The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and Science, Expanded Edition

How can science teach us that animals feel no pain when our common sense observations tell us otherwise? Rollin offers a welcome insight into questions like this in The Unheeded Cry , a rare, reasonable account of the difficult and controversial issues surrounding the images of animals found in science. Widely hailed on its first appearance, the book is updated here to include recent changes in thinking and practice in this fast growing field. With anecdotes and a dose of humour, Rollin pokes holes in the neutral, objective, and value-free stance of animal-using scientists in the positivist tradition. He shows how this stance leads to the denial of the existence of animal consciousness and pain, and he points out the consequences. His work will help professionals and amateurs with an interest in the moral status of animals in their attempts to penetrate the fortress of scientific ideology and practice, and to effect change. The Unheeded Cry 2 Foreword 5 Preface 9 Contents 13 1 Science, Common Sense, and the Common Sense of Science 17 Science and the Compartmentalization of Common Sense 17 The common sense of science 24 Can common sense ever correct science? 29 Conclusion 36 2 Animal Consciousness as an Object of Study 39 Compartmentalization and Animal Consciousness in Scientific Ideology 39 Is Anthropomorphism a Fallacy? 40 Common Sense and Animal Consciousness 45 Animal Consciousness and Darwinian Science 48 The Work of George Romanes 49 The Anecdotal Method 51 Anecdote Versus Laboratory Experimentation 55 Romanes's Principles 58 Romanes's Method Applied 62 3 Aspects of Change in Science and Philosophy 68 How Does Science Change?—The Orthodox View 68 An Alternative Approach to Scientific Change 70 The Philosophical and Valuational Bases for Scientific Change 73 Relevance of this View to the Science of Animal Consciousness: Some Preliminary Remarks 80 The Rise of Positivism 82 Positivism, Behaviourism, and Consciousness 85 4 The Tortuous Path from Romanes to Watson 90 Lloyd Morgan and his Canon 90 Loeb's Mechanism 95 H. S. Jennings 99 Titchener's Introspective Psychology 106 Thorndike 108 Watson and Behaviourism 113 Why did Behaviourism Triumph? 116 5 Animal Pain: The Ideology Cashed Out, 1 123 The Common Sense of Science and the Rejection of Value Questions 123 Ideology and Incoherence 129 The Case of Pain 130 Moral Consequences 134 Avoiding Incoherence—the Physicalization of Pain and Stress 139 Reprise: Philosophy, Value, and the Neglect of Consciousness 145 Ideology and Human Pain 147 6 Animal Pain: The Ideology Cashed Out, 2 151 Arguments for the Insignificance of Animal Pain 151 The Claim that Animals Lack Concepts 152 The Wittgenstein Version 156 Pain and the Intellectual Limitations of Animals 160 Anthropomorphism and Animal Pain 161 Why do Such Arguments Thrive? 163 Logical Behaviourism and the Ascription of Pain to Animals 163 Variability of Pain Experience in Humans and Animals 166 The Scientific Incoherence of Denying Pain in Animals 169 The Alleged Unobservability of Mental States 171 Mental States as a Perceptual Category 175 Morality and the Perception of Mental States 177 Application of this Theory to Animals 179 7 Morality and Animal Pain: The Reappropriation of Common Sense 183 The Rise of Social Concern about the Morality of Animal Use 183 Moral Concern and its Impact on Science 186 Law and Local Project Review as a Factor in Moral Change in the United States 193 British Legislation 197 Law and Policy in Canada and Australia 201 The New Moral Attitudes and the Study of Pain 203 Ideology Crumbling: The Subjective Acknowledged 207 Subjective Mental States as Explanatory: The Case of Stress 212 How Ignoring Mental States may Jeopardize Research 217 8 Consciousness Lost 222 Consciousness Under Behaviourism 222 European Approaches to Animal Psychology: Ethology 225 Lorenz and consciousness 229 Vestiges of consciousness: America and Britain 232 Tolman's purposive behaviourism 233 McDougall's unabashed mentalism 234 Vestiges of Consciousness: Europe 237 Köhler and Gestalt Psychology 237 The Idealistic Tradition: Buytendijk and Von Uexküll 241 9 Consciousness Regained: Psychology 247 Internal Critiques of Behaviourism 247 Attacks on Learning Theory 251 Chomsky's Critique of Behaviourism 252 Cyril Burt's Defence of Consciousness 254 The Work of R.B. Joynson 257 Ernest Hilgard and the Return of Consciousness 258 The Cognitive Turn 260 Animal Consciousness Regained: The Study of Primate Communication 262 Animal Consciousness in the Psychological Literature 263 10 Consciousness Regained: Ethology and Beyond 267 The Work of Donald Griffin 267 Social Concern with Farm Animals as a Factor in Reinstating Consciousness 270 The Work of Marian Dawkins and Other Farm-animal Ethologists 272 Other Ethological Advances in the Farm-animal Area 275 New Methods for Studying Animal Consciousness: Herrnstein and Gallup 277 A New Approach to Studying Animal Consciousness 280 The Study of Animal Consciousness in Mainstream Science 282 Convincing the Sceptics: A Thought Experiment 284 Conclusion 285 11 The Unheeded Cry Revisited 289 I 289 II 293 III 299 IV 305 V 307 Notes 309 Preface 309 Chapter 1 309 Chapter 2 309 Chapter 3 310 Chapter 4 311 Chapter 5 313 Chapter 6 314 Chapter 7 315 Chapter 8 318 Chapter 9 320 Chapter 10 321 Chapter 11 322 Bibliography 324 Index 337 A 337 B 337 C 338 D 339 E 339 F 339 G 340 H 340 I 340 J 340 K 340 L 341 M 341 N 341 O 342 P 342 Q 343 R 343 S 343 T 344 U 344 V 344 W 344 This Work Evaluates The Stance Of Animal-using Scientists In The Positivist Tradition. It Shows How This Stance Leads To The Denial Of The Existence Of Animal Consciousness And Pain, And Shows How This Denial Must Be Changed If Science Is To Be Both Coherent And Morally Responsible. 1. Science, Common Sense, And The Common Sense Of Science -- 2. Animal Consciousness As An Object Of Study -- 3. Aspects Of Change In Science And Philosophy -- 4. Tortuous Path From Romanes To Watson -- 5. Animal Pain: The Ideology Cashed Out, 1 -- 6. Animal Pain: The Ideology Cashed Out, 2 -- 7. Morality And Animal Pain: The Reappropriation Of Common Sense -- 8. Consciousness Lost -- 9. Consciousness Regained: Psychology -- 10. Consciousness Regained: Ethology And Beyond -- 11. Unheeded Cry Revisited. Bernard E. Rollin. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [309]-321) And Index. In his philosophical writings, David Hume draws a refreshing distinction, which has undoubtedly endeared him to generations of fledgling philosophers, between what he can deduce and ponder as a philosopher, and what he can take seriously as a man. Explains how and why scientists have been so cavalier about animal use in laboratories and animal pain and explores the moral and scientific damage caused by their attitude. -- Provided by publisher