fascinating glimpse of what Roman society was like―from fashion, to food, to politics and recreation―gathered from literary works, art, and archaeological remains. While the political history and prominent figures of Ancient Rome are well known, accounts of daily life in that time and place often remain untold. This fascinating encyclopedia explores this period from a social and cultural perspective, digging into the day-to-day activities of how Romans dressed, what they ate, how they worked, and what they did for fun. Drawing from recent archaeological evidence, author James W. Ermatinger explores the everyday lives of Roman citizens of all levels and classes. This book is organized into ten sections: art, economics, family, fashion, food, housing, politics, recreation, religion, and science. Each section contains more than two dozen entries that illuminate such topics as slavery as a social movement; the menus of peasants, slaves, and the elite; and the science and engineering solutions that became harbingers for today's technology. The work contains a selection of primary documents as well as a bibliography of print and Internet resources. Focuses on daily life rather than dates and wars, making for engaging content for all readers Offers a bibliography of important works as well as online and print resources for further reading Includes coverage of a breadth of topics ranging from performing arts to town planning and military uniforms to banquets Features approximately 250 entries with topics arranged alphabetically Connects to national standards for world history Cover 1 VOLUME 1 2 Half Title 2 Title 4 Copyright 5 Dedication 6 Contents 8 Preface 18 Introduction 22 Chronology: From the Founding of Rome (753 BCE) to the Death of Marcus Aurelius (180 CE) 26 Arts 32 Introduction 32 Agricultural Treatises 33 Art Collecting 36 Caesar, Gaius Julius 39 Catullus, Gaius Valerius 43 Cicero, Marcus Tullius 45 Decorations 49 Drama 52 Etruscan 55 Geographical Treatises 58 Hellenism 61 Jewish Literature 64 Livy (Titus Livius) 67 Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus) 69 Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) 71 Performing Arts 74 Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) 76 Polybius 79 Portraiture 82 Pottery 85 Prose 88 Roman Classical Literature 91 Romanitas 94 Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus) 97 Satire 99 Sculpture 102 Seneca 105 Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) 108 Economics and Work 112 Introduction 112 Agriculture 113 Banking 116 Builders 119 Collegium 122 Economic Policy 125 Farming 128 Fullers (Dry Cleaning) 132 Industry 134 Laborers 137 Latifundia 139 Leather Making 141 Manumission 143 Markets 146 Merchants 149 Milling/Baking 151 Mining 154 Money 157 Professionals 160 Public Works 163 Ranching 166 Shipbuilding 168 Shopkeepers 170 Slavery 173 Social Structure 177 Taxes 180 Trade 182 Weavers 185 Family and Gender 188 Introduction 188 Adoption 189 Adultery 191 Cemeteries 194 Childhood 196 Courtship 199 Cremation 202 Death and Dying 204 Divorce 207 Education 209 Family Life 213 Family Planning 216 Freedmen 218 Funerals 221 Heirs 224 Higher Education 226 Homosexuality 229 Household 231 Inhumation 234 Legal Divisions 237 Marriage 240 Paterfamilias 243 Patronage 245 Population 248 Pregnancy 250 Suicide 254 Wills 256 Women’s Duties 258 Fashion and Appearance 262 Introduction 262 Beards 263 Bikini 266 Clothing 268 Colors 271 Cosmetics 273 Ethnic Dress 276 Fabrics 279 Greek/Eastern Dress 281 Hairstyles 284 Hygiene 287 Jewelry, Men 289 Jewelry, Women 291 Military Dress 294 Northern European Dress 296 Personal Accouterments 298 Public Appearance 301 Rural Fashion 304 Shoes 306 Shopping Districts 308 Toga 311 Toiletries 314 Underclothing 317 Urban Amenities 319 Women’s Clothing 321 Food and Drink 326 Introduction 326 Amphorae 327 Banquets, Private 330 Beer 334 Cereals 336 Delicacies 339 Dining while Traveling 342 Dinner Party 344 Festivals 347 Fish 350 Food Preservation 352 Food Servers 355 Fruits 357 Meats 360 Poultry 362 Roman Dinnerware 365 Roman Kitchens 367 Rural Elite Diet 370 Rural Peasant Diet 373 Serving 375 Spices 377 State Banquets 380 Trade Routes 382 Transport 385 Urban Elite Diet 388 Urban Poor Diet 391 Vegetables 393 Wine 396 VOLUME 2 401 Half Title 401 Title 403 Copyright 404 Dedication 405 Contents 407 Housing and Community 417 Introduction 417 Apartments 418 Building Techniques 420 City Houses 423 City Traffic 426 Colonial Planning 428 Colonies 430 Crime 433 Floors 435 Forum 438 Furniture 441 Gardens 444 Masonry Construction 447 Palaces 449 Public Architecture 451 Public Dangers 454 Public Structures 457 Roofs 460 Rural and Periodic Markets 463 Rural Houses 465 Street Trade 467 Surveying 469 Town Planning 472 Villa 475 Wall Coverings 479 Wooden House Components 482 Politics and Warfare 485 Introduction 485 Agrarian Reforms 486 Auxiliaries 489 Cursus Honorum 492 Elections 495 Government 497 Imperialism 500 Justice and Punishment 502 Legions 505 Military Camps 508 Military Command 511 Military Strategies and Tactics 514 Military Uniforms 517 Military Weapons 520 Navy 523 Punic Wars 526 Race 530 Roman Finances 532 Roman Provincial Treatment 534 Roman Rule 538 Roman View of War 540 Samnite Wars 542 Senate 545 Social War 548 Soldiers’ Lives 550 Soldiers’ Service 553 Soldiers’ Training 556 Tribes 558 Recreation and Social Customs 563 Introduction 563 Actors 564 Adolescent 567 Baths 570 Books and Libraries 573 Brothels 576 Circus Racing 579 Class Structure and Status 583 Etiquette/Hospitality 585 Festivals, Private 588 Gambling 591 Games 593 Gladiatorial Combat 596 Gladiatorial Training 599 Hunts 602 Leisure 605 Music and Dance 608 Musical Instruments 610 Pleasures 613 Public Festivals at Rome 615 Retirement 618 Sport 621 Sumptuary Laws 623 Theaters and Odeon 625 Travel 628 Triumphs 631 Vacations 635 Work versus Leisure Days 637 Religion and Beliefs 641 Introduction 641 Afterlife 642 Astrology 644 Atheism 647 Bacchus 649 Ceres 652 Christianity 654 Cybele 657 Emperor Worship 659 Hades 662 Isis and Osiris 664 Judaism 667 Lupercalia 670 Magic 672 Mithraic Mysteries 675 Moral Codes 678 Mystery Religions 680 Olympian Religion 683 Persephone/Libera 686 Private Worship 689 Punic Religion 691 Roman Foundation Myths 693 Roman Priests 696 Sacred Groves 699 Sacrifices 701 State Religion 704 Temples 707 Vesta 710 Science and Technology 713 Introduction 713 Agricultural Devices 714 Aqueducts 716 Astronomy 720 Calendar Reforms 723 Carts 725 Engineering 727 Geography 730 Hand Tools 732 Harbors 734 Health 737 Inventions 740 Machinery 743 Metallurgy 746 Military Technology 748 Minting 750 Roads 753 Roman Glass 755 Roman Medicine 758 Roman Time Keeping 761 Ship Rigging 763 Ships 766 Tools, Wood and Stone 768 Wagons 770 Warships 773 Water Inventions 777 Weights and Measures 779 Primary Documents 783 Arts 783 The Size and Components of a Villa: Columella, De Re Rustica (On Agriculture) (First Century CE) 783 Economics and Work 787 Description of a Latifundia: Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia (Natural History) (ca. 79 CE) 787 Family and Gender 789 The Paterfamilias—the Story of Publius Horatius: Livy, The History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) (Late First Century BCE) 789 Fashion and Appearance 792 Emperors Augustus (Octavian) and Nero Shave Their Beards: Dio Cassius, Roman History (Historia Romana) (ca. 229 CE) and Suetonius, The Lives of the Twelve Caesars (De Vita Caesarum) (ca. 121 CE) 792 Food and Drink 794 The Banquet of Trimalchio: Petronius Arbiter, Satyricon (ca. 50s–60s CE) 794 Housing and Community 796 Pliny the Younger and the Emperor Trajan Discuss the Need for Fire Departments: Pliny, Letters of Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (ca. 110–113 CE) 796 Politics and Warfare 797 The Reforms of Tiberius Gracchus: Plutarch, Lives (Late First Century CE) 797 Recreation and Social Customs 798 Description of the Circus Maximus: Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities (Late First Century BCE) and Seneca’s Disgust with the Audience at the Gladiatorial Games: Seneca’s Letter to Lucilius (50s–60s CE) 798 Religion and Beliefs 800 Description of Roman Priests and Vestals: Plutarch, Life of Numa (ca. 110 CE) 800 Science and Technology 802 The Romans Build a War Fleet to Defeat Carthage: Polybius, The Histories (Late Second Century BCE) 802 Bibliography 805 Index 813 This study of Ancient Rome offers a fascinating glimpse of what Roman society was like―from fashion, to food, to politics and recreation―gathered from literary works, art, and archaeological remains. Drawing from recent archaeological evidence, author James W. Ermatinger explores the everyday lives of Roman citizens of all levels and classes. This book is organized into ten sections: art, economics, family, fashion, food, housing, politics, recreation, religion, and science. Each section contains more than two dozen entries that illuminate such topics as slavery as a social movement; the menus of peasants, slaves, and the elite; and the science and engineering solutions that became harbingers for today's technology. The work contains a selection of primary documents as well as a bibliography of print and Internet resources. * * Focuses on daily life rather than dates and wars, making for engaging content for all readers * * Offers a bibliography of important works as well as online and print resources for further reading * * Includes coverage of a breadth of topics ranging from performing arts to town planning and military uniforms to banquets * * Features approximately 250 entries with topics arranged alphabetically * * Connects to national standards for world history *