The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945: Volume III : Camps and Ghettos Under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany

This monumental seven-volume encyclopedia, prepared by the Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, describes the universe of camps and ghettos―more than 20,000 in all―that the Nazis and their allies operated, from Norway to North Africa and from France to Russia. Here, volume three offers a comprehensive account of camps and ghettos in, or run by, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, and Vichy France (including North Africa). Each entry discusses key events in the history of the ghetto; living and working conditions; activities of the Jewish Councils; Jewish responses to persecution demographic changes; and details of the ghetto's liquidation. Personal testimonies help convey the character of each ghetto, while source citations provide a guide to additional information. Documentation of hundreds of smaller sites―previously unknown or overlooked in the historiography of the Holocaust―make this an indispensable reference work on the destroyed Jewish communities of Eastern Europe. Accounts of significant sites in Hungary, Vichy France, Italy, and other nations, part of the multi-volume reference praised as a “staggering achievement” (Jewish Daily Forward).This third volume in the monumental seven-volume encyclopedia, prepared by the Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, offers a comprehensive account of camps and ghettos in, or run by, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, and Vichy France (including North Africa). Each entry discusses key events in the history of the ghetto; living and working conditions; activities of the Jewish Councils; Jewish responses to persecution; demographic changes; and details of the ghetto's liquidation. Personal testimonies help convey the character of each ghetto, while source citations provide a guide to additional information. Documentation of hundreds of smaller sites—previously unknown or overlooked in the historiography of the Holocaust—make this an indispensable reference work on the destroyed Jewish communities of Eastern Europe. This Monumental Seven-volume Encyclopedia, Prepared By The Jack, Joseph, And Morton Mandel Center For Advanced Holocaust Studies At The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Describes The Universe Of Camps And Ghettos More Than 20,000 In All That The Nazis And Their Allies Operated, From Norway To North Africa And From France To Russia. Here, Volume Three Offers A Comprehensive Account Of Camps And Ghettos In, Or Run By, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, And Vichy France (including North Africa). Each Entry Discusses Key Events In The History Of The Ghetto; Living And Working Conditions; Activities Of The Jewish Councils; Jewish Responses To Persecution Demographic Changes; And Details Of The Ghetto's Liquidation. Personal Testimonies Help Convey The Character Of Each Ghetto, While Source Citations Provide A Guide To Additional Information. Documentation Of Hundreds Of Smaller Sites Previously Unknown Or Overlooked In The Historiography Of The Holocaust Make This An Indispensable Reference Work On The Destroyed Jewish Communities Of Eastern Europe. Created by the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the monumental 7-volume encyclopaedia that the present work inaugurates will make available - in one place for the first time - detailed information about the universe of camps, sub-camps, and ghettos established and operated by the Nazis - altogether some 20,000 sites, from Norway to North Africa and from France to Russia. This volume covers three groups of camps: the early camps established in the first year of Hitler's rule, the major concentration camps with their constellations of sub-camps that operated under the control of the SS-Business Administration Main Office, and youth camps. Overview essays precede entries on individual camps and sub-camps. Each entry provides basic information about the purpose of the site; the prisoners, guards, working and living conditions; and key events in its history. Material drawn from personal testimonies helps convey the character of each site, while source citations for each entry provide a path to additional information Volume II of Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos describes sites under the control of states that aligned themselves with Nazi Germany, as allies, satellite countries, or independent collaborationist regimes. For a variety of reasons, such states each undertook the persecution, and often the murder, of people it considered undesirable or threatening. Such target groups included Jews, who were often killed directly or handed over to the Germans. Other victims spanned any number of ethnic or national groups, or political or military opponents. Each state created its own unique mix of detention sites under a variety of agencies, but all with goals that mirrored those of Nazi Germany. From the far north of Finland to France's west African colonies, this network of sites did its work with little or no input from the Germans. This volume, with its descriptions of the individual sites and broad introductions to the regimes that governed them, adds to our understanding of a system that was truly European in scale, and not solely a German undertaking