The US Role in NATO’s Survival After the Cold War (Palgrave Studies in International Relations)

This book takes a new approach to answering the question of how NATO survived after the Cold War by examining its complex relationship with the United States. A closer look at major NATO engagements in the post-Cold War era, including in the Balkans, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya, reveals how the US helped comprehensively reshape the alliance. In every conflict, there was tension between the United States and its allies over mission leadership, political support, legal precedents, military capabilities, and financial contributions. The author explores why allied actions resulted in both praise and criticism of NATO's contributions from American policymakers, and why despite all of this and the growing concern over the alliance's perceived shortcomings the United States continued to support the alliance. In addition to demonstrating the American influence on the alliance, this works demonstrates why NATO's survival is beneficial to US interests. Julie Garey is an Assistant Teaching Professor of political science at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts, USA Acknowledgments 7 Contents 9 Chapter 1: Introduction 12 NATO Persistence: The Sum of Unequal Parts 13 An Argument in Support of US-Centric Analyses 15 Hypotheses on NATO’s Persistence: Value Maximization 17 Hypotheses on NATO’s Persistence: Alliance Utility 20 Case Selection and Research Contributions 21 What’s at Stake for the United States and NATO 23 Book Outline 26 References 27 Chapter 2: Alliances, NATO, and the Post-Cold War Era 30 Explaining NATO’s Persistence 32 Utilitarian Explanations for NATO’s Persistence 34 Identity-Based Explanations for NATO’s Persistence 37 Creating a New Framework for NATO Persistence: The US-NATO Relationship 38 Case Selection 43 Kosovo 43 Afghanistan 45 Iraq 47 Libya 48 Conclusion 49 References 50 Chapter 3: The 1999 Kosovo Intervention 53 Background: Operation Deliberate Force and Preparing for Intervention in Kosovo 54 International and NATO Response to Conflict in the Balkans 59 Return to the Balkans: Pre-War Planning 61 International and NATO Support in Phase 1: Pre-War Planning 68 Legitimacy and Multilateralism in Phase 1 71 Operation Allied Force 73 International and NATO Support for OAF 77 Legitimacy and Multilateralism in Phase 2 80 The KFOR Mission 82 Legitimacy and Multilateralism in Phase 3 84 Conclusion 86 References 88 Chapter 4: September 11, 2001, and the War in Afghanistan 92 Background: Understanding the United States, Afghanistan, and NATO Before 9/11 96 The September 11 Attacks 100 Phase 1: International and NATO Support After 9/11 103 Operation Enduring Freedom 107 Phase 2: International and NATO Support at the Outset of Operation Enduring Freedom 108 Legitimacy and Multilateralism in Phases 1 and 2 111 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) 115 Phase 3: International and NATO Support for ISAF 116 Legitimacy and Multilateralism in Phase 3 118 Conclusion 122 References 125 Chapter 5: The 2003 Iraq War 131 The United States Prepares for War, and the International Community Responds 132 Legitimacy and Multilateralism 142 Phase 1: Pre-War Planning 145 Phase 2: The Great NATO Debate 150 Conclusion 155 References 160 Chapter 6: The 2011 Libyan Intervention 164 Background: Setting the Stage for Revolution—And Intervention 167 The Arab Spring Reaches Libya, and the United States Responds 169 International and NATO Support in Phase 1: Pre-Combat Planning 173 Legitimacy and Multilateralism in Phase 1 175 Operation Odyssey Dawn 176 International and NATO Support for Operation Odyssey Dawn: Phase 2 178 Legitimacy and Multilateralism in Phase 2 179 Operation Unified Protector 181 International and NATO Support for Phase 3: Operation Unified Protector 185 Legitimacy and Multilateralism in Operation Unified Protector 187 Conclusion 190 References 193 Chapter 7: The Evolution and Persistence of NATO 198 NATO’s Inter-conflict Evolution 199 An American Ally 208 Conclusion 211 References 213 Chapter 8: The United States and Multilateralism 216 US Incentives for NATO Persistence 217 Legitimacy Enhancement and Adherence to Norms 218 The Utility of Multilateralism Through NATO and American Primacy 220 Conclusion: The United States, NATO, and the Future of US Multilateralism 223 References 227 Bibliography 230 Index 252 Front Matter ....Pages i-xi Introduction (Julie Garey)....Pages 1-18 Alliances, NATO, and the Post-Cold War Era (Julie Garey)....Pages 19-41 The 1999 Kosovo Intervention (Julie Garey)....Pages 43-81 September 11, 2001, and the War in Afghanistan (Julie Garey)....Pages 83-121 The 2003 Iraq War (Julie Garey)....Pages 123-155 The 2011 Libyan Intervention (Julie Garey)....Pages 157-190 The Evolution and Persistence of NATO (Julie Garey)....Pages 191-208 The United States and Multilateralism (Julie Garey)....Pages 209-222 Back Matter ....Pages 223-259