The Sun is Rising in Africa and the Middle East: On the Road to a Solar Energy Future (Jenny Stanford Series on Renewable Energy)

"Both Africa and the Middle East are blessed with enormous solar energy resources. Electrification is an urgent need in Africa, where many of its 54 countries are among the worlds fastest-growing economies, but where half the population still has no access to electricity. Solar energy is seen as the fastest and cheapest path to addressing this need. Oil-rich countries in the Middle East are turning to solar energy to meet the growing domestic demand for electricity, freeing up hydrocarbons for export. This book describes the energy transition in Africa and the Middle East, from dependence on fossil fuels to increasing reliance on solar energy. The authors were assisted by the contributions of top experts Wolfgang Palz, Anil Cabraal, and Richenda Van Leeuwen in their efforts to provide a sound basis for understanding where solar energy is heading in these two important global regions."--Provided by publisher Covers 1 Half title 2 Series Editor 3 Title 4 Copyright 5 Contents 6 Preface 12 Introduction 14 Chapter 1. Solar Energy in Africa and in the Middle East 16 1.1 An Overview of Energy Production and Consumption in Africa and the Middle East 17 1.1.1 Africa 17 1.1.2 The Middle East 22 1.2 The Role of Solar Energy in Africa and in the Middle East 26 Chapter 2. Solar Technologies for Electricity Generation 32 2.1 Solar Energy to Electricity: Solar cells 33 2.1.1 PV Modules Made of Solar Cells Created on Si Wafers 37 2.1.2 Thin-Film PV Modules 40 2.1.3 Utilization of Various PV Production Technologies 41 2.1.4 Solar PV Systems 41 2.2 Concentrating Thermal Solar Power Systems 44 2.3 Hybrid Solar Systems 48 Chapter 3. Electric Grid Issues in Africa and the Middle East 52 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Mini-grids 54 3.2.1 Devergy 55 3.2.2 Donor Support for Mini-Grids 56 3.2.3 Central vs. Individual Uses 56 3.3 Regional Power Pools in Africa 59 3.4 Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority 63 3.4.1 Middle East 63 3.4.2 GCCIA 63 3.4.3 GCCIA and Renewable Energy 65 Chapter 4. Regional and International Solar Initiatives 68 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Introduction to the European Development Aid: A Personal Recollection 70 4.3 U.S. Energy Development Assistance to Africa and the Middle East 76 4.3.1 Africa 76 4.3.2 Middle East 79 4.4 Lighting Africa: Evolution of World Bank Support for Solar in Africa 81 4.4.1 In the Beginning 81 4.4.2 Evolution 84 4.4.3 Solar PV in Africa 87 4.4.4 Lighting Africa 91 4.4.5 The Lighting Africa Program 93 4.4.6 Elements of Lighting Africa Program 94 4.4.7 Lessons Learned 97 4.4.8 The Future 99 4.4.9 Paris Climate Agreement (2015) 100 4.4.10 Climate Change Action Plan 2016–2020 101 4.4.11 IFC Scaling Solar 103 4.4.12 World Bank Off-grid Solar Projects 104 4.5 The Africa Clean Energy Corridor 106 4.5.1 The Issue at Hand 109 4.5.2 Planning 110 4.5.3 Resource Assessment 111 4.5.4 Access to Finance 112 4.5.5 Status and Way Forward 112 4.6 Global Energy Transfer Feed-in Tariff 115 4.6.1 Hydropower Projects 120 4.6.2 Cogeneration (Biomass: Bagasse from Sugar Production) 121 4.6.3 Solar PV Projects 122 4.6.3.1 Soroti solar PV project 122 4.6.3.2 Tororo solar PV project 123 4.6.4 Wind Energy Projects 124 4.6.5 Conclusion 124 4.6.6 The Future of the GET FiT Program 125 4.6.6.1 Zambia 125 4.6.6.2 Namibia 125 4.6.6.3 Mozambique 126 4.7 Deserts as a Source of Electricity 127 Chapter 5. Existing and Emerging Solar PV Markets 132 5.1 Introduction 133 5.2 Water Pumping Utilizing Solar Electricity 134 5.2.1 Africa 139 5.2.2 Middle East 141 5.3 Solar Energy and Clean Water 144 5.3.1 Desalination 144 5.3.2 Disinfection 146 5.4 Off-Grid Telecom Towers 147 5.4.1 Off-Grid or Bad-Grid? 147 5.4.2 Tower operators 148 5.4.3 Renewable Energy Towers 149 5.4.4 Tower ESCOs 150 5.5 Internet with PV 152 5.5.1 Internet in Africa 152 5.5.2 NICE, the Gambia 153 5.6 Solar Energy and Mining 156 5.7 Tele-Medicine and Tele-Education 159 Chapter 6. Financing: The Key to Africa and the Middle East’s Solar Energy Future 164 6.1 Introduction 165 6.2 Solar for Energy Access in Africa 166 6.2.1 “Below,” “Beyond,” and “Off” the Grid: Powering Energy Access 167 6.2.2 Why Solar for Energy Access in Africa? 169 6.2.3 Why Hasn’t the Grid Been Extended across Africa? 169 6.2.4 Global Catalysts: Renewed Attention at the UN and Beyond 170 6.2.5 Market Expansion 173 6.2.6 Future Directions 175 6.3 Financing Solar in Africa and the Middle East 177 6.3.1 Size Matters 178 6.3.2 Risk 180 6.3.3 Financing Off-Grid 180 6.4 Pay-As-You-Go and Community Solar 183 6.4.1 Where the Grid Doesn’t Reach 183 6.4.2 Solar Products 183 6.4.3 Solar Home Systems 187 6.4.4 M-Kopa 187 6.5 Large-Scale Auctions 191 6.5.1 Introduction 191 6.5.2 Sealed-Bid Auction 192 6.5.3 Descending Clock Auctions 192 6.5.4 Hybrid Auctions 192 6.5.5 South Africa 193 6.5.6 IFC’s Scaling Solar 195 6.5.7 Zambia 197 6.5.8 Epilogue 198 Chapter 7. Local Value Creation 200 7.1 Local Value Creation: Analysis 201 7.1.1 Local Content Requirements 202 7.1.2 Discussion 203 7.2 Nascent Manufacturing Sector 205 7.2.1 Fosera 206 7.2.2 Solar Manufacturing in the Middle East 209 7.2.3 Noor Solar Technologies 210 Chapter 8. Current and Future Solar Programs in Africa and in the Middle East 212 8.1 Introduction 213 8.2 Africa 214 8.2.1 Electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa 215 8.2.2 Nigeria 217 8.2.2.1 Large grid-connected projects in Nigeria 218 8.2.2.2 Feed-in tariffs 219 8.2.2.3 Net metering 219 8.2.2.4 Other solar applications 220 8.2.2.5 Discussion 220 8.2.3 Uganda 221 8.2.4 Namibia 223 8.2.4.1 Utilization of renewable energy to produce electricity 225 8.2.4.2 Biomass 225 8.2.4.3 Wind 226 8.2.4.4 Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 226 8.2.4.5 PV Systems 226 8.2.4.6 Commercial and other organizations 229 8.2.4.7 Summary 231 8.2.5 Senegal 231 8.2.5.1 Impact of solar home systems in Senegal 232 8.2.5.2 Solar energy in the Middle East and North Africa 233 8.2.6 Morocco 234 8.2.7 Egypt 236 8.3 The Middle East 238 8.3.1 Jordan 238 8.3.2 United Arab Emirates 238 8.3.3 Saudi Arabia 241 8.4 Into the Future 244 Epilogue 246 Glossary 248 About the Authors 252 About the Contributors 254 Index 256 Content: Intro Halftitle Title Copyright Table of Contents Preface Introduction 1 Solar Energy in Africa and in the Middle East 1.1 An overview of energy production and consumption in Africa and the middle east 1.1.1 Africa 1.1.2 The middle east 1.2 The role of solar energy in Africa and in the middle east 2 Solar Technologies for Electricity Generation 2.1 Solar energy to electricity: Solar cells 2.1.1 PV modules made of solar cells created on Si wafers 2.1.2 Thin-film PV modules 2.1.3 Utilization of various PV production technologies (2016 data) 2.1.4 Solar PV systems. 2.2 Concentrating Thermal Solar Power (CSP) Systems2.3 Hybrid solar systems (HSP) 3 Electric Grid Issues in Africa and the Middle East 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Mini-grids 3.2.1 Devergy 3.2.2 Donor support for mini-grids 3.2.3 Central vs. Individual uses 3.3 Regional power pools in Africa 3.4 Gulf cooperation council interconnection authority 3.4.1 Middle east 3.4.2 GCCIA 3.4.3 GCCIA and renewable energy 4 Regional and International Solar Initiatives id=""C1tocsec4_1""> 4.1 Introduction id=""C1tocsec4_2""> 4.2 Introduction to the European development Aid: A personal recollection. Id=""C1tocsec4_4""> 4.3 U.S. Energy development assistance to Africa and the middle eastid=""C2tocsec4_5""> 4.3.1 Africa id=""C2tocsec4_6""> 4.3.2 Middle east id=""C1tocsec4_7""> 4.4 Lighting Africa: Evolution of world bank support for solar in Africa id=""C2tocsec4_9""> 4.4.1 In the beginning id=""C2tocsec4_10""> 4.4.2 Evolution id=""C2tocsec4_11""> 4.4.3 Solar PV in Africa id=""C2tocsec4_12""> 4.4.4 Lighting Africa id=""C2tocsec4_14""> 4.4.5 The lighting Africa program id=""C2tocsec4_15""> 4.4.6 Elements of lighting Africa program id=""C2tocsec4_16""> 4.4.7 Lessons learned. Id=""C2tocsec4_17""> 4.4.8 The futureid=""C2tocsec4_18""> 4.4.9 Paris climate agreement (2015) id=""C2tocsec4_19""> 4.4.10 Climate change action plan 2016-2020 id=""C2tocsec4_20""> 4.4.11 IFC Scaling solar id=""C2tocsec4_21""> 4.4.12 World bank off-grid solar projects id=""C1tocsec4_22""> 4.5 The Africa clean energy corridor id=""C2tocsec4_23""> 4.5.1 The issue at hand id=""C2tocsec4_24""> 4.5.2 Planning id=""C2tocsec4_25""> 4.5.3 Resource assessment id=""C2tocsec4_26""> 4.5.4 Access to finance id=""C2tocsec4_27""> 4.5.5 Status and way forward. Id=""C1tocsec4_28""> 4.6 Global energy transfer feed-in tariff (GET FiT)id=""C2tocsec4_29""> 4.6.1 Hydropower projects id=""C2tocsec4_30""> 4.6.2 Cogeneration (Biomass: Bagasse from sugar production) id=""C2tocsec4_31""> 4.6.3 Solar PV projects id=""C3tocsec4_32""> 4.6.3.1 Soroti solar PV project id=""C3tocsec4_33""> 4.6.3.2 Tororo solar PV project id=""C2tocsec4_34""> 4.6.4 Wind energy projects id=""C2tocsec4_35""> 4.6.5 Conclusion id=""C2tocsec4_36""> 4.6.6 The future of the GET FiT program id=""C3tocsec4_37""> 4.6.6.1 Zambia id=""C3tocsec4_38""> 4.6.6.2 Namibia. Francoise Davoine has been investigating psychotic phenomena and trauma for over thirty years, in collaboration with Jean-Max Gaudilliere. In this book, she draws on her literary background to take the reader on a fascinating voyage with an unexpected but most helpful guide: Don Quixote.In her work, Davoine approaches madness not as a symptom, but rather as a place, the place where the symbolic order and the social link have ruptured. She sees the psychotic as a seeker, engaged in a form of exploration into the nature and history of this place. This brings us to the seeker Don Quixote. Davoine takes the reader into the world of the knight-errant, to describe his adventures in a fascinating new light.Cervantes, the survivor of war trauma, captivity, and all manner of misfortunes, created this hero, first and foremost, so that the tale be told. Moreover, he created a necessary dyad: Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. Davoine sees the latter as a "therapon", a second in combat and ritual double, Don Quixote's therapist. Like Sancho, the therapist is a comrade-in-arms, confronting trauma with the patient. Through transference, a significant relational bond develops. In Don Quichote: Fighting Melancholia, Francoise Davoine offers a reading of Cervantes' novel from this perspective. Scene after scene, battle after battle, the epic tale is retold as a story of healing.We live in times of world-wide violence, disruption, and disaster. Trauma is unavoidable. But Davoine points to a way out, through the healing power of symbolic exchange within a human relationship. Aside from being of great interest to all therapists working with psychosis and trauma, this book constitutes a brilliant reminder that all human beings, like knights-errant, aspire to "become valiant, generous, magnanimous, courteous, dauntless, gentle, patient", as Cervantes says An energy transition that took its first tentative steps in the latter part of the 20th century is now unfolding rapidly. The share of solar electricity in Africa and the Middle East is expected to become the next large markets for solar electric systems. This book provides a comprehensive review of why and how this will happen.