The Stranger-Kings of Sikka: With an Integrated Edition of Two Manuscripts on the Origin and History of the Rajadom of Sikka (Verhandelingen, No. 257)

The stranger-kings of Sikka is the first monographic study of an origin myth and history of an indigenous eastern Indonesian state and the first contemporary ethnography of the Ata Sikka of Flores. The book will be of interest to anthropologists, ethnologists of Austronesia, historians and political scientists whose interests include Southeast Asia. During the 1920s, in the regency of Sikka on the island of Flores, D. D. Pareira Kondi and A. Boer Pareira, two notable men among the first literate Sikkanese, began writing about the history and culture of their people. Among their many surviving manuscripts are two long works on the origin of the rajas who ruled Sikka until the end of the rajadom in the 1950s. The author of this book uncovered the manuscripts in 1994 and found among them versions of the myth of origin of the Sikkanese rajas, an epic tale of immigrant-kings that was lost to living memory and as oral tradition by the 1970s. Drawing on Boers and Kondi's texts and his own field research in the regency of Sikka, Lewis presents an abridged English translation of the origin myth and constructs a history of the Sikkanese rajas and the organization of the society they ruled. List of figures, tables and abbreviations xi Acknowledgments xv Preface xix Part 1 Hikayat Kerajaan Sikka; The chronicles of the Rajadom of Sikka Introduction (E. Douglas Lewis) I The people of Sikka and the Boer and Kondi manuscripts 1 The Ata Sikka 1 The provenance and ‘discovery’ of the Kondi and Boer manuscripts 11 The authors: Mo'ang D.D.P. Kondi Mo'ang Boer Pareira 18 Biographical Sketches of D.D.P. Kondi and A. Boer Pareira (Oscar Pareira Mandalangi) 26 Dominicus Dionitius Pareira Kondi 27 Alexius Boer Pareira 33 Description of the manuscripts 36 Dates of composition 38 The languages of the manuscripts 41 Notes on the translation of the texts 45 Ritual language and its translation 49 The recension of the manuscripts 51 II Structure and themes of the Hikayat Kerajaan Sikka 55 Structure 55 A note of the pairing of ancestral names and genealogical succession 63 A note on social groups in Sikka 70 Remarks on the narrative 71 III Summary notes and outline of the Hikayat 75 The first ‘dewasa’: The autochthons and the newcomers 75 Complexities and confusions in the texts of the first ‘dewasa’ 81 Mo'ang Bata Jawa Mo'ang Baga Ngang and the usurpation of Old Hokor 88 Don Alésu da Silva, Augustinyu da Gama and Raja Worilla 89 The structure of the government of the early rajadom and its contemporary significance 95 Ratu Dona Agnes Ines da Silva 101 The second ‘dewasa’; Raja Mbako I Kikir Hiwa and Raja Thomas Mbo I 104 The third ‘dewasa’; The modern Rajas 107 IV The sovereignty of Sikka’s stranger-kings 111 The motif of the stranger-king 112 The problem of sovereignty 118 Diarchy in the eastern Lesser Sunda Islands and Sikka 120 The problem of sovereignty in Sikka 126 V Marriage, sovereignty, and the paths of ivory in Sikka 133 Ivory and marriage in Sikka 137 Marriage without bridewealth 142 Marriage in the Hikayat, I 146 The strangeness of the stranger 149 Marriage in the Hikayat, II 152 Hierarchized value 155 VI Stranger-Kings and myths of xenarchy in the Eastern Lesser Sunda Islands 161 The occurrence of stranger-king myths in Sumba and central and western Flores 167 Sumba 167 Manggarai 172 Ngada, Nage, and Keo 174 Ende and Lio 178 Stranger-king myths in Larantuka, the Lamaholot archipelago and Timor 181 Larantuka (East Flores) 181 Solor, Adonara and Lembata 182 Timor, Roti, Savu and Raijua 186 Mambai 186 Wehali (West Timor) 187 Atoni 188 Roti 192 Savu and Raijua 194 The occurrence of stranger-king myths in the eastern Lesser Sunda Islands: Summary and conclusion 196 When did the stranger-kings of Sikka arrive on Flores and who were they? 197 Part 2 Hikayat Kerajaan Sikka; The Chronicles of the Rajadom of Sikka An integrated text (D.D.P. Kondi and A. Boer Pareira) Preface (D.D.P. Kondi) 207 VII The first period: The autochthons and newcomers 209 The autochthons 209 The newcomers 213 The verse of Raé Raja and Rubang Sina 215 Verse about Mo'ang Sugi Sao, who climbed a mountain to watch for Goanese ships 219 The discovery of the autochthons 219 The newcomers build a house and open gardens 220 Mo'ang Sugi marries Du'a Sikka; the birth of Mo'ang Sao 224 The travels of Mo'ang Sugi and Mo'ang Sao; Giving names to the places they visit; They discover the place of Natar Gahar 229 A plan to move to Natar Gahar 231 The ordinances of worship 232 The population grows; Disputes over boundaries 234 The marriage of Mo'ang Sao and Du'a Go'it 235 Kondi’s version of Sugi’s advice to Sao 236 Boer’s version of Sugi’s advice to Sao 236 Further advice to Mo'ang Sao and Du'a Go'it 238 The verse of Lupa Lejo Kedo Wirong Aman and Keder Lele Inang Datang 241 The birth of Mo'ang Saru 243 The travels of Mo'ang Sao and Mo'ang Saru; Concerning the settlement of disputes 243 VIII Boer: The life of Mo'ang Bata Jawa 245 Boer: The verse of Mo'ang Bata Jawa 246 Kondi: The life of Mo'ang Bata Jawa 247 Verse of Mo'ang Bata Jati Jawa’s gift of a wide plate and a black cup to the men of the foundation of the land (Ata Kaki) in Lio 250 Mo'ang Bata Jawa appoints tana pu'ang 252 The Verse of Mo'ang Bata Jawa when he visited the earth and went around the land 253 Mo'ang Bata Jawa visits the earth and goes around the land to buy spices 256 The history of the village of Baluk 260 IX The Life of Mo'ang Baga Ngang 265 The era of Mo'ang Baga Ngang 266 The usurpation of Hokor and the foundation of Sikka Natar 272 The lamentation of the men 274 The lamentation of the women 278 Kondi’s summary of the lamentation of the women 281 Mo'ang Baga Ngang inhabits Sikka 282 X Don Alésu’s journeys to Malacca and through Flores 285 Don Alésu in Malacca 287 Don Alésu’s return to Sikka 290 Kondi’s account of Thomas Didimus da Gama 296 Boer’s version of the narrative of Thomas da Gama 298 Kondi’s version of the narrative of Thomas da Gama (continued) 300 Gifts of ivory masts and sails 302 The origins of the people of Sikka Natar 316 XI The reigns of Ratu Dona Maria, Mo'ang Samao da Silva, and Ratu Dona Agnes Ines da Silva 319 Ratu Dona Maria and Raja Samao da Silva 319 The Life of Ratu Dona Agnes Ines da Silva 321 Bridewealth 321 Tada 322 The Ata Sikka and the Portuguese 324 The second period; The middle rajas: Raja Mbako Kikir Hiwa, Raja Prispin da Cunha, Raja Thomas Mo'ang Bo I and Ornay da Costa 333 Raja Mbako I Kikir Hiwa 333 Raja Prispin da Cunha 343 The life of Raja Thomas Mo'ang Bo I da Silva 348 The life of Ornay da Costa 350 XIII The third period: The rajadom in the early twentieth century (E. Douglas Lewis) 353 The rebellions in Sikka 354 Raja Mbako II and the Jawa Baoleng War 357 Boer’s account of the Jawa Baoleng War 357 The Teka insurrection and Raja Nai of Kangae 362 A chronology of Teka’s insurrection 371 The rajas of Larantuka 378 Sikka’s last raja: Don Thomas da Silva 381 Epilogue (E. Douglas Lewis) 383 Appendices 1 Map of place names in the Hikayat Kerajaan Sikka 390 2 Kondi on the origins of the peoples of the Rajadom of Sikka 392 3 Kondi’s List of Dutch administrators Stationed in Maumere 401 4 The Nô – Kleian version of the history of Sikka 403 Glossary 409 Bibliography 415 Index 427 "[An account of the] historical tragedy of the 220 km railroad that bored its way through the hot, humid Sumatran jungle during World War II. The railway was commissioned by Japan and built with the blood and tears of Allied prisoners of war and press-ganged Javanese romushas ... [The author] interviewed nearly one hundred former railroad workers and did painstaking archival research ... [This book is] illustrated with ... authentic drawings of life in the internment camps, charts, and photographs"--Page 4 of cover E. Douglas Lewis ; With An Integrated Edition Of Two Manuscripts On The Origin And History Of The Rajadom Of Sikka By Dominicus Dionitius Pareira Kondi And Alexius Boer Pareira ; Edited By E. Douglas Lewis ; Texts Translated By Oscar Pareira Mandalangi And E. Douglas Lewis. Includes Bibliographical References (pages [415]-426) And Index. English; Some Text In Sikka.