The Struggle for Kirkuk: The Rise of Hussein, Oil, and the Death of Tolerance in Iraq (Praeger Security International)

Seldom in history has a nation engaged in war without knowing the enemy, as the United States has in Iraq. This book explores, through real life stories, the social and political dynamics at play in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan before the rise of Saddam Hussein. Kirkuk is a hotly contested oil city—a time bomb with the potential to shatter the fragile hope for unity in Iraq. In this book-half memoir, half history—Iraqi-American physician Henry Astarjian reveals the turmoil of life under Communism then as a political prisoner in a death row cell in Iraq and a military prison in Baghdad. Told from an eyewitness perspective, his book gives the history of Iraq through the life of one of its most volatile towns, through the eyes of a citizen who witnessed death, kidnapping, corruption, political indoctrination, and open murder in the streets. Originally a Jewish enclave, Kirkuk was home to Jews, Kurds, Armenians, Turks, and Communists—diverse peoples whose uncommon experiences contributed to the broader political tensions of the 1958 Revolution that brought Saddam Hussein to power.This book is the story of the demographic diversity of this city, its political currents leading to the demise of the Royal regime of Iraq. It is the story of colonial Britains, Kurds, Turkomans, Assyrians, pre-emigration Jews, and post-genocidal Armenians, all living together in peace but with deep-seated animosities. Directly or indirectly they all were involved in surreptitious battles for control over Baba Gurgur, the oil fields of Kirkuk. Henry Astarjian was both a witness to and a victim of most events of this period. The book also explores the influences that the British, through the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), had in shaping Iraqi society. This book goes beyond the obvious in detailing the Soviet attempts to gain access to Baba Gurgur through its surrogates, the Communists, and their efforts to recruit the budding youth. It also tells the story of the author's incarceration and torture in a death row cell, at the hands of his childhood friend Adnaan Al-Azzawi, an avowed Communist. The demise of the Hashimite Dynasty in Iraq in 1958, which led to Communist takeover of the country, touched Astarjian's life personally. His incarceration with the Ba'th leaders in Al-Rasheed Military Base, gave him a special look at their psyche and a negative sense for the future of Iraq; that, influenced his decision to leave the country. Finally, the book pursues the psychological effects the Iraqi defeat in Palestine (1948) had on the Iraqi person and the Armed forces. It details the on-the-spot formation of the Iraqi Free Officers movement (whose founders later became the author's prison mates) who, a decade later, waged a coup against the Hashimite regime. Seldom in history has a nation engaged in war without knowing the enemy, as the United States has in Iraq. This book explores, through real life stories, the social and political dynamics at play in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan before the rise of Saddam Hussein. Kirkuk is a hotly contested oil citya time bomb with the potential to shatter the fragile hope for unity in Iraq. In this book-half memoir, half historyIraqi-American physician Henry Astarjian reveals the turmoil of life under Communism then as a political prisoner in a death row cell in Iraq and a military prison in Baghdad. Told from an eyewitness perspective, his book gives the history of Iraq through the life of one of its most volatile towns, through the eyes of a citizen who witnessed death, kidnapping, corruption, political indoctrination, and open murder in the streets. Originally a Jewish enclave, Kirkuk was home to Jews, Kurds, Armenians, Turks, and Communistsdiverse peoples whose uncommon experiences contributed to the broader political tensions of the 1958 Revolution that brought Saddam Hussein to power. This book is the story of the demographic diversity of this city, its political currents leading to the demise of the Royal regime of Iraq. It is the story of colonial Britains, Kurds, Turkomans, Assyrians, pre-emigration Jews, and post-genocidal Armenians, all living together in peace but with deep-seated animosities. Directly or indirectly they all were involved in surreptitious battles for control over Baba Gurgur, the oil fields of Kirkuk. Henry Astarjian was both a witness to and a victim of most events of this period. The book also explores the influences that the British, through the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), had in shaping Iraqi society. This book goes beyond the obvious in detailing the Soviet attempts to gain access to Baba Gurgur through its surrogates, the Communists, and their efforts to recruit the budding youth. It also tells the story of the author's incarceration and torture in a death row cell, at the hands of his childhood friend Adnaan Al-Azzawi, an avowed Communist. The demise of the Hashimite Dynasty in Iraq in 1958, which led to Communist takeover of the country, touched Astarjian's life personally. His incarceration with the Ba'th leaders in Al-Rasheed Military Base, gave him a special look at their psyche and a negative sense for the future of Iraq; that, influenced his decision to leave the country. Finally, the book pursues the psychological effects the Iraqi defeat in Palestine (1948) had on the Iraqi person and the Armed forces. It details the on-the-spot formation of the Iraqi Free Officers movement (whose founders later became the author's prison mates) who, a decade later, waged a coup against the Hashimite regime. Contents......Page 8 Preface......Page 10 Acknowledgments......Page 14 Introduction......Page 16 1. Kirkuk......Page 18 2. Kurds, Turkomans, Arabs, and the Others......Page 26 3. From Tranquility to Conflict......Page 31 4. A Communist Offensive......Page 36 5. Mr. Chapman, A. J. B. Chapman......Page 38 6. Soviet Plans for Baba Gurgur......Page 41 7. Communism and the Youth......Page 45 8. 1948......Page 50 9. The IPC and Us......Page 57 10. The Dawn of the Kurdish Era......Page 63 11. The Western Trajectory......Page 66 12. The Fermenting Coups......Page 68 13. The Morning of July 14, 1958......Page 73 14. The Turmoil of the 1940s......Page 79 15. Kirkuk, the Jerusalem of Iraq......Page 84 16. Kurdistan......Page 93 17. A Disastrous Task......Page 99 18. A Long Journey......Page 104 19. Room # 11......Page 119 20. Courts, Kurds, and the Communists......Page 136 21. Triumphs and Defeats......Page 144 22. Baghdad......Page 147 23. The Winds of Change......Page 159 24. A “U-Turn”......Page 165 25. More Turmoil......Page 172 26. “Your Destiny Is Charted for You the Minute You Are Born”......Page 179 27. A Chitchat......Page 181 Index......Page 188 Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Kirkuk -- Kurds, Turkomans, Arabs, And The Others -- From Tranquility To Conflict -- A Communist Offensive -- Mr. Chapman, A.j.b. Chapman -- Soviet Plans For Baba Gurgur -- Communism And The Youth -- 1948 -- Ipc And Us -- The Dawn Of The Kurdish Era -- The Western Trajectory -- The Fermenting Coups -- The Morning Of July 14, 1958 -- The Turmoil Of The 1940s -- Kirkuk, The Jerusalem Of Iraq -- Kurdistan -- A Disastrous Task -- A Long Journey -- Room # 11 -- Courts, Kurds, And The Communists -- Triumphs And Defeats -- Baghdad -- The Winds Of Change -- A U-turn -- More Turmoil -- Your Destiny Is Charted For You In The Minute You Are Born -- A Chitchat -- Index. Henry D. Astarjian. Includes Index. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.