مطالعهٔ ذرات بنیادی

From the inception of particle physics during the 1930s up to the recent 21st century drives, the inventive concepts and technologies of molecular physics have infiltrated the mainstream society to change how we live. There is a long and developing list of viable applications with regards to particle physics. Today, every significant medical center globally uses accelerators generating x-rays, neutrons, protons, and heavy ions for diagnosis and cure of illnesses. It is believed that there are more than 7,000 actives medical linacs across the planet that have treated around 30 million patients. Likewise, biomedical researchers use molecular physics advances to unravel the design of proteins, data that is critical to understanding biological cycles and treating illness. A better comprehension of protein design allows for the improvement of viable medications, for example, Kaletra, among the globe's most-prescribed medication to combat AIDS. The future for particle physics is bright and still more is yet to be discovered. Cover Title Page Copyright ABOUT THE AUTHOR TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures List of Abbreviations Abstract Preface Chapter 1 Basic Constituents of Matter 1.1. Atoms 1.2. Structure of Atoms 1.3. Properties of Atoms 1.4. Particles 1.5. Conceptual Properties of Particles 1.6. Molecule 1.7. Nuclei/Nucleus Chapter 2 Classification of Elementary Particles 2.1. Classification According to Spin 2.2. Fermion 2.3. Quarks 2.4. Lepton 2.5. Boson 2.6. Elementary Bosons 2.7. Higgs Boson 2.8. Photon 2.9. Gluon 2.10. W and Z Bosons 2.11. Composite Bosons 2.12. Classification According to Mass 2.13. Classification According to Charge Chapter 3 Standard Model of Particle Physics 3.1. Introduction 3.2. The Smallest Building Blocks 3.3. Expanding the Scope of Particles 3.4. Matter Particles 3.5. Standard Model (SM) Mathematical Concepts 3.6. The SM Higgs and Flavor 3.7. Positronium Chapter 4 Theories Beyond the Standard Model of Elementary Particles 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Grand Unified Theory 4.3. Supersymmetry 4.4. String Theory 4.5. Preon Theory 4.6. Technicolor 4.7. History of Elementary Particles 4.8. The Classical ERA 4.9. History of the Photon Particle 4.10. History of the Mesons 4.11. The History of Antiparticles 4.12. The Evolution of Neutrinos 4.13. History of Strange Particles 4.14. The Eightfold Method 4.15. History of Quark Model 4.16. The November Revolution 4.17. Intermediate Vector Bosons Chapter 5 Particle Interaction in Elementary Particles 5.1. Fundamental Interaction 5.2. Strong Nuclear Force 5.3. The Electromagnetic Force (EMF) 5.4. The Weak Nuclear Force 5.5. Gravitational Force 5.6. Hadron Interactions 5.7. Mesonic Interactions Chapter 6 Particle Collision in Elementary Particles 6.1. Examples of Mechanisms Put in Place to Test Particle Collision in Elementary Particles 6.2. Working 6.3. Experiments Sites Inside the Hadron 6.4. Discoveries From Colliding Particles 6.5. Calculations of the Dynamics of Collision Chapter 7 New Discoveries in Particles 7.1. Parity Violation in Weak Interactions 7.2. Cp Violation 7.3. Implications of the Discovery of CP Violation 7.4. Neutrino Masses 7.5. Heavy Quack Symmetry 7.6. Effective Field Theory (EFT) 7.7. Feynman’s Paradox 7.8. Hadrons Chapter 8 Applications of Elementary Particles 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Applications of Elementary Particles 8.3. Use of Elementary Particles in the Sakata Model 8.4. Application of Elementary Particles in Measurement Problems 8.6. Antineutrino Energy Spectrum 8.7. Application of Elementary Particles in More Discoveries of Physics .200 8.8. Application of Elementary Particles in Nanoparticle Tracking 8.9. The Photo-Sensor Panel Technology 8.10. Application of Elementary Particles to the Problem of Compositeness 8.11. Application of Elementary Particles in the Control of Airborne Infectious Disease 8.12. Application of Elementary Particles in Organic Chemistry 8.13. Application of Elementary Particles in Controlling Covid-19 in Ventilation Systems 8.14. Application of Elementary Particles in Quadratic Time 8.5. Application of Elementary Particles in Muon Precession Frequency 198 8.15. Application of Elementary Particles in Transferable Dynamic Molecular Charge 8.16. Application of Elementary Particles in Neutron Imaging Experiments 8.17. Application of Elementary Particles in Quark-Gluon Plasma 8.18. Application of Elementary Particles in Tomographic Imaging of Laser-Plasma Structures 8.19. Application of Elementary Particles in Multistage Geminate Reactions 8.20. Application of Elementary Particles in Modern Circulating Accelerators Chapter 9 Conservation Laws and Symmetry of Elementary Particles 9.1. Conservation of Mass and Energy 9.2. Conservation of Energy 9.3. Mass–Energy Equivalence 9.4. Mass Conservation 9.5. Conservation of Linear Momentum 9.6. Angular Momentum Conservation 9.7. General Considerations 9.8. Charge Conservation 9.9. Symmetries in Elementary Particle Physics 9.10. Symmetries 9.11. Symmetries and Particle Physics 9.12. Local or Gauge Symmetries 9.13. The Standard Model (SM) 9.14. Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking (SSB) Chapter 10 Future of Elementary Particles 10.1. Ghost-Hunting Machines 10.2. Further Exploration of the Sky 10.3. Upgrades in the LHC 10.4. Different Thinking 10.5. New Observations 10.6. The Muon’s Moment 10.7. Going Bigger Bibliography Index Back Cover