The Teleoscopic Polity: Andean Patriarchy and Materiality (Contributions To Global Historical Archaeology Book 38)

Annotation This volume provides an up-to-date and in-depth summary and analysis of the political practices of pre-Columbian communities of the Araucanians or Mapuche of south-central Chile and adjacent regions. This synthesis draws upon the empirical record documented in original research, as well as a critical examination of previous studies. By applying both archaeological and ethnohistorical approaches, the latter including ethnography, this volume distinguishes itself from many other studies that explore South American archaeology. Archaeological and traditional-historical narratives of the pre-European past are considered in their own terms and for the extent to which they can be integrated in order to provide a more rounded and realistic understanding than otherwise of the origins and courses of ecological, economic, social and political changes in south-central Chile from late pre-Hispanic times, through the contact period and up to Chile s independence from Spain (ca. AD 1450-1810). Both the approach and the results are discussed in the light of similar situations elsewhere. Throughout its treatment, the volume continually comes back to two central questions: (1) how did the varied practices, institutions, and worldviews of the Mapuche s ancient communities emerge as a historical process that resisted the Spanish empire for more than 250 years? and (2) how were these communities reproduced and transformed in the face of ongoing culture contact and landscape change during the early Colonial period? These questions are considered in light of contemporary theoretical concepts regarding practice, landscape, environment, social organization, materiality and community that will make the book relevant for students and scholars interested in similar processes elsewhere Preface 5 Abstract 7 Acknowledgements 8 Contents 9 Contributors 15 About the Author 17 List of Figures 18 List of Tables 24 Part I 25 History and Polity 25 Chapter 1 26 Introduction 26 Turbulence, Leadership, and the Composite Polity 34 The Analytical Approach 38 Setting the Historical Scene 41 Unity and Disunity 46 Organization of the Book 48 References 49 Chapter 2 54 The Estado as a Proto-State Polity 54 Scholarly Considerations of Polity/State Formation 54 The Matter of State in the Andes 56 Political Authority and Legitimacy 59 Ancestral and Ritual Authority 62 Standardization and Incorporation 65 Social Reciprocity and Political Obligation 66 Coalescing the Private and Public: The Ascent of Patriarchicalism 69 Warriorhood 72 References 74 Chapter 3 78 The Spanish-Araucanian World of the Purén and Lumaco Valley in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 78 Introduction 78 The Regional Nahuelbuta Cordillera System: Definition and General Characteristics 78 The Nahuelbuta Cordillera System and the First Spanish Contacts in the Sixteenth Century 80 The Spanish Presence in the Nahuelbuta Cordillera of the Sixteenth Century: Gold and the Distribution and Control of the Population 83 The Four Sixteenth-Century Provinces or “Estado” and their Levos 85 The Province of Purén from the Sixteenth Century to the Beginning of the Seventeenth Century 88 Conclusions 94 Archives 95 References 95 Part II 97 The Setting and Evidence 97 Chapter 4 98 Data, Methods, and Background 98 Introduction 98 Triangulation 100 Domains and Styles 102 Prior Historical Perspectives 103 Historical Araucanian Archaeology 106 Rituals and Mound Complexes 108 Research Setting and Plan 109 Archaeological Field and Laboratory Methods 110 Surface Collections 110 Topographic Mapping 111 Surface Collection Strategy 112 Geophysical Testing through Electromagnetic Induction Survey 112 Excavation Strategy 113 Chronological Scheme for Radiocarbon and Thermoluminescence Dates and Ceramic Types 114 Archaic Period (~ 6000 BC–AD 400) 117 Early Pre-Hispanic Period (EPH, ~ AD 400–1000) 117 Late Pre-Hispanic Period (LPH, ~ AD 1000–1550) 117 Early Hispanic Period (EH, ~ AD 1550–1700) 118 Epilogue 118 References 118 Chapter 5 122 Archaeological Material Manifestations 122 Introduction 122 Mounds, Ceramics, and Settlement Patterns 123 Ethnographic Houses 125 Archaeological Houses and Community 128 Public Ceremony 129 Sacred Hilltops 130 Ceremonial Fields 131 The Nguillatun Ceremony 133 Kuel Mounds 135 Sacred Trees 136 Burials 137 Miscellany 137 Patrilineality, Simple Materiality, and Social Integration 138 References 140 Chapter 6 143 Environmental Responses to Climatic and Cultural Changes 143 Introduction 143 Environmental Setting 146 Methods 147 Results and Interpretations 148 Geochemical Sediment Description and Chronology 148 Biological Proxies: Pollen, Diatoms, Chironomids, and Charcoal Records 149 Calibration of Z. mays Pollen 153 Discussion 154 References 156 Chapter 7 162 The Archaeological Record 162 Introduction 162 Results of Electromagnetic Induction Survey 171 Off-Mound Soil Profile 229 Mound Stratigraphy and Construction Sequence 236 References 239 Chapter 8 240 Archaeobotanical Remains 240 Introduction 240 Method and Carpological Results 243 Site PU-165 244 Site PU-166 246 Site LU-69 246 Summary: Facts and Assumptions on Plants and Agriculture in Nahuelbuta 247 References 252 Chapter 9 255 Ceramics and Other Artifacts 255 Introduction 255 Research Area, Questions, and General Approach 256 Decoration Tools and Techniques 256 Ceramic Typology 257 Chronological Consideration of Diagnostic Wares 265 Artifact Simplicity and Standardization 266 Stone Pipe from TrenTrenkuel 267 Stone Artifacts 268 Conclusion 269 References 270 Chapter 10 272 Site Distribution and Settlement Pattern 272 Introduction 272 Settlement Patterns 274 Domestic 275 Kuel 276 Nguillatun Fields 277 Cemeteries 278 Cerros Sagrados 278 Fortresses 279 Agricultural Fields 279 Site Concentrations 280 Agricultural Concentrations 280 Temporal Comparisons 282 Early Pre-Hispanic Period (EPH, ~AD 400–1000) 283 Late Pre-Hispanic Period (LPH, ~AD 1000–1550) 284 Early Hispanic Period (EH, ~ AD 1550–1700) 287 Continuous Occupation 289 Discussion 289 References 290 Part III 292 The Teleoscopic Polity 292 Chapter 11 293 The Kuel and Ceremonial Fields as Places of Patriotism and Patriarchy 293 Introduction 293 The Need and Condition for Order 297 Rights and Duties of Kinsmen, Kuel, and Ceremonial Fields 298 From Domestic to Public: Teleoscopic Extension of the Patrilineal Family to the Lof Community to the Patriarchical Polity 303 The Telescopic Polity: Reciprocity and Obligation 307 New Subject Categories of the Polity 311 A State Lost? Redistributive Politics and Translocal Patriotism 312 A Matter of State: Araucanian and Andean 316 Unostentatious Materiality: Breaking Down Hierarchy and Difference 317 Epilogue 320 References 325 Chapter 12 328 Appendix 1: Radiocarbon and Thermoluminescence Dates 328 Radiocarbon Dates 328 Thermoluminescence Dates 332 Chapter 13 336 Appendix 2: Carbonized Botanical Remains from Sites in Purén and Lumaco 336 Introduction 336 Methods 339 Results 344 Discussion 346 Conclusions 349 References 350 Chapter 14 354 Appendix 3: Analysis of Wood Charcoal Remains from Kuel and Domestic Sites 354 Introduction 354 Material and Methods 355 Results 355 Vegetation Description for Each Site Zone 355 Analysis of Wood Charcoal Remains 356 Wood Charcoal Remains from Kuel or Ceremonial Sites 357 Domestic Sites 358 Unidentified Wood Charcoal Remains 360 Anatomical Identification of the Samples 362 Conclusions 363 References 364 Chapter 15 365 Appendix 4: Phytolith Analysis of Sites LU-69 and PU-165 365 Introduction 365 Methodology 365 Results 366 References 372 Chapter 16 374 Appendix 5: Soil Samples from Three Kuels 374 Introduction 374 Description of the Soils in the Study Area 375 Mountain and Hill Soils (CIREN 2002) 375 Other Similar and Related Series and Association Soils 376 Soils of the Valley Floor (CIREN 2002) 376 Description of the Climate (Santibáñez and Uribe 1993) 377 The Kuels and Their Pedological Interpretation 379 Description of Soils in the Stratigraphy at TrenTrenkuel 380 Maicoyakuel 387 Boyoncokuel or Scheelkuel 392 Conclusions 394 Appendix 394 References 395 Index 396 This Volume Provides An Up-to-date And In-depth Summary And Analysis Of The Political Practices Of Pre-columbian Communities Of The Araucanians Or Mapuche Of Southcentral Chile And Adjacent Regions. This Synthesis Draws Upon The Empirical Record Documented In Original Research, As Well As A Critical Examination Of Previous Studies. By Applying Both Archaeological And Ethnohistorical Approaches, The Latter Including Ethnography, This Volume Distinguishes Itself From Many Other Studies That Explore South American Archaeology. Archaeological And Traditional-historical Narratives Of The Pre-european Past Are Considered In Their Own Terms And For The Extent To Which They Can Be Integrated In Order To Provide A More Rounded And Realistic Understanding Than Otherwise Of The Origins And Courses Of Ecological, Economic, Social And Political Changes In The South-central Andes From Late Pre-hispanic Times, Through The Contact Period And Up To Chile’s Independence From Spain (ca. Ad 1450-1810). Both The Approach And The Results Are Discussed In The Light Of Similar Situations Elsewhere. Hroughout Its Treatment, The Volume Continually Comes Back To Two Central Questions: (1) How Did The Varied Practices, Institutions, And Worldviews Of The Mapuche’s Ancient Communities Emerge As A Historical Process That Resisted The Spanish Empire For More Than 250 Years, And (2) How Were These Communities Reproduced And Transformed In The Face Of Ongoing Culture Contact And Landscape Change During The Early Colonial Period? These Questions Are Considered In Light Of Contemporary Theoretical Concepts Regarding Practice, Landscape, Environment, Social Organization, Materiality, Community, And What The Author Refers To As A Teleoscopic Political Formation That Will Make The Book Relevant For Students And Scholars Interested In Similar Processes Elsewhere.-- Introduction / Tom D. Dillehay -- The Estado As A Proto-state Polity / Tom D. Dillehay -- The Spanish-araucanian World Of The Purén And Lumaco Valley In The Sixteenth And Seventeenth Centuries / José Manuel Zavala C. -- Data, Methods, And Background / Tom D. Dillehay -- Archaeological Material Manifestations / Tom D. Dillehay -- Environmental Responses To Climatic And Cultural Changes / Ana M. Abarzúa [and Six Others] -- The Archaeological Record / Tom D. Dillehay And José Saavedra Zapata -- Archaeobotanical Remains / Claudia Silva Díaz -- Ceramics And Other Artifacts / Tom D. Dillehay -- Site Distribution And Settlement Pattern / Tom D. Dillehay, J. Paige Silcox And Carlos Ocampo E. -- The Kuel And Ceremonial Fields As Places Of Patriotism And Patriarchy / Tom D. Dillehay -- Appendix 1. Radiocarbon And Thermoluminescence Dates / Tom D. Dillehay And J. Paige Silcox -- Appendix 2. Carbonized Botanical Remains From Sites In Purén And Lumaco / Renée M. Bonzani -- Appendix 3. Analysis Of Wood Charcoal Remains From Kuel And Domestic Sites / Maria Eugenia Solari -- Appendix 4. Phytolith Analysis Of Sites Lu-60 And Pu-165 / José Iriarte -- Appendix 5. Soil Samples From Three Kuel / Oscar Seguel, Mario Pino Q. And Tom D. Dillehay. Tom D. Dillehay [and 16 Others]. This Is The Fourth And Last Published Volume In The Series That Can Be Considered An Archaeological And Historical Study Of The Araucanian And Spanish Interaction In The Sixteenth And Seventeenth Century Period In The Purén And Lumaco Valley In South-central Chile--page V. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. La 4e de couv. indique : "This volume provides an up-to-date and in-depth summary and analysis of the political practices of pre-Columbian communities of the Araucanians or Mapuche of southcentral Chile and adjacent regions. This synthesis draws upon the empirical record documented in original research, as well as a critical examination of previous studies. By applying both archaeological and ethnohistorical approaches, the latter including ethnography, this volume distinguishes itself from many other studies that explore South American archaeology. Archaeological and traditional-historical narratives of the pre-European past are considered in their own terms and for the extent to which they can be integrated in order to provide a more rounded and realistic understanding than otherwise of the origins and courses of ecological, economic, social and political changes in the south-central Andes from late pre-Hispanic times, through the contact period and up to Chile's independence from Spain (ca. AD 1450-1810). Both the approach and the results are discussed in the light of similar situations elsewhere. Troughout its treatment, the volume continually comes back to two central questions: (1) how did the varied practices, institutions, and worldviews of the Mapuche's ancient communities emerge as a historical process that resisted the Spanish empire for more than 250 years, and (2) how were these communities reproduced and transformed in the face of ongoing culture contact and landscape change during the early Colonial period? These questions are considered in light of contemporary theoretical concepts regarding practice, landscape, environment, social organization, materiality, community, and what the author refers to as a teleoscopic political formation that will make the book relevant for students and scholars interested in similar processes elsewhere." This volume provides an up-to-date and in-depth summary and analysis of the political practices of pre-Columbian communities of the Araucanians or Mapuche of southcentral Chile and adjacent regions. This synthesis draws upon the empirical record documented in original research, as well as a critical examination of previous studies. By applying both archaeological and ethnohistorical approaches, the latter including ethnography, this volume distinguishes itself from many other studies that explore South American archaeology. Archaeological and traditional-historical narratives of the pre-European past are considered in their own terms and for the extent to which they can be integrated in order to provide a more rounded and realistic understanding than otherwise of the origins and courses of ecological, economic, social and political changes in the south-central Andes from late pre-Hispanic times, through the contact period and up to Chile's independence from Spain (ca. AD 1450-1810). Both the approach and the results are discussed in the light of similar situations elsewhere. Throughout its treatment, the volume continually comes back to two central questions: (1) how did the varied practices, institutions, and worldviews of the Mapuche's ancient communities emerge as a historical process that resisted the Spanish empire for more than 250 years, and (2) how were these communities reproduced and transformed in the face of ongoing culture contact and landscape change during the early Colonial period? These questions are considered in light of contemporary theoretical concepts regarding practice, landscape, environment, social organization, materiality, community, and what the author refers to as a teleoscopic political formation that will make the book relevant for students and scholars interested in similar processes elsewhere Front Matter....Pages i-xxvii Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Introduction....Pages 3-30 The Estado as a Proto-State Polity....Pages 31-54 The Spanish-Araucanian World of the Purén and Lumaco Valley in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries....Pages 55-73 Front Matter....Pages 75-75 Data, Methods, and Background....Pages 77-100 Archaeological Material Manifestations....Pages 101-121 Environmental Responses to Climatic and Cultural Changes....Pages 123-141 The Archaeological Record....Pages 143-220 Archaeobotanical Remains....Pages 221-235 Ceramics and Other Artifacts....Pages 237-253 Site Distribution and Settlement Pattern....Pages 255-274 Front Matter....Pages 275-275 The Kuel and Ceremonial Fields as Places of Patriotism and Patriarchy....Pages 277-311 Appendix 1: Radiocarbon and Thermoluminescence Dates....Pages 313-320 Appendix 2: Carbonized Botanical Remains from Sites in Purén and Lumaco....Pages 321-338 Appendix 3: Analysis of Wood Charcoal Remains from Kuel and Domestic Sites....Pages 339-349 Appendix 4: Phytolith Analysis of Sites LU-69 and PU-165....Pages 351-359 Appendix 5: Soil Samples from Three Kuel ....Pages 361-382 Back Matter....Pages 383-388 This exploration of pre-Columbian Mapuche communities of south-central Chile asks two central questions: How did they resist the Spanish for some 250 years, and how were they influenced by culture contact and landscape change in the early colonial period?