The State of Nature: Histories of an Idea (History of European Political and Constitutional Thought, 6)

"The phrase, "state of nature", has been used over centuries to describe the uncultivated state of lands and animals, nudity, innocence, heaven and hell, interstate relations, and the locus of pre- and supra-political rights, such as the right to resistance, to property, to create and leave polities, and the freedom of religion, speech, and opinion, which may be reactivated or reprioritised when the polity and its laws fail. Combining intellectual history with current concerns, this volume brings together fourteen essays on the past, present and possible future applications of the legal fiction known as the state of nature. Contributors are: Daniel S. Allemann, Pamela Edwards, Ioannis D. Evrigenis, Mary C. Fuller, David Singh Grewal, Francesca Iurlaro, Edward J. Kolla, László Kontler, Grant S. McCall, Tom Sparks, Benjamin Straumann, Karl Widerquist, Sarah Winter, and Simone Zurbuchen"-- Provided by publisher Half Title 2 Series Information 3 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Contents 6 Illustrations 8 Notes on Contributors 9 Introduction 14 Chapter 1 Thucydides, Hobbes, and the Melian Dialogue 19 1 Gladiators in the State of Nature 20 2 Hobbes’s Translation of the Melian Dialogue 25 3 Melos and Hobbes’s Commonwealth by Acquisition 30 4 Reliance on “Absurd Means of Safety” 32 5 Why Thucydides? 35 6 Conclusion 38 Select Bibliography 39 Chapter 2 Missing Terms in English Geographical Thinking, 1550–1600 41 1 Introduction 42 2 Imagining Possession: Freedom of Travel and Natural Fellowship 44 3 Absences and Artifice in the Arctic 60 Select Bibliography 73 Chapter 3 Do Shepherds Live in a State of Nature?: From Peculium to Civilization 74 1 Introduction 75 2 Gentili’s Shepherds: The Poetic of Peculium in His Lectionis variae virgilianae liber (1603) 78 3 Historicizing Shepherds: Samuel Pufendorf against the Primacy of Agriculture 84 4 The End of the Canon: Giambattista Vico on Poets and Shepherds 87 5 Conclusions 91 Select Bibliography 94 Chapter 4 After Vitoria: Natural Law and the Spanish Ideology of Empire 95 1 Introduction 95 1.1 State of Nature Redux? 103 1.2 Revisiting Natural Slavery 104 1.3 Revisiting Occupation 107 2 Natural Society and Empire 110 2.1 Intervention and the Love of One’s Neighbor 110 2.2 Natural Communication 112 3 Prescription and Natural Law 114 3.1 Prescription and the Conquistadors 114 3.2 Prescription and the Conquest 116 4 Solórzano contra Free Communication 119 4.1 The Papal Donation Contra Communication 120 4.2 Littoral Sovereignty Contra Free Communication 122 5 Conclusion 124 Select Bibliography 125 Chapter 5 Fleeing “Polyphemus’s Den”: Locke’s State of Nature as Sanctuary 127 Select Bibliography 156 Chapter 6 Invisible People: The State of Nature in Hugo Grotius’ Account of Global Legal Order 158 1 Introduction 158 2 The State of Nature as a State of Natural Liberty 161 3 The State of Natural Liberty and Natural Law 167 4 Liberty and Servility in the State of Natural Liberty 175 5 Conclusion 187 Select Bibliography 188 Chapter 7 From the State of Nature to the State of Economy: Pufendorf on Commerce and Natural Law 190 1 Introduction 190 2 Pufendorf and Modern Natural Law 194 3 The State of Natural Liberty 197 4 Commercial Sociability 204 5 Value in the State of Nature 207 6 The Status Oeconomicus 212 7 Making Sovereignty Sociable 220 Select Bibliography 227 Chapter 8 The State of Nature, the Family and the State 229 1 Introduction 229 2 The State of Nature and the Family 233 2.1 The Society between Husband and Wife, or Matrimony 235 2.2 The Society between Parents and Children, or the Paternal Society 238 2.3 The Society between Master and Servant, or slave 240 3 From the Family to the State 245 4 Conclusion 255 Select Bibliography 257 Chapter 9 Written in the Hearts of People?: Natural and International Law During the Age of Enlightenment 259 1 Introduction 259 2 Some Natural Laws, from Antiquity to the Peace of Westphalia 262 3 International Law during the Long Eighteenth Century 267 4 Enlightenment Natural Law 273 5 Consequences 281 Select Bibliography 285 Chapter 10 From Natural Equality to Frankpledge: The State of Nature, Ancient Constitutionalism, and the Rupture of the Social Contract in Eighteenth-Century Antislavery Writings 287 1 Introduction 288 2 Natural Rights, Common Law, and the Social Contract in Benezet, Sharp, and Clarkson 291 3 ‘Conveyed to a State of Horror and Slavery’: Cugoano and Equiano 302 4 Frankpledge and the Vicissitudes of a ‘Free Settlement’ 309 5 Conclusion 313 Select Bibliography 315 Chapter 11 From the State of Nature to the Natural State: Transforming the Foundations of Science and Civil Progress in Eighteenth-Century British Political Thought 316 1 Reframing the Debate on Natural Society 316 2 Breaking the Binaries: Burke’s Adaptation of Bolingbroke’s Philosophical History 321 3 Blending the Narratives: Progress, The Powers of Life, and the Nature of the State 331 4 Conclusion 344 Select Bibliography 345 Chapter 12 Their Own State(s) of Nature: The Enlightenment Social Imaginary and the Invention of Hungarian Ethnic Origins 347 1 Introduction 348 2 Sámi Savages and Barbarous Scythians 351 3 The Politics of Stadial History 357 4 Aftermath 373 Select Bibliography 374 Chapter 13 The Place of the Environment in State of Nature Discourses: Reassessing Nature, Property and Sovereignty in the Anthropocene 376 1 Introduction 377 2 Concepts in iel 378 3 ‘Nasty, Brutish, and Short’: The State of Nature of Thomas Hobbes 384 4 The Two Treatises: The State of Nature in the Theory of John Locke 391 5 The State of Nature in the Scottish Enlightenment: David Hume 397 6 Beyond Resource? 402 Select Bibliography 411 Chapter 14 The State of Nature, Prehistory, and Mythmaking 412 1 Introduction 412 2 The Hobbesian Hypothesis 415 3 The Appropriation Hypothesis 420 4 The Natural Inequality Hypothesis 424 5 The Market Freedom Hypothesis 429 6 Conclusion 432 Select Bibliography 433 Index 436 List of Illustrations -- Notes on Contributors -- Introduction -- Mark Somos and Anne Peters -- 1 Thucydides, Hobbes, and the Melian Dialogue -- Benjamin Straumann -- 2 Missing Terms in English Geographical Thinking, 1550-1600 -- Mary C. Fuller -- 3 Do Shepherds Live in a State of Nature? From Peculium to Civilization -- Francesca Iurlaro -- 4 After Vitoria Natural Law and the Spanish Ideology of Empire -- Daniel S. Allemann -- 5 Fleeing " Polyphemus 's Den" Locke's State of Nature as Sanctuary -- Ioannis Evrigenis -- 6 Invisible People The State of Nature in Hugo Grotius' Account of Global Legal Order -- Emile Simpson -- 7 From the State of Nature to the State of Economy Pufendorf on Commerce and Natural Law -- David Singh Grewal -- 8 The State of Nature, the Family and the State -- Simone Zurbuchen -- 9 Written in the Hearts of People? Natural and International Law during the Age of Enlightenment -- Edward J. Kolla -- 10 From Natural Equality to Frankpledge The State of Nature, Ancient Constitutionalism, and the Rupture of the Social Contract in Eighteenth-Century Antislavery Writings -- Sarah Winter -- 11 From the State of Nature to the Natural State Transforming the Foundations of Science and Civil Progress in Eighteenth-Century British Political Thought -- Pamela Edwards -- 12 Their Own State(s) of Nature The Enlightenment Social Imaginary and the Invention of Hungarian Ethnic Origins -- László Kontler -- 13 The Place of the Environment in State of Nature Discourses Reassessing Nature, Property and Sovereignty in the Anthropocene -- Tom Sparks -- 14 The State of Nature, Prehistory, and Mythmaking -- Karl Widerquist and Grant S. McCall -- Index "The phrase, "state of nature", has been used over centuries to describe the uncultivated state of lands and animals, nudity, innocence, heaven and hell, interstate relations, and the locus of pre- and supra-political rights, such as the right to resistance, to property, to create and leave polities, and the freedom of religion, speech, and opinion, which may be reactivated or reprioritised when the polity and its laws fail. Combining intellectual history with current concerns, this volume brings together fourteen essays on the past, present and possible future applications of the legal fiction known as the state of nature. Contributors are: Daniel S. Allemann, Pamela Edwards, Ioannis D. Evrigenis, Mary C. Fuller, David Singh Grewal, Francesca Iurlaro, Edward J. Kolla, László Kontler, Grant S. McCall, Tom Sparks, Benjamin Straumann, Karl Widerquist, Sarah Winter, and Simone Zurbuchen"-- Provided by publisher