THE THOUGHTFUL INVESTOR BASANT MAHESHWARI

ARCHETYPES OF WISDOM, 9E uses a historical approach to bring philosophy to life through lively narratives, engaging illustrations, and a student-friendly writing style. Using its signature conversational prose, the textbook guides students through the lives and works of history’s greatest philosophers, drawing from both canonical primary sources and the latest philosophical critiques. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version. Front Cover 1 Title Page 9 Copyright Page 11 Dedication Page 12 Brief Contents 14 CONTENTS 16 Preface 24 Introduction: Philosophy and the Search for Wisdom 34 What to Expect from This Book 35 Areas of Philosophy 37 Philosophical Archetypes 38 Are Philosophers Always Men? 40 Philosophy and the Search for Truth 42 "Isn't All This Just a Matter of Opinion?" 43 Wisdom, Knowledge, and Belief 45 Summary of Main Points 47 Post-Reading Reflections 48 Overview of Classical Themes 49 1. The Asian Sages: Lao-tzu, Confucius, and Buddha 55 The Harmony of Heaven and Earth 56 Sagehood 57 The Do-Nothing Sage: Lao-Tzu 58 The Way 59 The Way of Reversal 62 The Way of Inaction 65 The Social Sage: Confucius 67 The Bodhisattva 77 Karma 80 The Four Noble Truths 81 The Eightfold Path 83 The Buddha's Legacy 85 What the Buddha Did Not Explain 86 Commentary 88 Summary of Main Points 89 Post-Reading Reflections 90 2. The Presocratic Sophos 91 From Sophos to Philosopher 92 The Search for a Common Principle 94 Rational Discourse 94 The Problem of Change 95 The Logos 96 Appearance and Reality 98 The One 99 The Many 102 Atoms and the Void 103 Commentary 106 Summary of Main Points 106 Post-Reading Reflections 107 3. The Sophist: Protagoras 108 The Advent of Professional Educators 112 Power and Education 113 Relativism 115 Protagoras the Pragmatist 116 Moral Realism: Might Makes Right 120 The Doctrine of the Superior Individual 121 Commentary 123 Summary of Main Points 125 Post-Reading Reflections 126 4. The Wise Man: Socrates 127 The General Character of Socrates 129 The Teacher and His Teachings 136 The Dialectic 137 Socrates at Work 138 The Unexamined Life 143 The Physician of the Soul 147 The Trial and Death of Socrates 151 Commentary 156 Summary of Main Points 156 Post-Reading Reflections 157 5. The Philosopher-King: Plato 158 Plato's Life and Work 160 Plato's Epistemology 164 Knowledge and Being 165 The Theory of Forms 166 The Divided Line 171 The Simile of the Sun 173 The Allegory of the Cave 175 The Rule of the Wise 178 The Origin of Democracy 183 Commentary 188 Summary of Main Points 188 Post-Reading Reflections 189 6. The Naturalist: Aristotle 191 Works 192 Aristotle's Life 193 The Lyceum 194 The Naturalist 195 Natural Changes 196 Aristotle's Hierarchy of Explanations 199 The Four Causes 200 Entelechy 203 The Hierarchy of Souls 203 Natural Happiness 204 Hitting the Mark 210 Commentary 215 Summary of Main Points 216 Post-Reading Reflections 217 7. The Stoics: Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius 218 Hedonism 220 Epicureanism 222 The Cynical Origins of Stoicism 224 A Scout for Wisdom 226 Epictetus: From Slave to Sage 227 Marcus Aurelius: Philosopher-King 229 The Fated Life 231 Stoic Wisdom 235 The World of Epictetus 242 Commentary 244 Summary of Main Points 246 Post-Reading Reflections 247 8. The Scholar: Thomas Aquinas 248 The Seeds of Change 250 Augustine: Between Two Worlds 251 The Life of Thomas Aquinas 255 The Wisdom of the Scholar 257 Why Do People Argue about Spiritual Matters? 258 Proving the Existence of God 259 Commentary on the Five Ways 265 Complications for Natural Theology 267 Commentary 271 Summary of Main Points 272 Post-Reading Reflections 273 Overview of Modern Themes 274 9. The Rationalist: Rene Descartes 280 The Problem of Authority 281 Rene Descartes: The Solitary Intellect 282 Rationalism 283 The Method of Doubt 287 The Cartesian Genesis 290 The Innate Idea of God 295 The Cartesian Bridge 300 From Cosmos to Machine 303 Commentary 306 Summary of Main Points 307 Post-Reading Reflections 308 10. The Skeptic: David Hume 309 John Locke 311 George Berkeley 318 David Hume: The Scottish Skeptic 320 Hume's Skeptical Empiricism 324 The Limits of Reason 327 The Limits of Science 329 The Limits of Theology 330 The Limits of Ethics 332 Emotions are also Reasons 336 Commentary 339 Summary of Main Points 340 Post-Reading Reflections 341 11. The Universalist: Immanuel Kant 342 The Professor 344 A Scandal in Philosophy 346 Kant's Copernican Revolution 349 The Metaphysics of Morals 355 Moral Duty 359 A Kantian Theory of Justice 363 Commentary 366 Summary of Main Points 368 Post-Reading Reflections 369 12. The Utilitarian: John Stuart Mill 370 Social Hedonism 371 Philosophy and Social Reform 373 The Principle of Utility 375 John Stuart Mill 379 Refined Utilitarianism 382 Altruism and Happiness 386 Mill's Persistent Optimism 390 Against Liberty 391 Commentary 394 Summary of Main Points 396 Post-Reading Reflections 396 13. The Materialist: Karl Marx 398 The Prophet 399 Dialectical Materialism 405 Critique of Capitalism 409 Alienation 415 Commentary 419 Summary of Main Points 420 Post-Reading Reflections 421 14. The Existentialist: Soren Kierkegaard 422 Soren Kierkegaard 424 Truth as Subjectivity 430 An Age of Virtual Equality 435 Becoming a Subject 437 Stages on Life's Way 441 Dangerous Stuff 447 Commentary 449 Summary of Main Points 450 Post-Reading Reflections 450 15. The Pragmatist: William James 452 An American Original 453 Charles Sanders Peirce 458 Pragmatism 459 Pragmatic Religion 471 Truth is Always Personal 473 Commentary 475 Summary of Main Points 477 Post-Reading Reflections 478 16. The Anti-Philosopher: Friedrich Nietzsche 479 The Outsider 481 Truth is a Matter of Perspective 488 Attack on Objectivity 489 The Will to Power 491 The Diseases of Modernity 492 God is Dead 496 Overman 498 Slave Morality 499 Master Morality 502 Commentary 504 Summary of Main Points 505 Post-Reading Reflections 506 17. The Twentieth Century: Ludwig Wittgenstein and Martin Heidegger 507 Two Approaches to Philosophy 509 Ludwig Wittgenstein 510 What are You Talking About? 513 Wittgenstein's Turn 516 Martin Heidegger 518 Phenomenology: The Science of Beings 524 Being Human 525 What is the Meaning of Being? 527 The Attitude of Humanity 528 The "They" 530 The Age of Technology 534 Wither Philosophy? (A Pun) 540 Summary of Main Points 541 Post-Reading Reflections 542 18. Philosophy as a Way of Life 543 Jean-Paul Sartre: A Way of Life is a Philosophy 546 Freedom and Forlornness 548 The Reemergence of Other Voices 554 Martin Luther King, Jr.: Philosophic Activist 558 Peter Singer: "The Dangerous Philosopher" 563 Martha C. Nussbaum: "Lawyer for Humanity" 567 Philosophy and Human Development 570 Philosophy as a Way of Life 572 The Heart of Philosophy 575 A Vision for You 575 Summary of Main Points 577 Post-Reading Reflections 578 Chapter Notes 580 intro 580 ch01 580 ch02 581 ch03 582 ch04-05 582 ch06-07 583 ch08-09 584 ch10 585 ch11-12 586 ch13-14 587 ch15 588 ch16 589 ch17 590 ch18 591 Glossary 592 Bibliography of Philosophical Delights 601 Index of Margin Quotes 608 INDEX 610 A 610 B 611 C 612 D 613 E 614 F 615 G 616 H 616 I 617 J, K 618 L, M 619 N 620 O 621 P 621 Q, R 623 S 624 T 626 U 626 V 627 W 627 X 627 Y, Z 628 Timeline of Important Philosophical Trends 2 Timeline of Important Philosophical Trends (cont'd) 630 "ARCHETYPES OF WISDOM, 9E uses a historical approach to bring philosophy to life through lively narratives, engaging illustrations, and a student-friendly writing style. Using its signature conversational prose, the textbook guides students through the lives and works of history's greatest philosophers, drawing from both canonical primary sources and the latest philosophical critiques."-- Amazon.com Uses a historical approach to bring philosophy to life through lively narratives, engaging illustrations, and a student-friendly writing style. This textbook guides students through the lives and works of history's greatest philosophers, drawing from both canonical primary sources and the latest philosophical critiques.