The Vitamins : Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health

The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health, Sixth Edition presents both overviews and in-depth discussions of the sources, chemistry, metabolism and functions of these essential nutrients in physiology and health. Sections cover perspectives (history of discovery, general properties and impacts), individual Vitamins (their respective chemistries, metabolism), and their dietary sources and global needs. In addition, the inclusion and interpretation of recent clinical research findings relevant to all vitamins, particularly vitamins A, D, E, K, C, thiamin, folate and vitamin B12 is included, along with an expanded discussion on single-carbon metabolism), implications to neuropathies, and more. Presents complete information about vitamins in a format useful as both a teaching text and desk reference Includes coverage of vitamin-related topics not typically found in general nutrition texts (e.g., enteric microbial biosynthesis of vitamins, global prevalence of deficiencies, diagnosing ‘silent’ asymptomatic vitamin deficiencies, histories of vitamin discoveries) Contains useful appendices of key reference information (e.g., vitamin requirements of humans and animals, vitamin contents of foods, sources of vitamin information) Front Cover The Vitamins The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health Copyright Dedication Contents Preface to the Sixth Edition HOW TO USE THIS BOOK TO THE HEALTH PROFESSIONAL TO STUDENTS AND INSTRUCTORS I - Perspectives on the vitamins in nutrition 1 - What is a vitamin? Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Thinking about vitamins 2. Vitamin: a revolutionary concept Everyday word or revolutionary concept? Vitamin or vitamine? 3. An operating definition Some caveats 4. The recognized vitamins 5. Chapter quiz 2 - Discovery of the vitamins Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Emergence of nutrition as a science 2. Processes of discovery in nutritional science 3. The empirical phase of vitamin discovery Diseases linked to diet Ideas prevalent by 1900 Limitations of empirical observations 4. The experimental phase of vitamin discovery Requirements of nutrition science Defined diets provided repeatability Animal models provided relevance An animal model for beriberi Serendipity or a keen eye? Antiberiberi factor is announced 5. The vitamine theory Defined diets revealed needs for accessory factors Two lines of inquiry The lines converge Funk's theory Impact of the new concept More than one accessory factor Accessory factors prevent disease Accessory factors the same as vitamines Elucidation of the vitamines Crooked paths to discovery 6. Elucidation of the vitamins New animal model reveals new vitamin: “C” Fat-soluble A: actually two factors Vitamin A prevents rickets? New vitamin: “D” β-Carotene, a provitamin Vitamin a linked to vision The nature of vitamin D Vitamers D Multiple identities of water-soluble B Vitamin B2: a complex of several factors Vitamin B2 complex yields riboflavin Vitamin B2 complex yields niacin Pellagra: an infectious disease? Impact of an animal model for pellagra B2 complex yields pyridoxine B2 complex yields pantothenic acid A fat-soluble, antisterility factor: vitamin E A classic Touch in coining tocopherol Antihemorrhagic factor: vitamin K Vitamers K Bios yields biotin Antianemia factors Vitamin M? Factors U and R, and vitamin Bc Yeast growth related to anemia? Who's on first? Derivatives of pteroylglutamic acid Antipernicious anemia factor Intrinsic and extrinsic factors Animal protein factors Vitamin B12 isolated Vitamins discovered in only five decades 7. Vitamin terminology 8. Other factors sometimes called vitamins 9. Modern history of the vitamins 10. Chapter quiz Recommended reading bksec2_52 Key papers of historical significance 3 - General properties of vitamins Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Vitamin nomenclature 2. Chemical and physical properties of the vitamins Vitamin stability 3. Physiological utilization of the vitamins Vitamin absorption Vitamin transport Tissue distribution of the vitamins 4. Metabolism of the vitamins Some vitamins have limited biosynthesis Most vitamins require metabolic activation Vitamin binding to proteins Vitamin excretion 5. Metabolic functions of the vitamins Vitamins serve five basic functions 6. Vitamin bioavailability 7. Vitamin analysis 8. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 4 - Vitamin deficiency Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. The concept of vitamin deficiency What is meant by the term vitamin deficiency? Vitamin deficiencies involve cascades of progressive changes 2. Clinical manifestations of vitamin deficiencies 3. Biochemical lesions of vitamin deficiencies 4. Diagnosing vitamin deficiencies 5. Contexts of vitamin deficiencies 6. Effective interventions 7. Chapter quiz Recommended reading II - The individual vitamins 5 - Vitamin A Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Significance of vitamin A 2. Properties of vitamin A Chemical properties of vitamin A 3. Sources of vitamin A Foods Microbiome Bioavailability Expressing vitamin A biological activity 4. Vitamin A absorption Enteric absorption of retinoids Enteric absorption of provitamin A carotenoids Mucosal metabolism of retinol 5. Vitamin A transport Mucosal secretion to chylomicra Vitamin A storage Transport of vitamin A to peripheral tissues Cellular uptake of retinol Vitamin A in critical tissues 6. Vitamin A metabolism Metabolic fates of retinol Metabolic fates of retinal Metabolic fates of retinoic acid Vitamin A excretion 7. Metabolic functions of vitamin A Function of vitamin A in vision Regulation of gene transcription Nontranscriptional functions of vitamin A Antioxidant protection Physiological effects of vitamin A 8. Biomarkers of vitamin A status Serum retinol RBP4 Dose–response tests Potential confounders 9. Vitamin A requirements 10. Vitamin A deficiency General deficiency signs Ocular signs of vitamin A deficiency 11. Other deficiency signs in humans Signs in animals Treatment of vitamin A deficiency 12. Other roles of vitamin A in health and disease Infections Skin health Cardiovascular health Obesity Cancer 13. Vitamin A toxicity Hypervitaminosis A Signs of toxicity Adverse effects of topical vitamin A Embryotoxic potential of high levels of vitamin A Recommended upper limits of exposure 14. Case studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 15. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 6 - Vitamin D Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Significance of vitamin D 2. Properties of vitamin D Chemical properties of vitamin D 3. Sources of vitamin D Endogenous biosynthesis of vitamin D3 Food sources of vitamin D Vitamin D analogs Vitamin D bioavailability Expressing vitamin D activities 4. Vitamin D absorption Dermal absorption Enteric absorption 5. Vitamin D transport Cellular uptake Tissue distribution 6. Vitamin D metabolism Metabolic activation Catabolism Regulation of vitamin D metabolism 7. Metabolic functions of vitamin D Vitamin D3 as a steroid hormone Genomic pathways of vitamin D action Physiological functions of vitamin D 8. Biomarkers of vitamin D status 9. Vitamin D requirements 10. Vitamin D deficiency Causes of vitamin D deficiency Signs of vitamin D deficiency Nonskeletal effects of hypovitaminosis D Vitamin D deficiency in animals Responses to treatment 11. Other roles of vitamin D in health and disease Psoriasis Multiple sclerosis Type 2 diabetes Asthma Graft acceptance Cancer 12. Vitamin D toxicity 13. Case studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 14. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 7 - Vitamin E Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Significance of vitamin E 2. Properties of vitamin E Vitamin E structure Vitamin E chemistry Vitamin E stability Vitamin E biopotency Expressing vitamin E biological activity 3. Sources of vitamin E Distribution in foods 4. Vitamin E absorption Micellar absorption requires fat Uptake from micelles 5. Vitamin E Transport Roles of lipoproteins Cellular uptake Tissue vitamin E 6. Vitamin E metabolism 7. Oxidative shortening of the phytyl side chain β-Oxidation of the chroman ring Redox cycling Other metabolism Excretory metabolites 8. Metabolic functions of vitamin E Vitamin E as a biological antioxidant Antioxidant functions of vitamine E Metabolic functions of vitamin E related to redox balance Nonantioxidant metabbolic functions of vitamin E Physiological functions of vitamin E 9. Biomarkers of vitamin E status Other biomarkers of vitamin E status 10. Vitamin E requirements 11. Vitamin E deficiency 12. Vitamin E deficiency signs in humans 13. Vitamin E deficiency signs in animals 14. Other roles of vitamin E in health and disease Antiinflammatory effects Cardiovascular disease Enhancing management of type 2 diabetes Minimizing oxidative damage from air pollution and smoking Protection from ionizing radiation Protection from altitude sickness Reducing ischemia–reperfusion injury Benefits in other conditions 15. Vitamin E toxicity 16. Case studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 17. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 8 - Vitamin K Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Significance of vitamin K 2. Properties of vitamin K Vitamin K chemistry Vitamin K biopotency 3. Sources of vitamin K Biosynthesis by the gut microbiome Dietary sources Breast milk Bioavailability 4. Vitamin K absorption Micellar solubilization 5. Vitamin K Transport Cellular uptake Tissue distribution 6. Vitamin K metabolism Side chain modification Redox cycling Side-chain catabolism Vitamin K antagonists 7. Metabolic functions of vitamin K Vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylations Vitamin K-dependent Gla proteins Physiological functions of Gla proteins 8. Biomarkers of vitamin K status 9. Vitamin K requirements 10. Vitamin K deficiency Signs of vitamin K deficiency 11. Other roles of vitamin K in health and disease Obesity–diabetes COVID-19 12. Vitamin K toxicity 13. Case studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 14. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 9 - Vitamin C Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Significance of vitamin C 2. Properties of vitamin C Vitamin C chemistry Vitamin C biopotency 3. Sources of vitamin C Biosynthesis of ascorbic acid Evolutionary loss of biosynthetic capacity Food sources of vitamin C Stability in foods Vitamin C bioavailability 4. Vitamin C Absorption 5. Vitamin C Transport Transport in reduced form Cellular uptake Tissue distribution 6. Vitamin C Metabolism Oxidation Ascorbate regeneration Excretion 7. Metabolic functions of vitamin C Fundamental roles in metabolism Interactions with other dietary factors Enzyme cosubstrate functions Physiological functions of ascorbic acid 8. Biomarkers of vitamin C status Vitamin C status can be assessed in several ways 9. Vitamin C requirements 10. Vitamin C deficiency Hypovitaminosis C Signs of deficiency Signs in humans Responses to vitamin C treatment 11. Other roles of vitamin C in health and disease Protection against oxidative stress Antihistamine effects Cardiovascular disease Cancer Fractures Infection Postsurgical healing Pain management Hyperpigmentation 12. Vitamin C toxicity 13. Case studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 14. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 10 - Thiamin Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Significance of thiamin 2. Properties of thiamin 3. Thiamin chemistry 4. Sources of thiamin Limited hindgut microbial synthesis Distribution in foods Stability in foods Thiamin antagonists 5. Thiamin absorption 6. Thiamin transport Thiamin bound to proteins Cellular uptake Tissue distribution 7. Thiamin metabolism Phosphorylation–dephosphorylation Catabolism Excretion 8. Metabolic functions of thiamin Cosubstrate functions of thiamin phosphate esters Coenzyme functions of thiamin pyrophosphate Physiological functions of thiamin 9. Biomarkers of thiamin status 10. Thiamin requirements 11. Thiamin deficiency General signs 12. Signs in humans Deficiency signs in animals Response to treatment 13. Other roles of thiamin in health and disease 14. Thiamin toxicity 15. Case studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 16. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 11 - Riboflavin Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Significance of riboflavin 2. Properties of riboflavin Riboflavin chemistry 3. Sources of riboflavin Hindgut microbial synthesis Distribution in foods Supplements Stability Bioavailability 4. Riboflavin absorption Hydrolysis of coenzyme forms Enteric absorption of free riboflavin 5. Riboflavin transport Protein carriers Cellular uptake Tissue distribution 6. Riboflavin metabolism Conversion to coenzyme forms Synthesis of flavoenzymes Catabolism Excretion 7. Metabolic functions of riboflavin Coenzyme functions Key metabolic roles Genetic and epigenetic regulation Physiological functions of riboflavin Vascular function Visual function Erythropoiesis Neural function Immune function Mineral utilization Anticarcinogenesis 8. Biomarkers of riboflavin status The eGRac assay Other biomarkers 9. Riboflavin requirements 10. Riboflavin deficiency Causes Subclinical riboflavin deficiency General signs Signs in humans Signs in animals 11. Other roles of riboflavin in health and disease Migraine Multiple sclerosis Cancer Malaria 12. Riboflavin toxicity 13. Case study Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 14. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 12 - Niacin Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Significance of niacin 2. Properties of niacin Niacin chemistry 3. Sources of niacin Limited hindgut microbial synthesis De novo synthesis from tryptophan Roles of other dietary factors Food sources of niacin Stability Bioavailability 4. Niacin absorption Digestion of pyridine nucleotides Facilitated absorption 5. Niacin transport Free in plasma Cellular uptake Tissue storage 6. Niacin metabolism NAD salvage Catabolism Excretion 7. Metabolic functions of niacin Enzyme cosubstrate functions NAD+ as a neurotransmitter Genomic stabilization Signaling Physiological functions of niacin Neurocognitive function 8. Biomarkers of niacin status 9. Niacin requirements 10. Niacin deficiency General signs of deficiency Signs in humans Response to treatment Signs in animals 11. Other roles of niacin in health and disease Cardiovascular health Type 2 diabetes Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Hyperphosphatemia Skin diseases Lung Health Cancer Other effects 12. Niacin toxicity Nicotinic acid Nicotinamide 13. Case studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 14. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 13 - Vitamin B6 Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Significance of vitamin B6 2. Properties of vitamin B6 Vitamin B6 chemistry 3. Sources of vitamin B6 Hindgut microbial synthesis Distribution in foods Stability Bioavailability 4. Vitamin B6 absorption Digestion of food forms Two means of absorption 5. Vitamin B6 transport Portal circulation to the liver Plasma circulation Cellular uptake Tissue distribution 6. Vitamin B6 metabolism Interconversion of vitamers Catabolism Excretion 7. Metabolic functions of vitamin B6 Modulation of gene expression Coenzyme function Physiological Functions of vitamin B6 Support of neurologic function Support of cardiovascular function Support of immune function Support of glycemic control Anticarcinogenesis 8. Biomarkers of vitamin B6 status Plasma metabolites Erythrocyte tests Urine tests Load tests Potential confounders 9. Vitamin B6 requirements 10. Vitamin B6 deficiency Privational causes Nonprivational causes Vitamin B6-dependent hereditary disorders General signs of vitamin B6 deficiency Signs in humans Signs in animals 11. Other roles of vitamin B6 in health and disease Sickle cell anemia Iron storage disease Adverse drug effects Carpal tunnel syndrome Type 2 diabetes Monosodium glutamate sensitivity106106``Chinese Restaurant'' syndrome. Premenstrual syndrome Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy 12. Vitamin B6 toxicity 13. Case studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 14. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 14 - Biotin Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Significance of biotin 2. Properties of biotin Biotin chemistry 3. Sources of biotin Hindgut microbial synthesis Distribution in foods Stability Bioavailability 4. Biotin absorption Digestion of protein-bound biotin Two general means of absorption Biotin can also be absorbed by passive diffusion Biotin transport Transport in plasma Cellular uptake Tissue distribution 5. Biotin Metabolism Linkage to apoenzymes Recycling the vitamin Catabolism Excretion 6. Metabolic functions of biotin Coenzyme function Modulation of gene expression Other biotin-containing proteins Physiological functions of biotin 7. Biomarkers of biotin status Carboxylase assays Blood and urinary metabolites 8. Biotin requirements 9. Biotin deficiency Privational causes Nonprivational causes Signs of biotin deficiency Signs in humans Signs in animals 10. Other roles of biotin in health and disease Multiple sclerosis Sudden infant death syndrome Valproic acid side effects Muscle cramps in hemodialysis patients 11. Biotin toxicity 12. Case studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 13. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 15 - Pantothenic acid Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Significance of pantothenic acid 2. Properties of pantothenic acid Pantothenic acid chemistry 3. Sources of pantothenic acid Hindgut microbial synthesis Distribution in foods Stability Bioavailability 4. Pantothenic acid absorption Hydrolysis of coenzyme forms Two means of absorption 5. Pantothenic acid transport Plasma and erythrocytes Cellular uptake Tissue distribution 6. Pantothenic acid metabolism Coenzyme A synthesis Acyl-CoA synthesis Acyl carrier protein synthesis Recycling Excretion Disorders of pantothenic acid metabolism 7. Metabolic functions of pantothenic acid Coenzyme functions Physiological functions of pantothenic acid 8. Biomarkers of pantothenic acid status 9. Pantothenic acid requirements 10. Pantothenic acid deficiency Privational causes Nonprivational causes Signs of pantothenic acid deficiency Signs in humans Signs in animals 11. Other roles of pantothenic acid in health and disease Reduced serum cholesterol level Rheumatoid arthritis Wound healing Facial acne Lupus Pantothenic acid inhibitors as antibiotics Unverified claims 12. Pantothenic acid toxicity 13. Case studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 14. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 16 - Folate Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Significance of folate 2. Properties of folate Folate nomenclature Folate chemistry 3. Sources of folate Synthesis by the gut microbiome Distribution in foods Folate fortification and supplementation Stability Bioavailability 4. Folate absorption 5. Folate transport Erythrocytes Free in plasma Protein bound in plasma Cellular uptake Tissue distribution 6. Folate metabolism Reduction of the pteridine ring Reaction of the side chain Acquisition of single-C moieties Catabolism Excretion Polymorphisms of enzymes in folate metabolism Effects of drugs 7. Metabolic functions of folate Single-carbon metabolism The methyl-folate trap Nucleotide metabolism Physiological functions 8. Biomarkers of folate status Approaches for the assessment of folate status 9. Folate requirements 10. Folate deficiency Privational causes Nonprivational causes Metabolic impairments General signs of folate deficiency Signs in humans Low folate status Signs in animals 11. Other roles of folate in health and disease Pernicious anemia Homocysteinemia Sickle cell disease Hyperuricemia Malaria Arsenicosis 12. Folate toxicity 13. Case studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 14. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 17 - Vitamin B12 Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Significance of vitamin B12 2. Properties of vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 nomenclature Vitamin B12 chemistry 3. Sources of vitamin B12 Synthesis by microbes Distribution in foods Vegetarian Diets Breast milk Stability Bioavailability 4. Vitamin B12 absorption Digestion Protein binding Mechanisms of absorption 5. Vitamin B12 transport Transport proteins Cellular uptake Intracellular protein binding Congenital disorders of vitamin B12 absorption and transport Distribution in tissues 6. Vitamin B12 metabolism Intracellular trafficking Activation to the coenzyme forms Catabolism Excretion Enterohepatic circulation of vitamin B12 Congenital disorders of vitamin B12 metabolism 7. Metabolic functions of vitamin B12 Coenzyme functions Interrelationships with folate Physiological functions of vitamin B12 8. Biomarkers of vitamin B12 status Serum/plasma vitamin B12 Serum/plasma HoloTC109109The ligand saturation of TC is not useful as a biomarker of vitamin B12 status, as apoTC (normally ... Serum/plasma/urine methylmalonic acid Distinguishing deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folate 9. Vitamin B12 requirements 10. Vitamin B12 deficiency Privational causes Nonprivational causes General signs of deficiency Signs in humans Low vitamin B12 status Signs in animals Response to treatment 11. Other roles of vitamin B12 in health and disease Neuropathic pain therapy Cyanide binding 12. Vitamin B12 toxicity 13. Case studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 14. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 18 - Quasi-vitamins Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Is the list of vitamins complete? Conditionally essential nutrients 2 Choline Recognition of a role of choline in nutrition Chemical properties of choline Choline biosynthesis Conditions of need for dietary choline Dietary sources of choline Absorption and transport of choline Choline metabolism Genetic disorders of choline metabolism Metabolic functions of choline Physiological functions of choline Choline deficiency Recommended choline intakes Biomarkers of choline status Choline toxicity 3. Carnitine Recognition of a nutritional role of carnitine Chemical properties of carnitine Carnitine biosynthesis Conditions of need for dietary carnitine Dietary sources of carnitine Absorption and transport of carnitine Carnitine metabolism Metabolic functions of carnitine Physiological functions of carnitine Biomarkers of carnitine status Carnitine safety 4. myo-Inositol Recognition of a nutritional role of myo-inositol Chemical nature Biosynthesis of myo-inositol Conditions of need for dietary myo-inositol Dietary sources of myo-inositol Absorption and transport of myo-inositol Metabolism of myo-inositol Congenital defects in myo-inositol metabolism Metabolic functions of myo-inositol Physiological effects of myo-inositol Support of neurological function Support of healthy pregnancy Biomarkers of myo-inositol status Safety of myo-inositol 5. Ubiquinones Recognition of nutritional roles of ubiquinones Chemical nature of the ubiquinones Conditions of need for dietary ubiquinones Conditions limiting ubiquinone biosynthesis Conditions increasing ubiquinone need Dietary sources of ubiquinones Absorption and transport of ubiquinones Metabolism of ubiquinones Metabolic functions of ubiquinones Physiological effects of ubiquinones Biomarkers of ubiquinone status Safety of ubiquinones 6. Lipoic acid Chemical nature of lipoic acid Conditions limiting lipoic acid biosynthesis Dietary sources of lipoic acid Absorption and transport of lipoic acid Metabolism of lipoic acid Metabolic functions of lipoic acid Physiological functions of lipoic acid Biomarkers of lipoic acid status Safety of lipoic acid Beneficial bioactive factors 7. Nonprovitamin A carotenoids Benefits of nonprovitamin A carotenoids Chemical properties of nonprovitamin A carotenoids Dietary sources of nonprovitamin A carotenoids Absorption and transport of nonprovitamin A carotenoids Metabolism of nonprovitamin A carotenoids Metabolic functions of nonprovitamin A carotenoids Physiological functions of nonprovitamin A carotenoids Biomarkers of nonprovitamin A carotenoid status Recommended intakes Safety of nonprovitamin A carotenoids 8. Flavonoids Recognition of nutritional roles of flavonoids Benefits of dietary flavonoids Chemical properties of flavonoids Dietary sources Absorption and transport of flavonoids Metabolism of flavonoids Metabolic effects of flavonoids Enzyme modulation. flavonoids can affect the activities of many enzymes Physiological effects of flavonoids Biomarkers of flavonoid status Flavonoid safety 9. Unidentified factors 10. Case studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 11. Chapter quiz Recommended reading III - Using current knowledge of the vitamins 19 - Sources of the vitamins Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Vitamins in foods and feedstuffs Vitamin content data Core foods for vitamins Vitamins in staple foods Predicting vitamin contents of foods and feedstuffs Accounting for variation in vitamin contents 2. Vitamin bioavailability Extrinsic factors Intrinsic factors 3. Vitamin losses in foods 4. Adding vitamins to foods Purified vitamins Vitamin formulations Vitamin markets Addition of vitamins to foods Stabilities of vitamins added to foods 5. Biofortification 6. Vitamin labeling of foods 7. Vitamins in human diets Vitamin intakes from foods Vitamins in breast milk and formula foods 8. Vitamin supplementation Guidelines for supplement use 9. Vitamins in livestock feeding Vitamins in animal feeds Losses of vitamins from feedstuffs and finished feeds Vitamin premixes for animal feeds Stabilities of vitamins in feeds 10. Case study 11. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 20 - Assessing vitamin status Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Nutritional assessment Approaches to nutritional assessment Methods of nutritional assessment 2. Biomarkers of vitamin status Biomarkers Reserve capacities of vitamins 3. Vitamin status of human populations National nutrition surveillance 4. Global undernutrition Case study 5. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 21 - Vitamin needs Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Dietary standards for vitamins Purposes of dietary standards Determining nutrient requirements Factors affecting vitamin needs Developing vitamin allowances Differences between requirements and allowances The RDA concept Considering nonclassical functions of nutrients New paradigms for nutrition Reconstructing the RDA 2. Vitamin allowances for humans History of dietary standards DRIs International standards 3. Vitamin allowances for animals Public versus private data 4. Case study Case 1 Case 2 5. Chapter quiz Recommended reading 22 - Vitamin safety Anchoring concepts Learning objectives Vocabulary 1. Uses of vitamins above required levels Typical uses exceed requirements 2. Safe intakes of vitamins Quantifying safe intakes Safe vitamin intakes 3. Hypervitaminoses Factors affecting vitamin toxicity Signs and symptoms of hypervitaminoses 4. Case studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 5. Chapter quiz Recommended reading A - Current and Obsolete Designations of Vitamins and Vitamin-Like Factors (Designations in current use are bolded) CURRENT AND OBSOLETE DESIGNATIONS OF VITAMINS AND VITAMIN-LIKE FACTORS (DESIGNATIONS IN CURRENT USE ARE BOLDED) B - Original reports used for case studies C - A core of current vitamin literature D - Vitamin contents of foods (units per 100 g edible portion) E - Vitamin contents of feedstuffs (units per kg) F - 20 Questions to examine vitamin knowledge Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Back Cover