The wealth of Anglo-Saxon England : based on the Ford Lectures delivered in the University of Oxford in Hilary Term 1993

How did the Anglo-Saxons obtain the treasure that tempted Vikings to raid England frequently in the ninth century and again between 980 and 1018? As Britain then had no gold mine and its lead mines yielded very little silver, this treasure must have been imported. Some may have been given, but most was obtained by trade. Until the ninth century the main source was Francia where there was a lively demand for English produce. Cross Channel trade flourished, much of it passing through the major ports, or wics, that developed in the seventh century. The rapid decline of this trade in the ninth century was caused, not by the Vikings, but by a general shortage of new silver in western Europe after c. 850, reflected in the debasement of the Frankish and Anglo-Saxon coinages. Silver was, however, imported to England by the Danes who settled there in the late ninth century. A very important source of new silver was discovered in the 960s in Germany. This led to a rapid expansion of the German economy that created a demand for raw materials and food from England. Very soon England's towns expanded and its trade, internal and external, grew. Its new wealth attracted Vikings, but trade continued and, although they extracted a great deal of silver, new supplies from Germany enabled the English to maintain their currency. Recent studies have shown that it grew to a peak under Edward the Confessor. This confirms the evidence of Domesday Book that on the eve of the Norman Conquest England was a very rich, highly urbanized, kingdom with a large, well-controlled coinage of high quality. This coinage, and Domesday Book itself, are indeed good evidence that English government was then remarkably effective. Peter Sawyer offers an account of the ways wealth was accumulated and the forms it took in Anglo-Saxon England, with emphasis on recent developments in the study of Anglo-Saxon coins and Domesday Book, and some of their surprising results. MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict Cover 1 Contents 8 List of Figures 9 List of Tables 10 List of Abbreviations 11 1 Introduction 14 2 Tempore Regis Edwardi 23 3 From Solidi to Sceattas 45 4 The Eighth and Ninth Centuries 74 5 From Edward the Elder to Edward the Confessor (899–1066) 100 6 ‘Whoever has cash (denarios) can acquire anything he wants’ 124 Appendix: Estimating Dies, Coins, and Currency 128 References 140 Index 160 A 160 B 161 C 161 D 162 E 163 F 163 G 163 H 163 I 164 J 164 K 164 L 164 M 165 N 165 O 165 P 166 Q 166 R 166 S 166 T 167 V 168 W 168 Y 168 Explains How, On The Eve Of The Norman Conquest, England Had Become An Exceptionally Wealthy, Highly Urbanized Kingdom, With A Large, Well-controlled Coinage Of High Quality. Tempore Regis Edwardi -- From Solidi To Sceattas -- The Eighth And Ninth Centuries -- From Edward The Elder To Edward The Confessor (899-1066) -- 'whoever Has Cash (denarios) Can Acquire Anything He Wants' -- Appendix: Estimating Dies, Coins, And Currency. Peter Sawyer. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.