The Tocharian Subjunctive: A Study in Syntax and Verbal Stem Formation (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics, 8)

As one of the most central categories of the Tocharian verb, the subjunctive is of utmost importance for the reconstruction of the verbal system, the most rewarding domain of Tocharian historical grammar. Michaël Peyrot provides a thorough analysis of the formation of the subjunctive in both Tocharian languages, and establishes its meaning on the basis of a systematic investigation of a wealth of published and unpublished texts. A careful reconstruction of the Proto-Tocharian stage provides a solid base for the comparison with Indo-European and the derivation of the Tocharian subjunctive from the proto-language. With its focus on the wide variety of intricate morphological patterns, The Tocharian Subjunctive is at the same time a study of the whole Tocharian verbal system. The Tocharian Subjunctive: A Study in Syntax and Verbal Stem Formation......Page 4 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 14 Grammatical abbreviations......Page 16 Symbols......Page 17 Tocharian spelling......Page 18 1.1. Tocharian......Page 20 1.2. The Tocharian subjunctive......Page 22 1.3. Indo-European sources......Page 24 1.4. Aim......Page 26 1.5. Structure......Page 27 2.1.1. The traditional analysis......Page 28 2.1.2. Problem......Page 31 2.1.3. Method......Page 32 2.1.4. Preliminaries of notation......Page 33 2.1.5. Structure......Page 34 The personal endings......Page 35 The Tocharian A 1st singular preterite......Page 37 “Mobile” -ā- in Tocharian A......Page 38 The Tocharian A 3rd plural present -y......Page 39 Number marking by means of stem changes......Page 40 2.2.2. Tense......Page 41 2.2.3. Aspect......Page 43 2.2.4. Mood......Page 44 2.2.5. Voice......Page 48 2.2.6. Valency......Page 49 2.2.7. Pronoun suffix......Page 51 2.3.1. Primary stems......Page 52 2.3.2. Secondary stems......Page 54 Present stem......Page 55 Preterite participle stem......Page 56 2.3.4. Overview......Page 57 2.4. The root......Page 59 2.4.2. x|a-roots......Page 60 2.4.3. ə|x-roots......Page 61 2.4.5. VC-roots and CV-roots......Page 62 2.4.6. Weak consonant roots in Tocharian A......Page 63 2.5.1. Affixation......Page 64 Introduction to Tocharian A gradation......Page 77 Tocharian A gradation within stems......Page 78 Tocharian A gradation between stems......Page 80 Introduction to Tocharian B gradation......Page 82 Tocharian B gradation within stems......Page 84 Tocharian B gradation between stems......Page 86 2.5.3. Affection......Page 87 2.5.4. Palatalisation......Page 88 2.5.5. Suppletion......Page 107 Reduplication in the Tocharian A reduplicated preterite......Page 110 Reduplication in the Tocharian A preterite participle......Page 111 Reduplication in the Tocharian B preterite participle......Page 113 Introduction: phonology and morphology......Page 116 Accent contrasts in verbs with x|a-roots......Page 117 Accent contrasts in verbs with x|∅-roots......Page 119 Accent contrasts with the causative......Page 120 Gemination in nasal presents......Page 122 Untitled......Page 124 2.6. Stem derivation in Tocharian A......Page 126 2.6.1. Overview......Page 127 2.6.2. Preterites with identical subjunctives......Page 128 x|∅-roots......Page 129 ä|ā-roots......Page 131 2.6.3. Preterites with derived subjunctives......Page 133 2.6.4. Derived preterite-subjunctives......Page 139 2.6.5. Subjunctives with derived preterites......Page 144 Present-subjunctives......Page 146 Causative ā-imperfect-preterites......Page 147 2.6.6. Subjunctives derived from the root......Page 148 2.6.7. Present-subjunctives......Page 149 2.6.8. Derived presents......Page 150 2.6.9. The most frequent stem patterns......Page 157 2.7.1. Overview......Page 160 2.7.2. Preterites with identical subjunctives......Page 161 2.7.3. Preterites with derived subjunctives......Page 165 Causative preterites derived from the root......Page 167 Preterite-subjunctives derived from the root......Page 168 2.7.5. Subjunctives with derived preterites......Page 169 2.7.6. Subjunctives derived from the root......Page 171 2.7.7. Present-subjunctives......Page 173 2.7.8. Derived presents......Page 176 2.7.9. The most frequent stem patterns......Page 183 2.8. The imperative......Page 188 2.8.1. Tocharian A......Page 189 2.8.2. Tocharian B......Page 194 2.9. The preterite participle......Page 200 Reduplication syllable......Page 201 Initial palatalisation......Page 202 Final -u or -o......Page 203 Not formed from the preterite......Page 204 Initial palatalisation......Page 205 Inflexion class......Page 206 Not formed from the preterite......Page 208 2.10. Summary and conclusions......Page 209 Root type......Page 210 Types of morphological distinctions......Page 211 Stem pattern types......Page 212 Derived presents and subjunctives......Page 213 Root presents and subjunctives......Page 214 The present-subjunctive......Page 215 The preterite-subjunctive stem......Page 216 Conclusion......Page 217 3.1. Introduction......Page 220 3.1.1. Former descriptions......Page 221 3.1.2. Aim......Page 224 3.1.3. The material......Page 225 3.1.4. Calque syntax......Page 227 3.1.5. Use and meaning......Page 228 3.1.6. The subjunctive in main clauses......Page 229 3.1.7. The subjunctive in subclauses......Page 232 3.1.8. Presentation of examples......Page 233 3.1.9. Structure......Page 235 3.2.1. Bilinguals......Page 236 3.2.2. Subject......Page 237 3.2.3. First person......Page 238 3.2.4. Speaker......Page 241 3.2.5. Hearer......Page 244 3.2.6. Neutral prediction......Page 245 3.2.7. Questions......Page 248 3.2.8. Compared to the present......Page 251 3.2.9. Compared to the optative......Page 256 3.2.10. Compared to the imperative......Page 261 3.3. The Tocharian A subjunctive in subclauses......Page 263 3.3.1. Conditionals with subjunctive apodosis......Page 264 3.3.2. Conditionals with present apodosis......Page 267 3.3.3. Conditionals with imperative apodosis......Page 271 3.3.4. Eventual......Page 274 3.3.5. Iterative......Page 276 3.3.6. Indefinite......Page 277 3.3.7. kosne ‘as’......Page 278 3.3.8. Concessive......Page 280 3.3.9. Comparison......Page 281 3.3.10. Final......Page 282 3.3.11. Compared to the present......Page 285 3.3.12. Compared to nominal clauses......Page 287 3.3.13. Compared to the optative......Page 288 3.4. Other uses of the Tocharian A subjunctive......Page 290 3.4.1. Subjunctive gerund with imperfect copula......Page 291 3.4.2. Subjunctive gerund with present copula......Page 293 3.4.3. Subjunctive gerund with subjunctive copula......Page 294 3.4.4. Preterite participle with subjunctive copula......Page 296 3.4.5. Adverbs and particles......Page 297 aśśi ‘perhaps’......Page 298 kar ‘just’......Page 301 3.4.6. The present-subjunctive......Page 305 3.5.1. Bilinguals......Page 307 3.5.2. Notion of future......Page 310 3.5.4. First person......Page 312 3.5.5. Speaker......Page 315 3.5.6. Hearer......Page 316 3.5.7. Neutral prediction......Page 319 3.5.8. Questions......Page 320 3.5.9. 1st plural address......Page 322 3.5.10. Compared to the present......Page 323 3.5.11. Compared to the optative......Page 325 3.5.12. Compared to the imperative......Page 326 3.6.1. Conditionals with subjunctive apodosis......Page 328 3.6.2. Conditionals with present apodosis......Page 331 3.6.3. Conditional with imperative apodosis......Page 337 3.6.4. Other conditionals......Page 338 3.6.5. Eventual......Page 339 3.6.6. Iterative......Page 340 3.6.7. Indefinite......Page 341 3.6.8. Concessive......Page 342 3.6.9. Final......Page 343 3.6.10. Compared to the present......Page 344 3.6.11. Compared to nominal clauses......Page 345 3.6.12. Compared to the optative......Page 347 3.6.13. Conditionals in vinaya texts......Page 351 3.7.1. Subjunctive gerund with imperfect copula......Page 356 3.7.2. Subjunctive gerund with present copula......Page 360 3.7.3. Subjunctive gerund with subjunctive copula......Page 362 3.7.4. Preterite participle with subjunctive copula......Page 363 3.7.5. Adverbs and particles......Page 368 nai ‘isn’t it?......Page 369 mai ‘perhaps’......Page 376 pi ‘please’......Page 379 mapi ‘isn’t it?’......Page 382 wa ‘yet; for’......Page 386 rai ‘o!’......Page 388 arai ‘hey!’......Page 389 ṅke ‘now’......Page 390 ot ‘then'......Page 393 ente ‘where’......Page 396 krui ‘if’......Page 397 3.7.6. Present-subjunctive......Page 400 3.8.1. The Tocharian subjunctive in main clauses......Page 405 3.8.2. The Tocharian subjunctive in subclauses......Page 407 3.8.3. Towards a unified meaning......Page 408 3.8.4. The Tocharian subjunctive and aspect......Page 409 4.1. Introduction......Page 414 4.1.1. Subjunctive......Page 415 4.1.2. Optative......Page 417 4.1.3. Present......Page 418 4.1.5. Perfect......Page 420 4.1.6. molō-type......Page 424 4.1.7. Perfective present......Page 425 4.1.8. Aorist injunctive......Page 426 4.1.9. Method......Page 427 4.2. Endings......Page 428 1st person singular......Page 429 2nd person singular......Page 430 3rd person singular......Page 431 1st person plural......Page 432 2nd person plural......Page 433 3rd person plural......Page 434 Conclusion......Page 435 4.2.2. Preterite active......Page 436 4.2.3. Present middle......Page 438 4.2.4. Preterite middle......Page 439 4.2.5. Conclusion......Page 440 4.3.1. TA kwäm- ‘come’, TB kəm- ‘id.’......Page 441 The stem pattern of Tocharian A......Page 449 The stem pattern of Tocharian B......Page 450 The stem pattern of Proto-Tocharian......Page 453 The derivation from Proto-Indo-European......Page 455 Consequences for the s-present and the s-preterite......Page 457 4.3.3. TA knā- ‘know’, TB nana- ‘recognise’......Page 459 4.3.4. TA y- ‘go’, TB y- ‘id.’......Page 461 Synchronic patterns......Page 463 The preterite......Page 464 The present......Page 465 The subjunctive......Page 466 4.3.6. TA yok- ‘drink’, TB yok- ‘id.’......Page 467 Tocharian A yām- ‘do’ and Tocharian B yam- ‘id.’......Page 469 Tocharian A yom- ‘get’ and Tocharian B yənm- ‘id.’......Page 470 The relationship between PT *yəm- ~ *yom- and *yam-......Page 471 The derivation from Proto-Indo-European......Page 473 4.3.8. Conclusion......Page 474 4.4. The present-subjunctive......Page 475 TB ayk- ‘know’......Page 477 TB alask- ‘be ill’......Page 478 PT *katk- ‘be glad’......Page 479 PT *cəmp- ‘be able to’......Page 480 TB nask- ‘bathe’......Page 483 PT *pər- ‘bring’......Page 484 PT *yərs- ‘honour; show respect’......Page 485 TB ĺək- ‘lie’......Page 486 PT *wəynask- ‘honour’......Page 487 PT *weń- ‘say’......Page 488 PT *wlans- ‘carry out’......Page 489 TB śewk- ‘call’......Page 490 TB soy- ‘be saturated’......Page 491 PT *kəln- ‘resound’......Page 492 PT *trənk- ‘lament’......Page 493 PT *lənk- ‘hang’......Page 494 PT *səlp- ‘glow’......Page 495 4.4.3. x|a-root present-subjunctives [class 5]......Page 496 PT *prəska- ‘be afraid’......Page 497 TB məka- ‘run’......Page 499 PT *yəya- ‘go, travel’......Page 500 4.4.4. *ńńə/e-denominatives [class 2]......Page 501 The lyāka-type in Tocharian B......Page 502 The lyāka-type in Tocharian A......Page 503 The derivation from Proto-Indo-European......Page 504 4.4.6. Causatives [prs. and sbj. classes 2 and 9]......Page 506 The loss of root-final -a......Page 507 The causative preterite [class 2]......Page 509 The causative stem pattern......Page 510 4.4.7. Conclusion......Page 511 4.5. The ə|∅-root subjunctive [class 1]......Page 512 The root subjunctive [class 1]......Page 513 The s-present [class 8]......Page 514 The s-preterite [class 3]......Page 515 4.5.2. The preterite-subjunctive......Page 517 4.5.3. Gradation and palatalisation......Page 518 4.5.4. *s and -sa-......Page 522 4.5.5. The accent......Page 526 The synchronic analysis of the Tocharian B accent......Page 527 The diachronic explanation of the Tocharian B accent......Page 528 The morphological accent in the subjunctive......Page 529 Further evidence from synchronic problems......Page 531 Explanations of the s-present......Page 534 The distribution of s-presents [class 8] and sk-presents [class 9]......Page 535 Primary *Ksk > sk and secondary *ksk > ks......Page 538 Additional arguments for Couvreur’s derivation......Page 540 4.5.7. *nəsk’ə/e-presents [class 10]......Page 543 4.5.8. Hittite 3sg. ḫi-prt. -š......Page 545 4.5.9. The 1st person singular preterite......Page 546 4.5.10. o-grade......Page 548 4.6.1. The subjunctive with gradation......Page 550 4.6.2. The stem pattern......Page 551 Secondary ‹n›/na-presents......Page 553 Original ‹n›/na-presents......Page 554 4.6.4. ‹n›/ṅk-presents [class 7]......Page 556 TA päyk- ‘write’, TB pəyk- ‘id.’......Page 557 TA läyk- ‘wash’, TB layka- ‘id.’......Page 558 PT *sərk- ‘be good; make good’......Page 559 Secondary ṅk-presents......Page 562 4.6.5. The root aorist......Page 565 Gradation and palatalisation......Page 567 Agreements between the two types......Page 568 The motivation for the transfer......Page 569 4.6.7. The preterite plural......Page 570 4.6.8. *e-presents [class 3]......Page 572 4.6.9. *nask’ə/e-presents [class 10]......Page 573 Tocharian B ññə/e-presents [class 12]......Page 576 Tocharian A ä|ā-root presents [class 5]......Page 578 4.7. e-grade presents......Page 579 4.7.1. The klep-type......Page 581 4.7.2. The kĺews-type......Page 585 4.7.3. The tək-type......Page 586 4.7.4. The sparcwṣ-äṃ-type......Page 591 Tocharian B......Page 592 Tocharian A......Page 593 4.7.5. Diachronic notes......Page 594 The tək-type......Page 595 w-presents......Page 596 s-presents......Page 598 The preterite-subjunctive......Page 599 The synchronic pattern......Page 600 Origins......Page 601 Further points......Page 603 4.8.2. The ñä/a-subjunctive [class 7]......Page 604 The source of the ñä/a-subjunctive......Page 605 The spread of the suffix......Page 607 The ’äyññä/a-subjunctive [class 12]......Page 608 4.8.3. The e-subjunctive [class 3]......Page 609 The e-subjunctive [class 3] and the e-present [class 3]......Page 610 The o-present [class 4]......Page 611 The x|∅-root preterite [class 3]......Page 612 Secondary ’ə/e-subjunctives......Page 613 Primary ’ə/e-subjunctives......Page 614 4.9.1. Subjunctive......Page 616 4.9.2. Present......Page 620 4.9.3. Perfect......Page 622 4.9.4. Aorist injunctive......Page 625 4.9.5. Semantic sources of the Tocharian subjunctive......Page 627 4.10.1. Origin......Page 628 4.10.2. Formation......Page 630 4.10.3. Tools and methods......Page 631 5.1. Morphology......Page 634 5.2. Syntax and meaning......Page 635 5.3. Origin......Page 636 5.4. Outlook......Page 637 1.3. First person announcements of speech......Page 640 1.4. First person movements......Page 641 1.5. Other first person examples......Page 642 1.7. Hearer......Page 643 1.8. Neutral prediction......Page 644 1.9. Future......Page 647 1.10. Fragmentary futures......Page 648 1.11. Questions......Page 650 1.14. Conditional with subjunctive apodosis (2nd person)......Page 652 1.15. Conditional with subjunctive apodosis (3rd person)......Page 653 1.16. Generic conditionals with present apodosis......Page 658 1.17. Inferential conditionals......Page 661 1.18. Specific conditionals with present apodosis......Page 662 1.20. Conditional followed by imperative clause......Page 664 1.22. Fragmentary conditionals......Page 666 1.23. Eventual......Page 667 1.24. Iterative and indefinite......Page 669 1.26. Concessive......Page 670 1.28. Final......Page 671 1.29. The present-subjunctive......Page 672 2.2. First person announcements of speech......Page 674 2.4. Other first person examples......Page 677 2.5. Hearer......Page 680 2.6. Neutral prediction......Page 681 2.7. Future......Page 685 2.8. Questions......Page 687 2.9. Conditionals with subjunctive apodosis (1st person)......Page 688 2.11. Conditionals with subjunctive apodosis (3rd person)......Page 690 2.12. Generic conditionals with present apodosis......Page 692 2.13. Inferential conditionals......Page 703 2.14. Karmavibhaṅga conditionals with present apodosis......Page 704 2.15. Vinaya conditionals......Page 708 2.16. Specific conditionals with present apodosis......Page 718 2.18. Conditionals with imperative apodosis......Page 719 2.19. Eventual......Page 721 2.20. Indefinite......Page 725 2.21. kos 'as'......Page 727 2.22. Final......Page 729 2.23. Compared to the present......Page 730 2.24. Compared to the optative......Page 731 2.25. Preterite participle with subjunctive copula......Page 732 2.26. The present-subjunctive......Page 736 Appendix 3: Overview of stem patterns......Page 738 References......Page 868 Index of words......Page 900 Index of passages......Page 933