The Texas State Constitution (Oxford Commentaries on the State Constitutions of the United States)

The Texas State Constitution provides an outstanding constitutional and historical account of the state's governing charter. In addition to an overview of Texas' constitutional history, this volume provides an in-depth, section-by-section analysis of the entire constitution, detailing the many significant changes that have been made since its initial drafting. This treatment, along with a table of cases, index, and bibliography provides an unsurpassed reference guide for students, scholars, and practitioners of Texas' constitution. Previously published by Greenwood, this title has been brought back in to circulation by Oxford University Press with new verve. Re-printed with standardization of content organization in order to facilitate research across the series, this title, as with all titles in the series, is set to join the dynamic revision cycle of The Oxford Commentaries on the State Constitutions of the United States . The Oxford Commentaries on the State Constitutions of the United States is an important series that reflects a renewed international interest in constitutional history and provides expert insight into each of the 50 state constitutions. Each volume in this innovative series contains a historical overview of the state's constitutional development, a section-by-section analysis of its current constitution, and a comprehensive guide to further research. Under the expert editorship of Professor G. Alan Tarr, Director of the Center on State Constitutional Studies at Rutgers University, this series provides essential reference tools for understanding state constitutional law. Books in the series can be purchased individually or as part of a complete set, giving readers unmatched access to these important political documents. Cover Contents Series Foreword Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction PART ONE: The History of the Texas Constitution Early Texas: Spain and Mexico (1519–1836) Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836–1845) Statehood Constitution (1845–1861) Constitution of 1861 (1861–1865) Constitution of 1866 (1866–1867) Constitution of 1869 (1869–1876) Constitution of 1876, the Current Constitution Revision and Amendments:1876–1899 Revision and Amendments:1900–1929 Revision and Amendments:1930–1959 Revision and Amendments:1960–1995 Summary of Amendments PART TWO: The Texas Constitution and Commentary Preamble Article I. Bill of Rights Section 1. Freedom and Sovereignty of State Section 2. Inherent Political Power; Republican Form of Government Section 3. Equal Rights Section 3a. Equality Under the Law Section 4. Religious Tests Section 5. Witnesses Not Disqualified by Religious Beliefs; Oaths and Affirmations Section 6. Freedom of Worship Section 7. Appropriations for Sectarian Purposes Section 8. Freedom of Speech and Press; Libel Section 9. Searches and Seizures Section 10. Rights of Accused in Criminal Prosecutions Section 11. Bail Section 11a. Multiple Convictions; Denial of Bail Section 12. Habeas Corpus Section 13. Excessive Bail or Fines; Cruel and Unusual Punishment; Remedy by Due Course of Law Section 14. Double Jeopardy Section 15. Right of Trial by Jury Section 15-a. Commitment of Persons of Unsound Mind Section 16. Bills of Attainder; Ex Post Facto or Retroactive Laws; Impairing Obligation of Contracts Section 17. Taking, Damaging, or Destroying Property for Public Use; Special Privileges and Immunities; Control of Privileges and Franchises Section 18. Imprisonment for Debt Section 19. Deprivation of Life, Liberty, Etc.; Due Course of Law Section 20. Outlawry or Transportation for Offense Section 21. Corruption of Blood; Forfeiture; Suicides Section 22. Treason Section 23. Right to Keep and Bear Arms Section 24. Military Subordinate to Civil Authority Section 25. Quartering Soldiers in Houses Section 26. Perpetuities and Monopolies; Primogeniture or Entailments Section 27. Right of Assembly; Petition for Redress of Grievances Section 28. Suspension of Laws Section 29. Provisions of Bill of Rights Excepted from Powers of Government; to Forever Remain Inviolate Section 30. Rights of Crime Victims Article II. The Powers of Government Section 1. Division of Powers; Three Separate Departments; Exercise of Power Properly Attached to Other Departments Article III. Legislative Department Section 1. Senate and House of Representatives Section 2. Membership of Senate and House of Representatives Section 3. Election and Term of Office of Senators Section 4. Election and Term of Members of House of Representatives Section 5. Meetings; Order of Business Section 6. Qualifications of Senators Section 7. Qualifications of Representatives Section 8. Each House Judge of Qualifications and Election; Contests Section 9. President Pro Tempore of Senate; Lieutenant Governor Office Vacancy; Speaker of House of Representatives Section 10. Quorum; Adjournments from Day to Day; Compelling Attendance Section 11. Rules of Procedure; Expulsion of Member Section 12. Journals of Proceedings; Entering Yeas and Nays Section 13. Vacancies; Writs of Election Section 14. Privileged from Arrest Section 15. Disrespectful or Disorderly Conduct; Obstruction of Proceedings Section 16. Open Sessions Section 17. Adjournments Section 18. Ineligibility for Other Offices; Interest in Contracts Section 19. Ineligibility of Persons Holding Other Offices Section 20. Collectors of Taxes; Persons Entrusted with Public Money; Ineligibility Section 21. Words Spoken in Debate Section 22. Disclosure of Private Interest in Measure or Bill; Not to Vote Section 23. Removal from District or County from which Elected Section 23a. John Tarleton Contract Validated Section 24. Compensation and Expenses of Members of Legislature; Duration of Sessions Section 24a. Texas Ethics Commission Section 25. Senatorial Districts Section 26. Apportionment of Members of House of Representatives Section 26a. Counties with More Than Seven Representatives Section 27. Elections Section 28. Time for Apportionment; Apportionment by Legislative Redistricting Board Section 29. Enacting Clause of Laws Section 30. Laws Passed by Bill; Amendments Changing Purpose Section 31. Origination in Either House; Amendment Section 32. Reading on Three Several Days; Suspension of Rule Section 33. Revenue Bills Section 34. Defeated Bills and Resolutions Section 35. Subjects and Titles of Bills Section 36. Revival or Amendment by Reference; Reenactment and Publication at Length Section 37. Reference to Committ ee and Report Section 38. Signing Bills and Joint Resolutions; Entry on Journals Section 39. Time of Taking Effect of Laws; Emergencies; Entry on Journal Section 40. Special Sessions; Subjects of Legislation; Duration Section 41. Elections by Senate and House of Representatives Section 42. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 43. Revision of Laws Section 44. Compensation of Public Officers, Servants, Agents, and Contractors; Extra Compensation; Unauthorized Claims; Unauthorized Employment Section 45. Change of Venue in Civil and Criminal Cases Section 46. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 47. Lotteries and Gift Enterprises; Bingo Games Section 48. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 48a. (Repealed Apr. 22, 1975) Section 48b. (Repealed Apr. 22, 1975) Section 48-d. Rural Fire Prevention Districts Section 48-e*. Emergency Services Districts Section 48-e*. Jail Districts Section 49. State Debts Section 49a. Financial Statement and Estimate by Comptroller of Public Accounts; Limitation of Appropriations; Bonds Section 49-b. Veterans’ Land Board; Bond Issue; Veterans’ Land Fund; Purchase of Lands and Resale to Texas Veterans Section 49-b-l. Bonds Issued to Augment Veterans’ Land Fund and for Veterans’ Housing Assistance Fund; Appropriation When Money in Either Fund Not Available Section 49-b-2. Bonds to Augment Veterans’ Land Fund and Veterans’ Housing Assistance Fund, to Fund the Veterans’ Housing Assistance Fund II, and to Provide Financial Assistance to Veterans of the State Section 49-c. Texas Water Development Board; Bond Issue; Texas Water Development Fund Section 49-d. Acquisition and Development of Water Storage Facilities; Filtration, Treatment and Transportation of Water; Enlargement of Reservoirs Section 49-d-l. Additional Texas Water Development Bonds Section 49-d-2. Additional Bonding Authority of Texas Water Development Board; Dedicated Use of Some Proceeds Section 49-d-3. Creation and Use of Special Funds for Water Projects Section 49-d-4. Bond Insurance Program for Water Projects Section 49-d-5. Extension of Benefits to Nonprofit Water Supply Corporations Section 45-d-6. Additional Texas Water Development Bonds; Use of Bonds; Review and Approval Section 49-d-7. Additional Texas Water Development Bonds; Use of Bonds and Proceeds; Review and Approval Section 49-e. Texas Park Development Fund Section 49-f. Bonds to Fund Financial Assistance to Purchase Farm and Ranch Land Section 49-g*. Superconducting Super Collider Fund Section 49-g*. Economic Stabilization Fund Section 49-h. Bond Issues for Facilities of Correctional Institutions, Statewide Law Enforcement Facilities, and Mental Health and Mental Retardation Institutions Section 49-i. Texas Agricultural Fund Section 50. Loan or Pledge of Credit of State Section 50a. State Medical Education Board; State Medical Education Fund; Purpose Section 50b. Student Loans Section 50b-1. Additional Student Loans Section 50b-2. Additional Student Loans Section 50b-3. Additional Student Loans Section 50c. Farm and Ranch Loans Section 50-d. Agricultural Water Conservation Bonds Section 50-e. Guarantee of Texas Grain Warehouse Self-Insurance Fund Section 51. Grants of Public Money Prohibited; Exceptions Section 51-a. Assistance Grants and Medical Care for Needy Aged, Disabled, and Blind Persons and Needy Children; Federal Funds Section 51-a-1. Assistance to Local Fire Departments Section 51-b. (Repealed Nov. 7, 1978) Section 51-c. Aid or Compensation to Persons Improperly Fined or Imprisoned Section 51-d. Payment or Assistance to Survivors of Law Enforcement and Other Officers Section 51-e. (Repealed Apr. 22, 1975) Section 51-f. (Repealed Apr. 22, 1975) Section 5lg. Social Security Coverage of Proprietary Employees of Political Subdivisions Section 52. Counties, Cities or Other Political Corporations or Subdivisions; Lending Credit; Grants; Bonds Section 52-a. Loan or Grant of Public Money for Economic Development Section 52-b. Loan of State’s Credit or Grant of Public Money for Toll Road Purposes; Exception Section 52-c. (Blank) Section 52d. County or Road District Tax for Road Purposes Section 52e*. Payment of Medical Expenses of Law Enforcement Officials Section 52e*. Dallas County Bond Issues for Roads and Turnpikes Section 52-f. Private Road Work by Certain Counties Section 53. County or Municipal Authorities; Extra Compensation; Unauthorized Claims Section 54. Liens on Railroad; Release, Alienation or Change Section 55. Release or Extinguishment of Indebtedness to State, County, Subdivision or Municipal Corporation Section 56. Local and Special Laws Section 57. Notice of Intention to Apply for Local or Special Laws Section 58. Seat of Government Section 59. Workmen’s Compensation Insurance for State Employees Section 60. Workmen’s Compensation Insurance for Employees of Counties and Other Political Subdivisions Section 61*. Workmen’s Compensation Insurance for Municipal Employees Section 61*. Minimum Salaries Section 62. Continuity of State and Local Governmental Operations; Suspension of Constitutional Procedural Rules Section 63. Consolidation of Governmental Functions of Political Subdivisions in Counties of 1, 200, 000 or More Section 64. Consolidation of Governmental Offices and Functions Section 65. Public Bonds; Interest Rate; Conflicting Rates Repealed; Veterans’ Land Board Bonds Article IV. Executive Department Section 1. Officers Constituting the Executive Department Section 2. Election of Officers of Executive Department Section 3. Returns of Election; Declaration of Election; Tie Votes; Contests Section 3a. Death, Disability or Failure to Qualify of Person Receiving Highest Vote Section 4. Installation of Governor; Term; Eligibility Section 5. Compensation of Governor Section 6. Holding Other Offices; Practice of Profession; Other Salary, Reward, or Compensation Section 7. Commander-in-Chief of Military Forces; Calling Forth Militia Section 8. Convening Legislature on Extraordinary Occasions Section 9. Governors Message and Recommendations; Accounting for Public Money; Estimates of Money Required Section 10. Execution of Laws; Conduct of Business with Other States and United States Section 11. Board of Pardons and Paroles; Parole Laws; Reprieves, Commutations, and Pardons; Remission of Fines and Forfeitures Section 11a. Suspension of Sentence and Probation Section 11b. Criminal Justice Agencies Section 12. Vacancies in State or District Offices Section 13. Residence of Governor Section 14. Approval or Disapproval of Bills; Return and Reconsideration; Failure to Return; Disapproval of Items of Appropriation Section 15. Approval or Disapproval of Orders, Resolutions, or Votes Section 16. Lieutenant Governor Section 17. Death, Resignation, Refusal to Serve, Removal, Inability to Serve, Impeachment or Absence; Compensation Section 18. Restrictions and Inhibitions Section 19. Seal of State Section 20. Commissions Section 21. Secretary of State Section 22. Attorney General Section 23. Comptroller of Public Accounts; Treasurer; Commissioner of General Land Office; Elected Statutory State Officers; Term; Salary; Fees, Costs and Perquisites Section 24. Accounts and Reports; Information to, and Inspection by, Governor; Perjury Section 25. Custodians of Public Funds; Breaches of Trust and Duty Section 26. Notaries Public Article V. Judicial Department Section 1. Judicial Power; Courts in Which Vested Section 1-a. Retirement, Censure, Removal, and Compensation of Justices and Judges; State Commission on Judicial Conduct; Procedure Section 2. Supreme Court; Justices; Sections; Eligibility; Election; Vacancies Section 3. Jurisdiction of Supreme Court; Writs; Clerk Section 3a. Sessions of Court Section 3-b. Appeal from Order Granting or Denying Injunction Section 3-c. Jurisdiction to Answer Questions of State Law Certified from Federal Appellate Court Section 4. Court of Criminal Appeals; Judges Section 5. Jurisdiction of Court of Criminal Appeals; Terms of Court; Clerk Section 6. Courts of Appeals; Terms of Justices; Clerks Section 7. Judicial Districts; District Judges; Terms or Sessions; Absence, Disability, or Disqualification of Judge Section 7a. Judicial Districts Board; Reapportionment of Judicial Districts Section 8. Jurisdiction of District Court Section 9. Clerk of District Court Section 10. Trial by Jury Section 11. Disqualification of Judges; Exchange of Districts; Holding Court for Other Judges Section 12. Judges to be Conservators of the Peace; Indictments and Information Section 13. Number of Grand and Petit Jurors; Number Concurring Section 14. (Repealed Nov. 5, 1985) Section 15. County Court; County Judge Section 16. County Courts; Jurisdiction; Disqualification of Judge Section 16a. (Repealed Nov. 5, 1985) Section 17. Terms of County Clerk; Prosecutions; Juries Section 18. Division of Counties into Precincts; Election of Constable and Justice of the Peace; County Commissioners and County Commissioners Court; Change in Precinct Boundaries Section 19. Justices of the Peace; Jurisdiction; Ex Officio Notaries Public Section 20. County Clerk Section 21. County Attorneys; District Attorneys Section 22. (Repealed Nov. 5, 1985) Section 23. Sheriffs Section 24. Removal of County Officers Section 25. (Repealed Nov. 5, 1985) Section 26. Criminal Cases; Appeal by State Section 27. Transfer of Cases Pending at Adoption of Constitution Section 28. Vacancies in Judicial Offices Section 29. County Court; Terms of Court; Probate Business; Commencement of Prosecutions; Jury Section 30. Judges of Courts of County-Wide Jurisdiction; Criminal District Attorneys Section 31. Court Administration and Rule-Making Authority Article VI. Suffrage Section 1. Classes of Persons Not Allowed to Vote Section 2. Qualified Elector; Registration; Absentee Voting Section 2a. Voting for Presidential and Vice-Presidential Electors and Statewide Offices; Qualified Persons Except for Residence Requirements Section 3. Municipal Elections; Qualifications of Voters Section 3a. Bond Issues; Loans of Credit; Expenditures; Assumption of Debts; Qualifications of Voters Section 4. Elections by Ballot; Numbering, Fraud and Purity of Elections; Registration of Voters Section 5. Privilege of Voters from Arrest Article VII. Education Section 1. Support and Maintenance of System of Public Free Schools Section 2. Perpetual School Fund Section 2A. Release of Claim to Certain Lands and Minerals Section 3. Taxes for Benefit of Schools; School Districts Section 3a. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 3-b. Independent School Districts and Junior College Districts; Taxes and Bonds; Changes in Boundaries Section 4. Sale of Lands; Investment of Proceeds Section 4A. Public Free School Fund Lands Held Fifty Years Under Color of Title; Application for Patent; Conditions; Excluded Land Section 5. Permanent School Fund; Available School Fund; Use of Funds; Distribution of Available School Fund Section 6. County School Lands; Proceeds of Sales; Investment; Available School Fund Section 6a. County Agricultural or Grazing School Land Subject to Tax Section 6b. Reduction of County Permanent School Fund; Distribution Section 7. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 8. State Board of Education Section 9. Lands for Benefit of Asylums; Permanent Fund; Sale and Investment of Proceeds Section 10. Establishment of University; Agricultural and Mechanical Department Section 11. Permanent University Fund; Investment; Alternate Sections of Railroad Grant Section 11a. Investment of Permanent University Fund Section 11b. Permanent University Fund; Authorized Investments Section 12. Sale of Lands Section 13. Agricultural and Mechanical College Section 14. Prairie View A&M University Section 15. Grant of Additional Lands to University Section 16*. Terms of Office Section 16*. County Taxation of University Lands Section 17. Colleges and Universities; Appropriations and Funding Section 18. Texas A&M University System; University of Texas System; Bonds or Notes Payable from Income of Available University Fund Article VIII. Taxation and Revenue Section 1. Equality and Uniformity; Tax in Proportion to Value; Taxation of Tangible and Intangible Property; Occupation Taxes; Income Tax; Exemption of Household Goods Section 1-a. No State Ad Valorem Tax Levy; County Levy for Roads and Flood Control; Tax Donations Section 1-b. Residence Homestead Exemption Section 1-b-1. References to County Education Districts Section 1-c. Effectiveness of Resolution Section 1-d. Assessment of Lands Designated for Agricultural Use Section 1-d-1. Taxation of Certain Open-Space Land Section 1-e. Abolition of Ad Valorem Taxes; Previous Receipts Section 1-f. Cultural, Historical, or Natural History Preservation; Ad Valorem Tax Relief Section 1-g. Development or Redevelopment of Property; Ad Valorem Tax Relief and Issuance of Bonds and Notes Section 1-h. Validation of Assessment Ratio Section 1-i. Mobile Marine Drilling Equipment; Ad Valorem Tax Relief Section 1-j. Certain Tangible Personal Property Exempt from Ad Valorem Taxation Section 1-k. Nonprofit Corporations Supplying Water or Providing Wastewater Services; Exemption of Property from Ad Valorem Taxation Section 1–1. Property Used for Control of Air, Water, or Land Pollution; Exemption from Ad Valorem Taxation Section 2. Occupation Taxes; Equality and Uniformity; Exemptions from Taxation Section 3. General Laws; Public Purposes Section 4. Surrender or Suspension of Taxing Power Section 5. Railroad Property; Liability to Municipal Taxation Section 6. Withdrawal of Money from Treasury; Duration of Appropriation Section 7. Borrowing, Withholding, or Diverting Special Funds Section 7-a. Revenues from Motor Vehicle Registration Fees and Taxes on Motor Fuels and Lubricants; Purposes for Which Used Section 7-b. Revenues from Federal Reimbursement; Purposes for Which Used Section 8. Railroad Companies; Assessment and Collection of Taxes Section 9. Maximum State Tax; County, City and Town Levies; County Funds; Local Road Laws Section 10. Release from Payment of Taxes Section 11. Place of Assessment; Value of Property Not Rendered by Owner Section 12. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 13. Sales of Lands and Other Property for Taxes; Redemption Section 14. Assessor and Collector of Taxes Section 15. Lien of Assessment; Seizure and Sale of Property Section 16. Assessor and Collector of Taxes; Counties Having 10, 000 or More Inhabitants Section 16a. Assessor-Collector of Taxes; Counties Having Less Than 10, 000 Inhabitants Section 17. Specification of Subjects Not Limitation of Legislature’s Power Section 18. Equalization of Valuations; Single Appraisal Section 19. Farm Products, Livestock, Poultry, and Family Supplies; Exemption Section 19a. Implements of Husbandry; Exemption Section 20. Fair Cash Market Value Not to be Exceeded; Discounts for Advance Payment Section 21. Increase in Total Property Taxes; Notice and Hearing; Calculation Section 22. Restriction on Appropriations Section 23. Appraisal of Property; Enforcement of Standards Section 24. Personal Income Tax; Dedication of Proceeds Article IX. Counties Section 1. Creation of Counties Section 1-A. Counties Bordering on Gulf of Mexico or Tide-Water Limits Thereof; Regulation of Motor Vehicles on Beaches Section 2. Removal of County Seats Section 3. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 4. County-Wide Hospital Districts Section 5. City of Amarillo; Wichita County; Jefferson County; Creation and Funding of Hospital Districts Section 6. Lamar County Hospital District; Abolition; Transfer of Assets Section 7. Hidalgo County Hospital District; Creation; Tax Rate Section 8. County Commissioners Precinct No. 4 of Comanche County; Hospital District; Creation; Tax Rate Section 9. Hospital Districts; Creation, Operation, Powers, Duties and Dissolution Section 9A. Hospital Districts; Regulation of Health Care Services Section 9B. Hospital Districts in Counties with Population of 75, 000 or Less Section 10. (Blank) Section 11. Hospital Districts; Ochiltree, Castro, Hansford, and Hopkins Counties; Creation; Taxes Section 12. Airport Authorities Section 13. Participation of Municipalities and Other Political Subdivisions in Establishment of Mental Health, Mental Retardation, or Public Health Services Article X. Railroads Section 1. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 2. Public Highways; Common Carriers; Regulation of Tariffs, Correction of Abuses, and Prevention of Discrimination and Extortion; Means and Agencies Section 3–9. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Article XI. Municipal Corporations Section 1. Counties as Legal Subdivisions Section 2. Jails, Court-Houses, Bridges, and Roads Section 3. Subscriptions to Corporate Capital; Donations; Loan of Credit Section 4. Cities and Towns with Population of 5, 000 or Less; Chartered by General Law; Taxes; Fines; Forfeitures and Penalties Section 5. Cities of More than 5, 000 Population; Adoption or Amendment of Charters; Taxes; Debt Restrictions Section 6. Taxes to Pay Interest and Create Sinking Fund to Satisfy Indebtedness Section 7. Counties and Cities on Gulf of Mexico; Tax for Sea Walls, Breakwaters, and Sanitation; Bonds; Condemnation of Right of Way Section 8. Donation of Portion of Public Domain to Aid in Construction of Sea Walls or Breakwaters Section 9. Property Exempt from Forced Sale and from Taxation Section 10. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 11. Maximum Four-Year Terms of Office for Elective and Appointive City Officials Authorized; Vacancies Section 12. Expenditures for Relocation or Replacement of Sanitation Sewer or Water Laterals on Private Property Section 13. Classification of Municipal Functions Article XII. Private Corporations Section 1. Creation by General Laws Section 2. General Laws to be Enacted; Protection of Public and Stockholders Section 3. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 4. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 5. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 6. (Repealed Nov. 2, 1993) Section 7. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Article XIII. Spanish and Mexican Land Titles (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Article XIV. Public Lands and Land Office Section 1. General Land Office Section 2–8. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Article XV. Impeachment Section 1. Power of Impeachment Section 2. Trial of Impeachment of Certain Officers by Senate Section 3. Oath or Affirmation of Senators; Concurrence of Two-Thirds Required Section 4. Judgment; Indictment, Trial, and Punishment Section 5. Suspension Pending Impeachment; Provisional Appointments Section 6. Judges of District Court; Removal by Supreme Court Section 7. Removal of Officers When Mode Not Provided in Constitution Section 8. Removal of Judges by Governor on Address of Two-Thirds of Each House of Legislature Section 9. Removal by Governor with Advice and Consent of Senate Article XVI. General Provisions Section 1. Official Oath Section 2. Exclusions from Office, Jury Service and Right of Suffrage; Protection of Right of Suffrage Section 3. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 4. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 5. Disqualification to Hold Office by Giving or Offering Bribe Section 6. Appropriations for Private Purposes; State Participation in Programs Financed with Private or Federal Funds for Rehabilitation of Blind, Crippled, or Physically or Mentally Handicapped Persons Section 7. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 8. County Poor House and Farm Section 9. Forfeiture of Residence by Absence on Public Business Section 10. Deductions from Salary for Neglect of Duty Section 11. Usury; Rate of Interest in Absence of Legislation Section 12. Members of Congress; Officers of United States or Foreign Power; Ineligibility to Hold Office Section 13. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 14. Civil Officers; Residence; Location of Offices Section 15. Separate and Community Property Section 16. Corporations with Banking and Discounting Privileges Section 17. Officers to Serve Until Successors Qualified Section 18. Existing Rights of Property and of Action; Rights or Actions Not Revived Section 19. Qualifications of Jurors Section 20. Mixed Alcoholic Beverages; Intoxicating Liquors; Regulation; Local Option Section 21. Public Printing and Binding; Repairs and Furnishings; Contracts Section 22. Fence Laws Section 23. Regulation of Live Stock; Protection of Stock Raisers; Inspections; Brands Section 24. Roads and Bridges Section 25. Drawbacks and Rebatement to Carriers, Shippers, Merchants, Etc. Section 26. Homicide; Liability in Damages Section 27. Vacancies Filled for Unexpired Term Section 28. Garnishment of Wages Section 29. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 30. Duration of Offices; Railroad Commission Section 30a. Members of Boards; Terms of Office Section 30b. Civil Service Offices; Duration Section 31. Practitioners of Medicine Section 32. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 33. Salary or Compensation Payments to Persons Holding More Than One Office Section 34. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 35. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 36. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 37. Liens of Mechanics, Artisans, and Material Men Section 38. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 39. Appropriations for Historical Memorials Section 40. Holding More Than One Office; Exceptions; Right to Vote Section 41. Bribery and Acceptance of Bribes Section 42. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 43. Exemptions from Public Duty or Service Section 44. County Treasurer and County Surveyor Section 45. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 46. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 47. Conscientious Scruples as to Bearing Arms Section 48. Existing Laws to Continue in Force Section 49. Protection of Personal Property from Forced Sale Section 50. Homestead; Protection from Forced Sale; Mortgages, Trust Deeds, and Liens Section 51. Amount of Homestead; Uses Section 52. Descent and Distribution of Homestead; Restrictions on Partition Section 53. Process and Writs Not Executed or Returned at Adoption of Constitution Section 54. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 55. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 56. Appropriations for Development and Dissemination of Information Concerning Texas Resources Section 57. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 58. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 59. Conservation and Development of Natural Resources; Conservation and Reclamation Districts Section 60. (Repealed Aug. 5, 1969) Section 61. Compensation of District, County and Precinct Officers; Salary or Fee Basis; Disposition of Fees Section 62. (Repealed Apr. 22, 1975) Section 63. (Repealed Apr. 22, 1975) Section 64. Terms of Office, Certain Offices Section 65. Transition from Two-Year to Four-Year Terms of Office Section 65 A. Fort Bend County District Att orney Section 66. Texas Rangers; Retirement and Disability Pension System for Rangers Ineligible for Membership in Employees Retirement System Section 67. State and Local Retirement Systems Section 68. Associations of Agricultural Producers; Assessments on Product Sales to Finance Programs of Marketing, Promotion, Research, and Education Section 69. Prior Approval of Expenditure or Emergency Transfer of Appropriated Funds Section 70. Texas Growth Fund Section 71. Texas Product Development and Small Business Incubator Funds; Bonds Article XVII. Mode of Amending the Constitution of this State Section 1. Proposed Amendments; Publication; Submission to Voters; Adoption Section 2. Constitutional Revision Commission; Constitutional Convention Bibliographical Essay Table of Cases Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z About the Author
The Texas State Constitution provides an outstanding constitutional and historical account of the state's governing charter. In addition to an overview of Texas' constitutional history, this volume provides an in-depth, section-by-section analysis of the entire constitution, detailing the many significant changes that have been made since its initial drafting. This treatment, along with a table of cases, index, and bibliography provides an unsurpassed reference guide for students, scholars, and practitioners of Texas' constitution.

The Oxford Commentaries on the State Constitutions of the United States is an important new series that reflects a renewed international interest in constitutional history and provides expert insight into each of the 50 state constitutions. Each volume in this innovative series contains a historical overview of the state's constitutional development, a section-by-section analysis of its current constitution, and a comprehensive guide to further research.

Under the expert editorship of Professor G. Alan Tarr, Director of the Center on State Constitutional Studies at Rutgers University, this series provides essential reference tools for understanding state constitutional law. Books in the series can be purchased individually or as part of a complete set, giving readers unmatched access to these important political documents.

"The Texas State Constitution provides an outstanding constitutional and historical account of the state's governing charter. In addition to an overview of Texas' constitutional history, this volume provides an in-depth, section-by-section analysis of the entire constitution, detailing the many significant changes that have been made since its initial drafting. This treatment, along with a table of cases, index, and bibliography provides an unsurpassed reference guide for students, scholars, and practitioners of Texas' constitution. The Oxford Commentaries on the State Constitutions of the United States is an important new series that reflects a renewed international interest in constitutional history and provides expert insight into each of the 50 state constitutions. Each volume in this innovative series contains a historical overview of the state's constitutional development, a section-by-section analysis of its current constitution, and a comprehensive guide to further research. Under the expert editorship of Professor G. Alan Tarr, Director of the Center on State Constitutional Studies at Rutgers University, this series provides essential reference tools for understanding state constitutional law. Books in the series can be purchased individually or as part of a complete set, giving readers unmatched access to these important political documents"-- Provided by publisher