The Voyage of Discovery: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy 4th Edition (Cengage Advantage Series)

Highly praised for its clarity and rich exposition, this history of philosophy text illustrates philosophy as a process and not just a collection of opinions or conclusions. Rather than simply reporting the positions of a given philosopher, Lawhead's prose assists students in retracing the thinker's intellectual journey. Students are invited to engage with each philosopher's intellectual process, drawing connections with their own lives and cultures. Metaphors, analogies, vivid images, concrete examples, common experiences, and diagrams demonstrate the concrete relevance of abstract arguments and their practical implications for contemporary society. This fourth edition of VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY: A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY features new historical profiles and/or works representing such philosophers as Plato, St. Thomas Aquinas, Simone de Beauvoir, and Martha Nussbaum, among others. New to this 4th edition In the Introduction, the author briefly discusses the absence of female philosophers in the historical accounts of philosophy. Chapter 3, "The Sophists and Socrates," contains Socrates's argument with Thrasymacus concerning the nature of justice, from Plato's Republic. Chapter 4, "Plato: The Search for Ultimate Truth and Reality," contains Plato's Allegory of the Cave from the Republic. Chapter 6, "Classical Philosophy after Aristotle," contains a historical profile of Hypatia of Alexandria. Chapter 10, "Philosophy and Theology in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries," now includes a historical profile of Hildegard of Bingen. Brief Contents......Page 8 Contents......Page 9 Preface......Page 21 Philosophy is Not an Optional Experience in Your Life!......Page 26 Part I: The Ancient Period......Page 37 The Role of the Poets......Page 39 The Birth of Western Philosophy......Page 42 Outline of Classical Philosophy......Page 43 The Milesian Philosophers......Page 44 Pythagoras: Mathematician and Mystic......Page 49 Xenophanes......Page 51 Heraclitus......Page 52 Paramenides and the Eleatics......Page 55 The Pluralists......Page 59 Democritus and the Atomists......Page 61 The Sophists......Page 65 Socrates (470-399 B.C.E.)......Page 69 Plato's Life: From Student to University President......Page 85 Theory of Knowledge: Reason versus Opinion......Page 86 Metaphysics: Shadows and Reality......Page 92 Moral Theory......Page 99 Political Theory......Page 103 Plato's Cosmology: Purpose and Chance......Page 105 Evaluation and Significance......Page 107 Aristotle's Life: Biologist, Tutor, and Philosopher......Page 110 Plato and Aristotle......Page 111 Theory of Knowledge: Finding Universals within Particulars......Page 112 Metaphysics: Understanding the Here-and-Now World......Page 116 Ethics: Keeping Things in Balance......Page 122 Evaluation and Significance......Page 127 The Transition to Hellenistic and Roman Philosophy......Page 130 Cynicism......Page 131 Epicureanism......Page 132 Stoicism......Page 136 Skepticism......Page 141 Academic Skepticism......Page 142 Plotinus and Neoplatonism......Page 144 Part II: The Middle Ages......Page 153 The Encounter between Greek and Christian Thought......Page 155 The Problem of Faith and Reason......Page 156 Challenging Heresies and Clarifying Orthodoxy......Page 160 The Future Agenda: A Christian Philosophical Synthesis......Page 163 Augustine's Life: From Passionate Pleasure to a Passionate Faith......Page 166 Augustine's Task: Understanding the Human Predicament......Page 168 Theory of Knowledge: The Truth is Within......Page 169 Metaphysics: God, Creation, Freedom, and Evil......Page 172 Philosophy of History and the State......Page 177 Evaluation and Significance......Page 180 A Survey of the Early Middle Ages......Page 183 The Byzantine and Islamic Empires......Page 184 An Overview of Medieval Philosophy......Page 185 Early Medieval Philosophy......Page 186 The Return to Darkness......Page 191 The Flowering of the Middle Ages......Page 193 The Rise of Scholasticism......Page 195 St. Anselm......Page 201 Peter Abelard......Page 203 Islamic Philosophers......Page 206 The Rediscovery of Aristotle in Europe......Page 210 The Ox That Roared......Page 214 Aquinas's Task: Integrating Philosophy and Faith......Page 215 The Nature of Knowledge: Reason Processing Experience......Page 218 Metaphysics: From the World to God......Page 219 Moral Philosophy: Human Nature and Divine Law......Page 226 Political Philosophy......Page 229 Evaluation and Significance......Page 230 Ch 12: The Unraveling of the Medieval Synthesis......Page 233 John Duns Scotus......Page 234 William of Ockham......Page 237 Changes in the Methods of Science......Page 243 Mysticism......Page 244 The Decline of Medieval Philosophy......Page 245 Part III: The Modern Period......Page 249 Renaissance Humanism......Page 251 The Protestant Reformation......Page 254 Social and Political Changes......Page 255 The Rise of Modern Science......Page 256 Philosophy in a New Key......Page 259 Francis Bacon......Page 263 Thomas Hobbes......Page 268 Descartess Life: World Traveler and Intellectual Explorer......Page 277 Descartes's Philosophical Agenda......Page 278 The Discovery of a Method......Page 279 Finding the Foundations of Knowledge......Page 280 Metaphysics: God, World, Minds, and Bodies......Page 287 Evaluation and Significance......Page 294 Spinoza's Life: Heresy, Lens Grinding, and Philosophy......Page 298 Task: To Achieve Freedom from Bondage......Page 299 Theory of Knowledge: Necessity Rules......Page 300 Metaphysics: God is the Only Reality......Page 301 Ethics: How to Be Free from Bondage......Page 306 Evaluation and Significance......Page 309 Leibniz's Life: Diplomat, Scientist, and Philosopher......Page 313 Method: Logic is the Key......Page 314 Theory of Knowledge: Unpacking the Truths of Reason......Page 315 Metaphysics: God as the Divine Programmer......Page 318 Evaluation and Significance......Page 325 The Impact of Newton's Science......Page 329 The Consequences for Religion......Page 332 The French Enlightenment......Page 334 Summary of the Enlightenment......Page 335 Physician, Political Adviser, and Philosopher......Page 337 Locke's Method for Analyzing Ideas......Page 338 Locke's Empirical Theory of Knowledge......Page 339 Metaphysics: The Reality behind the Appearances......Page 343 What is the Source of Moral Knowledge?......Page 344 An Empirical Philosophy of Religion......Page 345 A Political Theory for the Enlightenment......Page 347 Evaluation and Significance......Page 349 Philosopher, Educator, and Bishop......Page 356 Berkeley's Task: Battling Skepticism and Unbelief......Page 357 Berkeley's Reform of Empiricism......Page 358 Metaphysics: Reality as Mind and Ideas......Page 363 Evaluation and Significance......Page 368 Hume's Life: A Passion for Literary Fame......Page 371 Theory of Knowledge: The Gulf between Reason and the World......Page 372 Metaphysics: Skeptical Doubts about Reality......Page 375 Ethics: The Rule of the Passions-The Slavery of Reason......Page 382 Philosophy of Religion: Searching for What We Cannot Find......Page 384 Evaluation and Significance......Page 387 Kant's Life: A Methodical Man with Revolutionary Thoughts......Page 391 Task: Avoiding Dogmatism and Skepticism......Page 392 Theory of Knowledge: The Mind Makes Experience Possible......Page 393 Metaphysics: Bumping against the Limits of Reason......Page 401 Ethics as a Rational Discipline......Page 406 Evaluation and Significance......Page 411 Overcoming the Kantian Dualism......Page 414 German Idealism......Page 415 Romanticism......Page 418 The Importance of History......Page 420 Questions about Reason and Subjectivity......Page 423 Summary of the Nineteenth-Century Agenda......Page 425 Hegel's Life: From Average Student to World-Famous Philosopher......Page 427 Task: Fitting the Pieces of History and Reality Together......Page 428 Theory of Knowledge: Reason Reveals Reality......Page 429 Metaphysics: Reason Becoming Self-Conscious......Page 434 Ethics and Community Life......Page 437 Political Philosophy: The Glorification of the State......Page 439 Philosophy of History: Are We Pawns in History's Game?......Page 440 Evaluation and Significance......Page 443 Marx's Life: The Making of a Radical......Page 447 Marx's Background and Influences......Page 448 Task: Achieving an Earthly Salvation......Page 450 The Early Marx: The Tragedy of Human Alienation......Page 452 Historical Materialism......Page 454 Marx's Analysis of Capitalism......Page 461 Communism: The New Humanity and the New Society......Page 463 Evaluation and Significance......Page 464 Ch 26: Soren Kierkegaard: The Founder of Religious Existentialism......Page 467 The Stages in Kierkegaard's Life: From Passionate Playboy to Passionate Christian......Page 468 Task: To Make Life More Difficult......Page 469 Kierkegaard's Method: Indirect Communication......Page 470 Kierkegaard on Knowledge: Truth and Subjectivity......Page 471 Kierkegaard the Antimetaphysician: Existence, Time, Eternity......Page 474 Stages on Life's Way......Page 475 Christianity as the Paradox and the Absurd......Page 480 Evaluation and Significance......Page 481 Nietzsche's Life: The Lonely Prophet......Page 484 Nietzsche's Theory of Knowledge: Perspectives and Instincts......Page 485 Living without Metaphysical Hopes......Page 490 Moral Values and Personality Types......Page 492 Evaluation and Significance......Page 496 Ch 28: Nineteenth-Century Empiricism: Comte, Bentham, and Mill......Page 501 Auguste Comte......Page 502 Jeremy Bentham......Page 506 John Stuart Mill......Page 510 Part IV: The Contemporary Period......Page 519 Ch 29: The Twentieth-Century Cultural Context: Science, Language, and Experience......Page 521 Philosophy: Piecemeal Analysis or Grasping the Big Picture?......Page 522 The Role of Language and Experience in Philosophy......Page 524 The Origins of Pragmatism......Page 528 Charles Sanders Peirce......Page 530 William James......Page 534 John Dewey......Page 539 The Turn to Language and Analysis......Page 547 Bertrand Russell......Page 548 Ludwig Wittgenstein......Page 558 Conceptual Analysis......Page 567 Ch 32: Phenomenology and Existentialism......Page 575 Edmund Husserl......Page 576 Martin's Heidegger......Page 582 Jean-Paul Sartre......Page 594 Rethinking Empiricism......Page 606 Rethinking Philosophy: Postmodernism......Page 610 Rethinking Philosophy: Feminism......Page 615 New Issues in Philosophy of Mind......Page 620 A Parting Word......Page 623 Glossary......Page 627 Index......Page 634