The West in the World Vol II: From the Renaissance

Connect students to the stories of history. Connect students to success in history. Connect students to the experience of history. At McGraw-Hill, we have spent the past few years deepening our understanding of the student and instructor experience. Employing a wide array of research tools including surveys, focus groups, and ethnographic studies, we've identified areas in need of improvement to provide an opportunity for greater learning and teaching experiences. The new edition of The West in the World is a direct result of this in-depth research. The West in the World’s newest edition is also a first in the teaching and learning of Western Civilization. Its groundbreaking web-based digital solution, its unique mid-length and lively narrative, and its rich, outstanding visuals creates a unique teaching and learning environment propelling greater student success and overall improved course results. Instructors gain better insight into students' engagement and understanding as students develop a base of knowledge and construct stronger critical thinking skills. Unparalleled coverage of art and culture as well as science and technology sets the stage and provides rich insights into historical time periods and events. The captivating stories and lush images keep students turning the page, helping prepare for class discussion and course work while its new teaching and learning platform, Connect History, enables students to engage with the course content on a greater level. The West in the World illustrates the significance of economic, political, social and cultural interactions that shaped Western civilization while asking students to analyze the events and themes in order to build a greater understanding of the past and an appreciation of history's influence on the present. With The West in the World , students are no longer simply reading; they are reading, interacting, and engaging in a visual, auditory, and hands-on learning experience. As students uniquely experience the history of Western Civilization, The West in the World propels students to greater understanding and the achievement of greater course success. Experience The West in the World and experience greater course success. COVER TITLE COPYRIGHT CONTENTS CHAPTER 10 A NEW SPIRIT IN THE WEST: THE RENAISSANCE, CA. 1300–1640 A NEW SPIRIT EMERGES: INDIVIDUALISM, REALISM, AND ACTIVISM The Renaissance: A Controversial Idea Why Italy? A Multifaceted Movement Humanism: The Path to Self-Improvement The Generosity of Patrons: Supporting New Ideas BIOGRAPHY: Isabella d'Este (1474–1539) THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 10.1: Isabella d'Este Implores Leonardo da Vinci to Paint for Her The Invention of the Printing Press: Spreading New Ideas THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: An Information Revolution: The Printing Press THE POLITICS OF INDIVIDUAL EFFORT The Italian City-States THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 10.1: Italy in 1454 Florence: Birthplace of the Renaissance Venice: The Serene Republic? THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 10.2: Friar Savonarola Ignites a "Bonfire of the Vanities" Milan and Naples: Two Principalities THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 10.2: The Venetian Empire in the Fifteenth Century The Papal States The Art of Diplomacy INDIVIDUALISM AS SELF-INTEREST: LIFE DURING THE RENAISSANCE Growing Intolerance Economic Boom Times Slavery Revived Finding Comfort in Family Children's Lives AN AGE OF TALENT AND BEAUTY: RENAISSANCE CULTURE AND SCIENCE Artists and Artisans Architecture: Echoing the Human Form Sculpture Comes into Its Own Painting from a New Perspective THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Raphael, School of Athens, 1510–1511 Celestial Music of Human Emotions Science or Pseudoscience? Leonardo da Vinci: The "Renaissance Man" RENAISSANCE OF THE "NEW MONARCHIES" OF THE NORTH, 1453–1640 France: Under the Italian Influence Visual Arts in Northern Europe THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 10.3: France in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries English Humanism THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 10.3: A Courtier Describes a Suspicious King—Louis the Spider Renaissance London: A Booming City England's Pride: William Shakespeare LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD CHAPTER 11 "ALONE BEFORE GOD": RELIGIOUS REFORM AND WARFARE, 1500–1648 THE CLASH OF DYNASTIES, 1515–1555 Land-Hungry Monarchs The Changing Rules of Warfare THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.1: Europe in 1526—Habsburg-Valois Wars THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Destruction and Amusement: The Development and Uses of Gunpowder Winners and Losers BIOGRAPHY: Martin Guerre (1524–1594) The Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521–1544 A TIDE OF RELIGIOUS REFORM The Best Path to Salvation? Desiderius Erasmus: "Prince of Humanists" Luther's Revolution THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 11.1: Germans Rage Against Papal Exploitation Protestant Religious Ideas The Reformed Church Takes Root in Germany Bringing Reform to the States in Switzerland Anabaptists: The Radical Reformers Calvinism and the Growing Middle Class THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 11.2: Marie Dentière Defends Reformation Women's Rights Henry VIII and the English Church THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION The Stirring of Reform in Spain THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.2: Religions in Europe, ca. 1600 The Society of Jesus THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 11.3: Ignatius Loyola Argues for Education as a Solution The Council of Trent, 1545–1563 Catholics on the Offense EUROPE ERUPTS AGAIN: A CENTURY OF RELIGIOUS WARFARE, 1559–1648 French Wars of Religion, 1562–1598 A "Council of Blood" in the Netherlands, 1566–1609 The Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648 THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.3: The Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648 Peace at Westphalia LIFE AFTER THE REFORMATION New Definitions of Courtship and Marriage THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.4: Europe, 1648 Forging a Link Between Education and Work Anxiety and Spiritual Insecurity Searching for Scapegoats: The Hunt for Witches LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD CHAPTER 12 FAITH, FORTUNE, AND FAME: EUROPEAN EXPANSION, 1450–1700 THE WORLD IMAGINED The Lure of the East Imagined Peoples Ptolemy's Map THE WORLD DISCOVERED Fame, Fortune, and Faith: The Drive to Explore New Technologies and Travel The Portuguese Race for the East, 1418–1600 THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 12.1: Exploration and Conquest, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries Spain's Westward Discoveries, 1492–1522 THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 12.1: Amerigo Vespucci Describes the New World The Northern Europeans Join the Race, 1497–1650 CONFRONTATION OF CULTURES The Original Americans South of the Rio Grande THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 12.2: European Expansion, ca. 1700 The Original Northern Americans THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 12.3: Indigenous Peoples and Empires in the Americas, ca. 1500 Early Contacts Conquest of the Great Empires, 1520–1550 North American Contacts GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Inca Empire Falls Life and Death Under European Rule, 1550–1700 The African Slave Trade Gathering Souls in the New Lands THE WORLD MARKET AND COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION High Prices and Profits: Trading on the World Stage The Rise of Commercial Capitalism THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 12.2: Thomas Mun Praises Trade Mercantilism: Controlling the Balance of Trade The Growth of Banking The Danger of Overspending: Spain Learns a Lesson Redefining Work Roles Piracy: Banditry on a World Scale, 1550–1700 BIOGRAPHY: Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717) THE WORLD TRANSFORMED European Culture Spreads European Culture Transformed THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Festival Scene Painted on a Screen, Mexico, ca. 1650 A New Worldview LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD CHAPTER 13 THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL AND SOVEREIGNTY: EUROPE'S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORDER, 1600–1715 STRESSES IN TRADITIONAL SOCIETY Mounting Demands on Rural Life THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Louis le Nain, The Cart, 1641 Pressures on the Upper Orders THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 13.1: Bishop Bossuet Justifies Monarchical Absolutism ROYAL ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE Henry IV Secures the Monarchy Richelieu Elevates Royal Authority Mazarin Overcomes the Opposition The Sun King Rises THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 13.2: Louis XIV Describes Monarchical Rights and Duties THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.1: France Under Louis XIV, 1661–1715 THE STRUGGLE FOR SOVEREIGNTY IN EASTERN EUROPE Centralizing the State in Brandenburg-Prussia Austria Expands Its Control The Ottoman Challenge THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.2: Central and Eastern Europe, 1648 THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.3: Central and Eastern Europe, 1640–1725 Russia and Its Tsars Gain Prominence The Victory of the Nobility in Poland GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire in India THE TRIUMPH OF CONSTITUTIONALISM The Nobility Loses Respect Protestantism Revitalized James I Invokes the Divine Right of Kings Charles I Alienates Parliament THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.4: The English Civil War, 1642–1649 "God Made Men and the Devil Made Kings": Civil War, 1642–1649 The King Laid Low A Puritan Republic Is Born: The Commonwealth, 1649–1660 Who Has the Power to Rule? The Monarchy Restored, 1660–1688 The Glorious Revolution Royalism Reconsidered: John Locke BIOGRAPHY: Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) The Netherlands Maintain a Republic THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.5: The United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands, 1609 THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 13.3: An Ambassador Describes the Dutch Government LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD CHAPTER 14 A NEW WORLD OF REASON AND REFORM: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT, 1600–1800 QUESTIONING TRUTH AND AUTHORITY Reasoning and Technology: East and West The Old View Undermining the Old View DEVELOPING A MODERN SCIENTIFIC VIEW Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to Newton THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 14.1: Kepler and Galileo Exchange Letters About Science THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 14.2: Isaac Newton: God in a Scientific Universe The Revolution Spreads: Medicine, Anatomy, and Chemistry The Methodology of Science Emerges SUPPORTING AND SPREADING SCIENCE Courts and Salons The Rise of Royal Societies Religion and the New Science The New Worldview LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE ENLIGHTENMENT Science Popularized Skepticism and Religion Eastern Customs and Criticism of Authority THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN FULL STRIDE The Philosophes THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 14.3: Condorcet Lauds the Power of Reason The Encyclopedia Battling the Church Reforming Society BIOGRAPHY: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) The Culture and Spread of the Enlightenment THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Léonard Defrance, At the Shield of Minerva, 1781 LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD CHAPTER 15 COMPETING FOR POWER AND WEALTH: THE OLD REGIME, 1715–1789 STATEBUILDING AND WAR Rising Ambitions in Eastern Europe THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.1: Europe, 1721 THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 15.1: Landlords and Serfs in Russia THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.2: The Expansion of Russia and the Partition of Poland, 1721–1795 THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.3: Prussia and the Austrian Empire, 1721–1772 THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 15.2: Austria's Empress Explains the Diplomatic Revolution Warfare in the Eighteenth Century Western Europe and the Great Colonial Rivalry THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.4: Overseas Colonies and Trade, 1740 THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 15.3: Olaudah Equiano Describes the Middle Passage GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Western Africa, Brazil, and the Atlantic Slave Trade THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.5: India, 1756–1805 THE TWILIGHT OF MONARCHIES? THE QUESTION OF ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.6 AND 15.7: North America, 1755 and 1763 CHANGES IN COUNTRY AND CITY LIFE The Agricultural Revolution Manufacturing Spreads in the Countryside: Cottage Industry THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Golden Age of Canals More People, Longer Lives Deepening Misery for the Poor Prosperity and the Bourgeoisie THE CULTURE OF THE ELITE: COMBINING THE OLD AND THE NEW The Advent of the Modern Novel Pride and Sentiment in Art and Architecture Reaching New Heights in Music THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Jean-Baptiste Greuze, The Father's Curse, ca. 1778 The Grand Tour CULTURE FOR THE LOWER CLASSES Festivals and Popular Literature BIOGRAPHY: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) Gin and Beer Religious Revivals FORESHADOWING UPHEAVAL: THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Insults, Interests, and Principles: The Seeds of Revolt A War for Independence Creating the New Nation LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD THE WORLD & THE WEST: Moving into the Modern World CHAPTER 16 OVERTURNING THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORDER: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON, 1789–1815 "A GREAT FERMENT": TROUBLE BREWING IN FRANCE The Financial Crisis Weakens the Monarchy The Underlying Causes of the Revolution The Tennis Court Oath Storming the Bastille The End of the Old Order THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 16.1: New Laws End the Feudal System in France THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY: ESTABLISHING A NEW ORDER THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 16.1 AND 16.2: Reorganizing France in 1789 The King Discredited Reactions Outside France TO THE RADICAL REPUBLIC AND BACK War and the Breakdown of Order Radical Republicans Struggle for Power THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 16.2: The Jacobins' Revolutionary Politics The Terror BIOGRAPHY: Manon Roland (1754–1793) The Republic of Virtue The Revolution Spreads Outside of France Resistance to the Republic Rises Reaction: The "White" Terror and the Directory NAPOLEON BONAPARTE Napoleon's Rise to Power THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 16.3: France and Its Sister Republics Napoleon Consolidates Control Reforming France Creating the Empire War and Conquest The Impact Overseas THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 16.4: Europe, 1810 THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 16.3: Napoleon Issues an Imperial Decree at Madrid THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 16.5: Latin America After Independence Decline and Fall THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Francisco de Goya, The Executions of the Third of May, 1808 LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD CHAPTER 17 FACTORIES, CITIES, AND FAMILIES IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, 1780–1850 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS Why the West and Not the East Britain's Unique Set of Advantages GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings: China and Great Britain THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 17.1: Eighteenth-Century England A Revolution in Agriculture NEW MARKETS, MACHINES, AND POWER The Rising Demand for Goods Cotton Leads the Way THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Electric Motor Iron: New Processes Transform Production The Steam Engine and the Factory System THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 17.1: Andrew Ure Defends Industrial Capitalism Coal: Fueling the Revolution Railroads: Carrying Industrialization Across the Land THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: William Powell Frith, The Railway Station, 1862 Britain's Triumph: The Crystal Palace Exhibition INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS TO THE CONTINENT THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 17.2: The Industrial Revolution in Europe, 1850 BALANCING THE BENEFITS AND BURDENS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION The Middle Class The Working Classes THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 17.2: Factory Owners Establish Discipline for Workers Developing Working-Class Consciousness LIFE IN THE GROWING CITIES The Promise and Pitfalls of Work in the Cities Living with Urban Growth Worrying About Urban Society: Rising Crime THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 17.3: A Middle-Class Reformer Describes Workers' Housing PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICINE IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE The Danger of Disease Seeking Medical Care THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 17.3: The Spread of a Cholera Epidemic Promising Developments for Public Health FAMILY IDEALS AND REALITIES Middle-Class Ideals: Affection, Children, and Privacy Separate Spheres: Changing Roles for Middle-Class Women and Men BIOGRAPHY: The Cadburys Working-Class Realities Prostitution Stress and Survival in the Working Classes LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD CHAPTER 18 COPING WITH CHANGE: IDEOLOGY, POLITICS, AND REVOLUTION, 1815–1850 THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA: A GATHERING OF VICTORS The Concert of Europe: Securing the Vienna Settlement THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 18.1: Europe, 1815 IDEOLOGIES: HOW THE WORLD SHOULD BE Conservatism: Restoring the Traditional Order THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 18.1: A Conservative Theorist Attacks Political Reform Liberalism: Individual Freedom and Political Reform Nationalism: A Common Identity and National Liberation BIOGRAPHY: John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) and Harriet Taylor (1807–1858) Romanticism: Freedom, Instinct, and Spontaneity THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Medieval Town on a River, 1815 Early Socialism: Ending Competition and Inequities "Scientific Socialism": Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto RESTORATION AND REPRESSION The Return of the Bourbons in France Reaction and Repression in the German States Restoration in Italy Conservatism in Russia Holding the Line in Great Britain A WAVE OF REVOLUTION AND REFORM The Greek War for Independence Liberal Triumphs in Western Europe Testing Authority in Eastern and Southern Europe Liberal Demands in Great Britain THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 18.2: European Revolts, 1820–1831 THE DAM BURSTS, 1848 The "Glory Days" THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 18.2: France's Provisional Government Issues Decrees The Return to Order THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 18.3: European Revolts, 1848–1849 THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 18.3: German Liberals and Nationalists Rally for Reform What Happened? LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD CHAPTER 19 NATIONALISM AND STATEBUILDING: UNIFYING NATIONS, 1850–1870 BUILDING UNIFIED NATION-STATES THE DRIVE FOR ITALIAN UNIFICATION THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 19.1: Garibaldi Appeals to Italians for Support GERMANY "BY BLOOD AND IRON" THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Garibaldi Landing in Sicily THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.1: The Unification of Italy THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 19.2: Bismarck Masters Politics in Prussia THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.2: The Unification of Germany THE FIGHT FOR NATIONAL UNITY IN NORTH AMERICA DIVIDED AUTHORITY IN THE AUSTRIAN AND OTTOMAN EMPIRES THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.3: Language Groups of Austria-Hungary USING NATIONALISM IN FRANCE AND RUSSIA THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.4: The Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1683–1914 Napoleon III and the Second Empire Alexander II and Russia BIOGRAPHY: Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 19.3: A Serf Reacts to the Russian Emancipation Proclamation LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD CHAPTER 20 MASS POLITICS AND IMPERIAL DOMINATION: DEMOCRACY AND THE NEW IMPERIALISM, 1870–1914 DEMANDS FOR DEMOCRACY Liberal Democracy in Western Europe For and Against Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe INSIDERS AND OUTSIDERS: POLITICS OF THE EXTREMES The Spread of Unions Socialism Gains Strength Anarchism: Freedom from All Authority Anti-Semitism and Ultranationalism THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.1: Jewish Migration, 1870–1914 Still Outsiders: Women, Feminism, and the Right to Vote EMIGRATION: OVERSEAS AND ACROSS CONTINENTS Leaving Europe THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Eugène Laermans, The Emigrants, 1896 THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 20.1: Kaiser William II Links Nationalism and Imperialism THE NEW IMPERIALISM: THE RACE FOR AFRICA AND ASIA Money and Glory THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 20.2: Economics and Imperialism in Africa THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 20.3: Progress and the Struggle of Race with Race The Tools of Conquest The Scramble for Africa THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.2: Imperialism in Africa, ca. 1885 THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.3: Imperialism in Africa, 1914 Establishing Control in Asia THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.4: The Middle East and Central Asia, 1850–1914 GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Opium and the West in China THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.5: Imperialism in Asia, 1840–1914 The Legacy of Imperialism LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD CHAPTER 21 MODERN LIFE AND THE CULTURE OF PROGRESS: WESTERN SOCIETY, 1850–1914 THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Steel Leads the Way New Transportation and Communication Networks The Birth of Big Business The Lure of Shopping Western and Non-Western Worlds: The Race for Wealth GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Economic Transformation in Latin America THE NEW URBAN LANDSCAPE Rebuilding Cities Sewers and Subways CITY PEOPLE On Top of It All: The Urban Elite Pride and Success: The "Solid" Middle Class THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 21.1: John Stuart Mill Argues for Women's Rights Hardworking and Hopeful: The Lower Middle Class The "Other Half": The Working Classes THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Léon Frédéric, The Stages of a Worker's Life, 1895–1897 What to Do About "Them" SPORTS AND LEISURE IN THE CITIES Building Character Through Athletics The New Tourist PRIVATE LIFE: TOGETHER AND ALONE AT HOME Family: The Promise of Happiness A Home of One's Own THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 21.2: Beeton's Guide for Women Poor Housing Intimacy and Morality Sexual Realities Psychic Stress and Alcoholism SCIENCE IN AN AGE OF OPTIMISM THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Universities and the Professionalization of Science Science, Evolution, and Religion THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 21.3: Walter Bagehot on Natural Selection and Human History Mysteries of the Material and Human World Germs, Cures, and Health Care CULTURE: ACCEPTING THE MODERN WORLD Realism and Naturalism: The Details of Social Life Impressionism: Celebrating Modern Life FROM OPTIMISM TO UNCERTAINTY BIOGRAPHY: Claude Monet (1840–1926) Everything Is Relative Sex, Conflict, and the Unconscious Fear of Social Disintegration Disenchantment Sets In Art Turns Inward LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD CHAPTER 22 DESCENDING INTO THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: WORLD WAR AND REVOLUTION, 1914–1920 ON THE PATH TO TOTAL WAR Rivalries and Alliances Crises in the Balkans THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.1 AND 22.2: The Balkans, 1878 and 1914 THE FRONT LINES Off to Battle THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 22.1: A Russian Socialist Supports the War Effort The Schlieffen Plan THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.3: World War I THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.4: The Western Front Slaughter and Stalemate on the Western Front THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Invention of the Tank Victory and Defeat on the Eastern and Southern Fronts The War Spreads Across the Globe WAR ON THE HOME FRONT Mobilizing Resources New Gender Roles Maintaining the Effort THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Let Us Never Forget TO THE BITTER END ASSESSING THE LOSSES THE PEACE SETTLEMENT BIOGRAPHY: Käthe Kollwitz (1867–1945) Gathering at Versailles A Victors' Peace Redrawing the Maps of Europe and the Middle East Legacy of the Peace Treaty THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 22.2: In the Trenches and Beyond THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.5: Europe, 1923 REVOLUTIONS IN RUSSIA THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.6: The Middle East, 1923 THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 22.3: Keynes Warns of the Economic Consequences of the Peace The First Warnings, 1905 The Fall of the Tsar The Provisional Government The Rise of the Bolsheviks Communism and Civil War THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.7: Civil War in Russia, 1919 LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD CHAPTER 23 DARKENING DECADES: RECOVERY, DICTATORS, AND DEPRESSION, 1920–1939 TRYING TO RECOVER FROM THE GREAT WAR, 1919–1929 The Victors Just Hold On Continuing Crises in Germany Conciliation and a Glimpse of Prosperity THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Penicillin and Antibiotics The Roaring Twenties? THINKING ABOUT DOCUMENT 23.1: Postwar Strains in Germany The Anxious Twenties TURNING AWAY FROM DEMOCRACY: DICTATORSHIPS AND FASCISM, 1919–1929 Authoritarianism in East-Central Europe BIOGRAPHY: Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) The Rise of Fascism in Italy NAZISM IN GERMANY The Young Adolf Hitler The Birth of Nazism in Germany's Postwar Years The Growth of the Nazi Party The Appeal of Nazism Hitler Takes Power THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 23.2: Goebbels's Nazi Propaganda Pamphlet Life in Nazi Germany Rebuilding and Rearming the New Germany THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Felix Nussbaum, Self-Portrait with Jewish Identity Card, 1943 TRANSFORMING THE SOVIET UNION, 1920–1939 Lenin's Compromise: The NEP The Struggle to Succeed Lenin Stalin's Five-Year Plans THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 23.3: Stalin Collectivizes Agriculture Blood and Terror: The Great Purges THE GREAT DEPRESSION, 1929–1939 Crash! In the Teeth of the Depression Searching for Solutions LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD CHAPTER 24 INTO THE FIRE AGAIN: WORLD WAR II, 1939–1945 THE ROAD TO WAR, 1931–1939 International Affairs Break Down THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.1: The Spread of Authoritarian Governments Civil War in Spain THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937 Trying to Cope with Germany THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.2: The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.3: German Expansion, 1936–1939 AXIS VICTORIES, 1939–1942 Triumph of the German Blitzkrieg War in North Africa and the Balkans Operation Barbarossa: Germany Invades the Soviet Union Japan Attacks THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.4: World War II in Europe THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.5: World War II in the Pacific BEHIND THE LINES: THE STRUGGLE AND THE HORROR GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Rise of Japanese Ultranationalism The Holocaust THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 24.1: The Nazi Death Camps Collaboration and Resistance Mobilizing the Home Fronts TURNING THE TIDE OF WAR, 1942–1945 The Eastern Front and the Battle of Stalingrad THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 24.2: Women Go to Work in the Factories The Southern Fronts The Western Front The War in the Pacific THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 24.3: "We Shall Plunge into Enemy Ships" PEACE AND THE LEGACY OF WAR The Settlement The Legacy of War LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD THE WORLD & THE WEST: Forming the Present CHAPTER 25 SUPERPOWER STRUGGLES AND GLOBAL TRANSFORMATIONS: THE COLD WAR, 1945–1980s ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR The Heart of the Cold War THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.1: Europe After World War II THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.2: Europe During the Cold War The Global Impact of the Cold War THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 25.1: The Cold War and Nuclear Weapons THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.3: Cold War Alliances and Conflicts THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.4: Vietnam and Southeast Asia THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Wolf Vostell, Miss America, 1968 Détente EAST AND WEST: TWO PATHS TO RECOVERY IN EUROPE Tight Control in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Parliamentary Politics and Prosperity in the Western Democracies THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 25.2: A Warning About the United States Assessing the Paths Taken THE TWILIGHT OF COLONIALISM Revolts in Southern Asia Conflict in the Middle East THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.5: The Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947–1982 Liberating Africa GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Apartheid in South Africa THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.6: Decolonization A SENSE OF RELATIVITY IN THOUGHT AND CULTURE Existentialism: Responsibility and Despair A Culture of Contrasts and Criticism PROTESTS, PROBLEMS, AND NEW POLITICS: THE 1960s TO THE 1980s A Flurry of Social Protests and Movements THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 25.3: An Oxford Student Explains Revolutionary Attitudes Stagnant Growth and Rising Inflation BIOGRAPHY: Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986) The New Political Landscape POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY Changing Fortunes in the Postindustrial Society The Baby Boom and the Booming Cities The Shifting Foundations of Family and Private Life The "Sexual Revolution" and the Youth Culture BREAKTHROUGHS IN SCIENCE From the Universe Above to the Universe Within The Information Revolution Transforming Medicine LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD CHAPTER 26 INTO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: THE PRESENT IN PERSPECTIVE THE COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM Undermining Communism in the Soviet Union Gorbachev Launches Reforms Revolutions in Eastern Europe BIOGRAPHY: Václav Havel (1936–2011) The Soviet Union Disintegrates THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.1: Eastern Europe, 1989 Life After the Collapse of Communism THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 26.1: The End of the Cold War THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.2: The Dissolution of the Soviet Union, 1991 THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.3 AND 26.4: Disintegration of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, 1991–2007 Nationalism Unleashed REPERCUSSIONS AND REALIGNMENTS IN THE WEST The United States Unchallenged and Germany Rising Politics Shift to the Right Toward European Integration THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.5: The European Union, 2012 THE WORLD AND THE WEST FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE East Asia and the Rise of the Pacific Rim The Challenge of Islam International Terrorism and War THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.6: Israel and the Occupied Territories, 2010 THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.7: The Middle East and Iraq, 2003 THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 26.2: War in Afghanistan Upheavals in North Africa and the Middle East THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.8: Afghanistan, Kashmir, and South-Central Asia, 2002 Across Borders: Cultural Conflict and Convergence Beyond Borders: Uncertainty and Opportunity in a Shrinking World THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.9: The Growth of Cities THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.10: Global Environmental Problems THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Charles Michael Helmken, Loveaidspeople, 1989 THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 26.3: The Copenhagen Accord on Climate Change THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: CERN LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD GLOSSARY A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z CREDITS INDEX A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z