The Studies of Heaven and Earth in Ancient China: History of Science and Technology in China Volume 2 (History of Science and Technology in China, 2)

Focusing on the astronomy and geosciences in ancient China, this book discusses the scientific developments and achievements in the past 5000 years, including the ancient Chinese calendar and Yellow River harnessing as well as topics such as military geography and ancient earthquake prediction. This book is the second volume in the series History of Science and Technology in China. History of Science and Technology in China is the first series with high academic values on general history of Chinese science and technology, with contributions by top-notch scholars in this field. This 5-volume work provides an encyclopedic historical panorama of Chinese scientific and technological development. It unfolds the history of Chinese science and technology through a clarified timeline from as early as the far ancient times to the very present. This work consists of five volumes: Origins of Chinese Sciences, Ancient Chinese Studies of Heaven and Earth, High Tide of Chinese Sciences, Theoretical and Technological Development, and Western Influences. . Contents Contributors 1 Ancient Chinese Astronomical Observation and Calendar 1.1 The Fundamental Question of the Ancient Astronomy 1.1.1 The Fundamental Question 1.1.2 The Ways of Solving the Fundamental Question 1.1.3 The Geometrical Model in Ancient Greece 1.1.4 The Periodical Model of Babylon 1.1.5 The Periodical-Digital Model of China 1.2 The Model of the Universe and the Coordination System of the Celestial Sphere 1.2.1 Evaluation of Several Models of the Universe 1.2.2 Coordinates of the Celestial Sphere 1.2.3 The Coordinate System for the Celestial Spheres of the 28 Chinese Constellations and Its Origin 1.3 The Properties and Functions of Ancient Chinese Calendars 1.3.1 Calendar Chronicle Almanac 1.3.2 Ancient Chinese Calendar: Mathematical Astronomy as a Tool 1.3.3 Objectives Sought by Calendar 1.3.4 Relationship Between Calendar and Agriculture 1.3.5 The Relationship Between Calendar and Astrology 2 Observe the Celestial Phenomena and Provide the Time Service: The Ancient Chinese Calendars and Their Properties and Functio... 2.1 An Overview of the History of Ancient Chinese Calendars 2.1.1 The Calendars Made in the Han, Wei, Jin, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties 2.1.2 The Calendars Made in the Dynasties of Sui, Tang, Northern Song, and Southern Song 2.1.2.1 The Calendars Made in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties 2.1.2.2 Calendars Made in the Qing Dynasty 2.2 Fundamental Issues and Concepts in Calendars 2.2.1 Concepts of Year, Month, and Day 2.2.2 Lunar Calendar, Solar Calendar, and Lunisolar Calendar 2.2.3 Intercalary Month 2.2.4 Twenty-Four Divisions (Solar Term) 2.2.5 Ways of Numbering the Days and the Years 2.2.6 Month Names, Earthly Branch Month Names, and Different First-months in Three Calendars 2.2.7 Chronometry 2.3 Typical Content and Fundamental Problems of Calendars 2.3.1 Framework of Typical Calendars 2.3.2 The Apparent Motion of the Sun 2.3.3 The Apparent Motion of the Moon 2.3.4 Solar and Lunar Eclipses 2.3.4.1 The Apparent Motion of the Five Planets 2.4 Nature and Functions of Calendars References 3 Liu Xin and Ancient Astronomical Chronology 3.1 Liu Xin ́s Work in Astronomical Chronology 3.1.1 Reign Period for Each Emperor Stated in Santong Calendar - Shi Jing 3.1.2 Chronology in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period, and Warring States Period 3.1.3 Planet Sui Chronology 3.1.4 Work Schedule by Liu Xin as to King Wu ́s Triumph over Shang 3.2 Evaluation of Liu Xin ́s Chronological Work 3.2.1 Evaluation of Lin Xin ́s Chronological Work by Generations of Scholars 3.2.2 Reasonable Evaluation of Liu Xin ́s Chronological Work 3.3 Inheritance of Liu Xin ́s Method: Yixing ́s Work in Astronomical Chronology 3.4 Astronomical Chronology Based on Modern Astronomical Methods References 4 The Ancient Chinese Timekeeping Instruments 4.1 The Political Systems Concerning Time Measurement 4.2 Ancient Chinese Time Laws 4.3 Clepsydrae in Ancient China 4.3.1 Single Dripping Water Clepsydra 4.3.2 Multilevel Compensation Clepsydra 4.3.3 Steelyard Clepsydrae 4.3.4 Overflow Type Clepsydra with Water Inflow 4.3.5 Multilevel Compensation Clepsydrae Combined with Overflow 4.3.6 Other Clepsydrae 4.3.7 Small Clepsydrae for Civil Use 4.4 Sundials in Ancient China 4.4.1 Sundials Prior to the Ming-Qing Period 4.4.2 Sundials During the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties 4.4.3 The Production of the Sundials in the Qing Dynasty 4.4.4 The Features of the Sundials in the Qing Dynasty 4.5 Mechanical Timer 4.5.1 Zhang Heng ́s Water-Driven Computational Armillary 4.5.2 Yi Xing and Liang Lingzan ́s Water-Driven Celestial Sphere 4.5.3 Zhang Sixun ́s Taiping Tianguo Armillary Sphere 4.5.4 Su Song and the Water-Driven Astronomical Clock Tower 4.5.5 Two Artificial Astronomic Water-Driven Celestial Globes 4.5.6 Guo Shoujing ́s Clepsydra of Da Ming Hall 4.5.7 Palace Clepsydra of the Late Yuan Dynasty 4.5.8 Crystal Clepsydra of the Early Ming Dynasty 4.5.9 Zhan Xiyuan ́s Sand Clepsydra and Others 5 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Engineering Survey in Ancient China 5.1 Hydrologic Survey in Ancient China 5.1.1 The Origin and Development of River Level Survey 5.1.2 Water Gauge Steles in Taihu Area in the Song Dynasty 5.1.3 Yinxian County ́s Scientific Achievements in Water Level Survey in the Song Dynasty 5.1.3.1 The Kaiqing Water Gauge on Pingqiao Bridge 5.1.3.2 The Chunyou Water Gauge on Big Stone Bridge 5.1.3.3 Chunyou Water Gauge at Huisha Locks 5.1.3.4 The Technical Achievements and Historical Status of Yinxian Water Gauges of Song 5.1.4 Flow Survey and Calculation 5.1.5 Modern Hydrologic Survey 5.2 Technology of Hydraulic Survey 5.2.1 The Concept of Leveling and Original Leveling Survey 5.2.2 Original Invention and Application of Leveling Instruments 5.2.2.1 Textual Research on Level Measurement in Kaogongji 5.2.2.2 Surveyor ́s Level in Ancient Rome 5.2.3 Leveling Instrument and Large-Scale Leveling Practice 5.2.3.1 Large-Scale Leveling Practice During the Periods of the Warring States, Qin and Han 5.2.3.2 Shape and Structure of the Tang-and-Song Leveling Instruments and Their Applications 5.2.3.3 Survey in Planning the Grand Canal from Beijing to Hangzhou Supervised by Guo Shoujing 5.2.3.4 Levels Used by Hydraulicians of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and Their Survey Method 5.2.4 Elevation Survey on the Principle of a Perpendicular Plumb - Ancient Chinese Hanping (No Water Measuring) 5.2.5 Survey and Calculation of Height, Depth, Distance, and Bearings 5.2.5.1 Survey of Distance, Height, and Depth 5.2.5.2 Survey of Direction 5.3 Achievements in Ancient and Modern Hydraulic Surveying 5.3.1 Construction Method of ``Well Channel ́ ́ in the Longshou Canal 5.3.2 The Huitong River Running Through the Shandong Horst 5.3.2.1 Preliminary Foundation of Canal Planning 5.3.2.2 Guo Shoujing ́s Surveying and the Opening of the Southern Section of the Huitong River - The Jizhou River 5.3.2.3 Ma Zhizhen ́s Project for the Northern Section of the Huitong River and the River ́s Completion 5.3.3 Calculations in Hydraulic Survey 5.3.4 The Application of Modern Hydraulic Survey Technology 6 Pan Jixun and the Ancient Governance Plan of the Yellow River 6.1 The Development of Ancient River Training Strategies 6.1.1 The Development from Dodging Floods, Building Flood Barriers to Dredging 6.1.2 The New Phase of River Training Through Dike Building 6.1.3 The Outlook on Nature Reflected in Jia Rang ́s Three Strategies of River Training 6.1.4 The Diversion Strategy: A Scheme with a View to Flood Discharge 6.2 Historical Conditions for Pan Jixun ́s River Training Plan 6.2.1 Natural and Historical Background 6.2.1.1 Silting of the Yellow River Bed Increased the Difficulty of Flood Prevention 6.2.1.2 The Problem Revealed Itself Gradually: The Yellow River ́s Flowing Reversely and Silting up the Huainan Section of the ... 6.2.1.3 Uplift and Reverse Flow Incurred by the Yellow River to the Huaihe River 6.2.1.4 The Ming Tomb Increased the Complexity of Water Conservancy Planning 6.2.2 Scientific and Technical Conditions 6.2.2.1 Understanding of the Yellow River Silt 6.2.2.2 Understanding Water-Silt Relationship 6.2.2.3 Understanding of the Dynamic Function of Levees 6.2.2.4 Understanding of the Hydrographic Features of the Yellow River 6.2.2.5 Increasing Maturity of Dikes Technology 6.3 Pan Jixun ́s Plan of Yellow River Training and Its Remarkable Results 6.3.1 Grasping the Peculiarity of the Yellow River 6.3.1.1 Analysis of His River Control Guidelines 6.3.1.2 Diversion of Silt-Laden Rivers 6.3.1.3 Flood Discharge of a Flood Diversion Dam 6.3.2 Restricting Currents to Attack Silt-Pan Jixun ́s Basic Principle of Combating Silt 6.3.2.1 The Initial Phase of ``Attacking Silt with Water ́ ́: A Focus Solely on Front Dike Restricting Currents 6.3.2.2 Resolving the Contradiction Between Attacking Silt and Flood Prevention: The Establishment of a Double-Pair Levee Syst... 6.3.2.3 Subtle Changes in the Meaning of ``Attacking Silt with Water ́ ́ 6.3.2.4 The Results of Attacking Silt with Water 6.3.3 Scouring Silt with Clear Water: Another Thought for Solving Deposition of the Yellow River 6.3.3.1 Utilizing the Huaihe River and Merging both Waters 6.3.3.2 Utilizing the Clear Huaihe River to Dilute the Turbid Yellow River 6.3.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Storing Clear Water to Scour the Yellow River Silt 6.3.4 Using Silt to Fill Floodplain and Reinforce Dikes: Pan Jixun ́s Third Measure to Combat Silt 6.3.4.1 The Origin of the Idea 6.3.4.2 Pan Jixun ́s Further Planning 6.3.5 Comprehensively Planning for Training the Lower Reaches of the Yellow and Huaihe Rivers 6.3.5.1 River Management Should be Comprehensive 6.3.5.2 Comprehensive Consideration of Promoting the Beneficial and Eliminating the Detrimental 6.3.5.3 Comprehensive Planning of Engineering Measures 6.3.5.4 The Hongze Lake Water Conservancy Project 6.3.5.5 Careful Arrangement of the Critical Sections for Flood Prevention 6.3.6 Pan Jixun ́s Thought of Dike Building 6.3.6.1 The Fundamental Change of the Concept of Dike Building 6.3.6.2 The Application and Development of Dike Building Technology 6.3.6.3 Improvement of Dike Maintenance System 7 The Concept of Earth-Center in Ancient China 7.1 The Origin of the Concept of Earth-Center 7.2 The Theory of Earth-Center in Luoyi 7.3 The Role of the Conception of Earth-Center in the Debate Among Ancient Theories About the Universe Structure 7.4 The Theory of Earth-Center in Yang Cheng 7.5 The Evolution of the Determination for the Position of Earth-Center 7.6 The Concept of Earth-Center and the Ancient Astronomical and Geological Measurement 7.7 The Substantial Evidence of the Concept of Earth-Center 7.8 The Varieties of the Concept of Earth-Center References 8 Zhang Heng ́s Seismograph: Earthquake Measuring and Forecasting in Ancient China 8.1 Zhang Heng and His Seismograph 8.2 Textual Research and Analysis of Original Documents of the Seismograph 8.3 Restoration Design 8.4 Quantitative Estimation 8.5 The Study on Earthquake in Ancient China Appendices Earthquake Monitoring Records in Ancient China Spring and Autumn Annals History of Ming - Treatise on Five Elements, Volume 3 9 Overview of Ancient Geoscience and Views of Geological Disasters and Abnormalities 9.1 Overview of History of Geoscience in Ancient China 9.1.1 Introduction 9.1.2 One Hundred Hamlets for One Hundred Readers - The Classic of the Mountains and Seas: Is It Merely a Mythological Work? 9.1.3 Tribute to Yu - Was It Made for Paying Tribute to Yu? 9.1.4 What Was the Norm of Land Rent in the Warring States Period? - The Soil Classification in Guanzi-Diyuan 9.1.5 The Origin of the Taoist Geography - The Great Nine Prefectures Theory 9.1.6 Was the Economic Center of China in the Western Han Dynasty the Same as Today?: Records of the Grand Historian - Biograp... 9.1.7 The First Geographical Work Entitled ``Geography ́ ́ for Evolution: Book of Han - Treatise on Geography by Bangu 9.1.8 Li-ology: A Book Is a Branch of Learning - Li Daoyuan and His Shui Jing Zhu (Commentary on the Waterways Classic) 9.1.9 ``Blue Seas Change into Mulberry Fields ́ ́ Is a Thought of Transition Between Sea and Land 9.1.10 Great Tang Records on the Western Regions - The Chief Source of the Tang Monk Going on a Pilgrimage for Buddhist Script... 9.1.11 A Significant Work on Oceanography of an Ancient Continental Country - Records of Sea Waves by Dou Shumeng 9.1.12 The General Records of Geography Was Finalized as in Early as the Tang Dynasty -Yuanhe Illustrated Annals of of Prefect... 9.1.13 Another Book Bearing the Name of Yellow Emperor - The Yellow Emperor Classic of Residency 9.1.14 Why Does Joseph Needham Praise Shen Kuo as ``the Most Outstanding Person in the Whole History of the Chinese Science ́ ́? 9.1.15 Why Do We Say that Xu Xiake Was a True Geographical Explorer in Ancient China? 9.1.16 What Geographical Issue Concerned the Han Nationality After Regaining the State Power - Research on the Nine Border Cit... 9.1.17 A Climax of Research on Oceanic Geography in China - Study on the Coastal Defense in the Middle Ming Dynasty 9.1.18 A Concentrated Embodiment of the Applicable Learnings - Research on the Northwest Frontiers in the Late Qing Dynasty 9.1.19 Conclusions 9.2 The Concept of Geological Disasters and Abnormalities in Ancient China 9.2.1 The Connotation of Geological Disasters and Abnormalities 9.2.2 Interpretation of the Proverb ``If the Yellow River Gets Clear, a Sage Will Be Born ́ ́ 9.2.3 The Astrological Meaning of the River Getting Clear 9.2.4 Attitudes Towards the River Getting Clear 9.2.5 Usages of the Phrase ``River Getting Clear ́ ́ 9.2.6 Record and Interpretation Earthquakes 10 The Ancient Chinese Thoughts on World Geography 10.1 Conception of the Land: Indigenous and Foreign 10.1.1 Round Sky and Square Earth, and ``Land Mode Covered by Plate ́ ́ 10.1.2 The World Structure as Concentric Squares in Tribute to Yu and Rites of Zhou 10.1.3 ``Nine Large States ́ ́ and ``Nine Small Prefectures ́ ́ 10.1.4 The Size and Scale of Land 10.1.5 Indian View of the World Geography 10.1.6 The Round Earth Theory of the Ancient Greece and Arabs Spread to China Early in the Song Dynasty 10.1.7 The Arab Globe Introduced to China in the Yuan Dynasty 10.1.8 The World Map with Europe and Africa Drawn on It in the Ming Dynasty 10.1.9 The World Geographical Knowledge that the Missionary Matteo Ricci Brought 400 Years Ago Has Been Circulated up to Now 10.2 Conception of the World Geography 10.2.1 The Series of the Four Directions: Four Seas, Four Oceans, Four Dark Seas, Four Corners, Four Boundaries, Four Barrens,... 10.2.2 Series of the Character Six: Liuhe - Six Directions: East, West, North, South, Heaven (Up) and Earth (Down) 10.2.3 Series of Eight Directions: Farthest Places in Eight Directions, Eight Corners, Eight Boundaries, Eight Oceans, Eight R... 10.2.4 Series of the Character Nine: Nine Regions, Nine Existences, Nine Oceans, Nine Tribes, Nine Familial Ramifications, Nin... 10.2.5 Series of the Character Wan: Ten-Thousand States, Ten-Thousand Countries, Ten-Thousand Surnames 10.2.6 Series of the Character Tian (Heaven): All over the World, Under Heaven 10.2.7 Series of the Character Yu: Universe, Land Under Heaven 10.2.8 Series of the Character Yi: Yixia, Huayi 10.2.9 Series of the Character Wai: China and Foreign Countries, Overseas, Territory Beyond China, External Regions, Beyond th... 10.2.10 Series of the Character Huan (Extensive Region): Huanyu, Huanying, Huanyu 10.2.11 Series of the Character Hai (Sea): Haiguo, Haibang, Haiyu, Haiyu 10.2.12 Series of the Character Kun: Qian-kun, Kun-yu 10.2.13 Series of the Character Qiu (Globe): Earth Globe, Whole Globe 11 The Ancient Chinese Thoughts on Military Geography 11.1 The Pithy Assertions by Outstanding Chinese and Foreign Ideologists in Past and Present Times on the Importance of Milita... 11.2 How Does Sun Zi: The Art of War Expound Military Geography 11.3 Developing of Military Geographical Thoughts by Sun Bin: the Art of War 11.4 Military Geographical Thoughts in Wu Zi 11.4.1 Chapter Predicting the Enemy Cares About the Natural Geography and Humanistic Geography of Countries 11.4.2 The Book Expounds Circumstances for the Decision Whether War Is Feasible or Not, of Which Some Are Relevant to Geography 11.4.3 The Effect of Geographical Surroundings on Battles Is Analyzed Especially in Chapter 5 - Meeting Emergencies 11.5 Military Geographical Thoughts in Six Military Strategies 11.5.1 Specialists Must Be Appointed to Be in Charge of Astronomy and Geography in the Army 11.5.2 Different Tactics of Using the Army in Different Geographical Conditions 11.5.3 Signs of Great Victories and Total Defeats 11.5.4 Differences Between the Heaven, Earthly, and Human Battle Arrays 11.5.5 Penetrating the Enemy ́s Domain, You Must Probe into the Terrain 11.6 Zhuge Liang ́s Military Geographical Thoughts 11.6.1 Being ``Good at Knowing the Mountains, Rivers, and Dangerous Points ́ ́ is listed as one of the five aspects of goodness 11.6.2 ``Geographical Situation ́ ́ Is Listed as the Second Among the Three Situations 11.6.3 The ``Four Nations ́ ́ Have Different Geographical Situations 11.6.4 Thoughts of Military Strategic Geography in Dialogue at Longzhong 11.7 Summary of Military Geography in 3,000 years - Essentials of Geography for Reading History 11.8 Talking About Strategies in Books 11.9 Military Geographical Thoughts in Administrative Division 11.9.1 Suiting the Forms of Mountains and Rivers 11.9.2 Interlocking Like Dog ́s Teeth 11.10 The Coastal Defense Strategy of the Ming Dynasty 11.11 The Coastal Defense Idea in the Early Years of the Qing Dynast 11.11.1 Conception of the Coastal Defense 11.11.2 Ban on Maritime Trade 11.11.3 Measures for Preventative Blocking 11.11.4 Military and Geographical Thoughts of the Coastal Defense 11.12 The Coastal Defense Idea in the Late Years of the Qing Dynasty 11.12.1 Idea of Setting up Hedges to Guard the Gate 11.12.2 Li Hongzhang Renounced Ryukyu Islands - A Lesson in History 11.12.3 Idea of Protecting the Southwestern ``Hedge ́ ́ of China 11.12.4 Idea of Guarding as Fighting 11.12.5 Idea of Developing the Navy and Army Simultaneously, and Setting up Defenses at Focal Points 11.12.6 The Sprouting of the Idea of the Thalassocracy 11.12.7 Idea of Geographical Conditions in Coastal Defense 12 Surveying and Drawing of Maps in Ancient China 12.1 The Germination of Maps 12.1.1 The Earliest Maps - Cliff Painting Maps 12.1.2 The Earliest Exact Record of Maps 12.1.3 The Earliest Essay Expounding Maps - Guanzi-Chapter of Maps 12.1.4 The Earliest Unearthed Map of Afterlife Residence - Zhaoyu Map (Map of a Millionaire Domain) 12.1.5 The Earliest Unearthed Map on Wooden Boards 12.1.6 The Earliest Unearthed Map Drawn on Paper 12.2 The Progress of Maps and the Formation of Map Theories 12.2.1 The Earliest Unearthed Map of Terrain, Military Map, and Map of City 12.2.2 Classification of Maps in the Rites of Zhou 12.2.3 The Most Complete Chinese Theory for Making Maps - Six Elements of Making Maps 12.3 Climax of Maps 12.3.1 Jia Dan and His Map of China and Foreign Countries 12.3.2 The Longest Wall Painting Map Now Existing - Map of Wutai Mountain 12.3.3 The Earliest Collection of Maps Now Existing - Directory Maps of Geography in Past Dynasties 12.3.4 The Earliest Map of Administrative Areas Now Existing - Map of Nine Governing Districts 12.3.5 The Earliest Meter-Counting Checkered Map Now Existing - Yu Marking Map 12.3.6 The Earliest Map of the World Now Existing - Map of the World 12.3.7 The Earliest Printed Map Now Existing - Maps of Mountains and Rivers for Contribution to Yu 12.3.8 The Earliest Map of Local Chronicles Now Existing - Illustrative Maps of Yanzhou Prefecture, 8 Volumes 12.3.9 The Most Precise Map of a City Inscribed on Tablet - Map of Pingjiang 12.3.10 The Largest City Map of Stone Inscription Now Existing - Map of Jingjiang Prefecture City 12.4 Exchanges of Maps Between Civilizations 12.4.1 The Earliest Map of India Now Existing - Map of Western Regions and Countries in Han Dynasty, and Map of Western Heartl... 12.4.2 The Earliest Circular Map of the World - Circular Map 12.4.3 The Only Map of Mongolian Map-Making Technique - Map in the Applicable Codes and Records 12.4.4 The Largest Map of the World Now Existing - The Unified Map of the Great Ming 12.4.5 The Most Complete Map of Navigation Now Existing - Zhenghe ́s Map of Navigation 12.4.6 The Collection of Maps that Was Influenced by the Maps in the Yuan Dynasty and that Influenced the West Deeply - The En... 12.5 The Dissemination and Application of the Western Theory and Technique of Map Drawing 12.5.1 The Map that Adopted the Western Map Projection for the First Time - A Map of the Myriad Countries of the World and Map... 12.5.2 The Earliest Chinese Globe Now Existing - The Globe Made by Manuel Dias and Nicolo Longobardi 12.5.3 The Maps of the Whole Country Drawn in China with the Modern Mapping Technique - Overview Map of the Imperial Territory... 12.5.4 The First Complete Collection of the World Maps - Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms 12.5.5 The First Map of the Whole Country that Was Made by the Chinese - A Comprehensive Map of the Great Qing Territory 13 Dujiangyan Irrigation System: A Hydraulic Engineering Project Bearing Cultural Charm and Creativity 13.1 The Forming of Dujiangyan Irrigation System based on the Minjiang River and Chengdu Plain 13.2 The Vicissitude History of Dujiangyan Irrigation System During the Period of 2500 Years 13.2.1 Li Dui (A Small Mound Near the Baopingkou Diversion Passage) and the Two Rivers: The Dujiangyan Irrigation System in th... 13.2.2 The Creation of the Land of Abundance Attributed to Hydraulic Engineering (From the Three Kingdoms Period to the Tang D... 13.2.3 Expansion of the Irrigation Area and Benefits for Farming and Sericulture (960-1368 AD) 13.2.4 The Management of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368-1950 AD) 13.3 Act According to and Make the Best Use of the Circumstances: Scientific Connotation and Technical Features 13.3.1 The Mechanism of ``4:6 Water Diversion ́ ́ and the Mechanism of Water Diversion and Sediment Drainage by the Yuzui Bypass... 13.3.2 ``Deep Cleaned Channel and Low-Built Weir ́ ́ and the Control Function of the Feisha Weir 13.3.3 The Permanent Water Intake at the Canal Head: The Baopingkou Diversion Passage 13.4 Epilogue 14 China Grand Canal Projects and Their Scientific and Technological Achievements 14.1 The Natural Conditions for Constructing the Grand Canal in China 14.2 Canal Projects before the Sui Dynasty (the Fifth Century BC to Sixth Centuries) 14.2.1 Primary Interconnection of Regional Water Systems 14.2.1.1 The Oldest Artificial Waterway in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River and the Taihu Lake Area 14.2.1.2 The Excavation of Canals in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River 14.2.1.3 The Connection Between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River: The Hangou Canal 14.2.1.4 The Connection Between the Yellow River and the Huaihe River: The Honggou Canal 14.2.1.5 The Connection Between the Zhujiang Water System and Yangtze Water System: The Lingqu Canal 14.2.1.6 The Connection of Rivers in the Haihe River Basin Through the Baigou Canal and So Forth 14.2.1.7 The Excavation of Canals in the Central Shaanxi Area 14.2.2 The Use of Weirs as Control Facilities 14.2.2.1 Diverting Water for the Canal 14.2.2.2 The Separation at Level Intersection of Canals and Natural Rivers 14.2.2.3 Graduating the Canal to Equilibrate Altitude Difference 14.2.2.4 Navigation Technology for Boats to Go over Weirs 14.3 The Grand Canal in the Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasties (the Seventh- To Twelfth Centuries AD) 14.3.1 The Formation of the Grand Canal 14.3.1.1 The Yongji Canal 14.3.1.2 The Tongji Canal 14.3.1.3 The Shanyang Canal, Jiangnan Canal, and Zhedong Canal 14.3.2 The Double-Sluice Facility and Its Management 14.3.3 The Bianhe River (the Bianqu Canal) Clearing Project 14.3.3.1 The Key Engineering Works for Water Diversion 14.3.3.2 Regulating and Storage Water Pool 14.3.3.3 The Control Sluice of the Bianhe River - The Sluice Gate for Flood Discharging 14.3.3.4 The Bank Protection Project - Building Wooden Revetment to Narrow the Watercourse 14.3.3.5 The Sluices to Connect the Yellow River 14.3.4 The Canal Flood Control Projects 14.3.5 The Wujiangtang Road and Wujiang Gauge Stele 14.4 The Grand Canal in Dynasties of Yuan, Ming, and Qing (the Thirteenth to Nineteenth Centuries) 14.4.1 Systematic Planning the Grand Canal ́s Water Resource Project 14.4.1.1 River Huitong - Daicun Dam - Nanwang Hub 14.4.1.2 River Tonghui - Water Drainage Project from Xishan Mountain 14.4.1.3 Water Source Management 14.4.2 The Usage of Continuous Controlling Sluices 14.4.2.1 The Design and Construction of Controlling Sluices River Huitong 14.4.3 River Tonghui 14.4.3.1 Operation Management of Controlling Sluices 14.4.4 The Development of River Reduction Projects 14.4.4.1 Flood Prevention of North Canal 14.4.5 Subtracting River of Kuang Er Gang 14.4.6 Subtracting River of Qing Long Wan 14.4.6.1 Flood Prevention in the South Canal 14.4.7 Subtracting River of Si Nv Shi 14.4.8 Subtracting River of Shao Ma Ying 14.4.9 Subtracting River of Jie Di 14.4.10 Subtracting River of Xing Ji 14.4.11 Subtracting River of ma Chang 14.4.12 The Construction and Operation of Large Dam Project 14.4.12.1 Dai Cun Dam 14.4.12.2 Gao Jia Yan Dam (Hong Ze Hu Lake Levee) 14.4.12.3 San Jiang Sluice 14.4.13 To Operate the Grand Canal and Avoid the Yellow River: The Construction of the Mid-Canal 14.4.14 The Divert of Qing Kou Hub and River Huai after Mid-Qing Dynasty Translator ́s Postscript