The springtime of the people : the Athenian Ephebeia and citizen training from Lykourgos to Augustus

"In The Springtime of the People: The Athenian Ephebeia and Citizen Training from Lykourgos to Augustus Thomas R. Henderson provides a new history of the Athenian ephebeia, a system of military, athletic, and moral instruction for new Athenian citizens. Characterized as a system of hoplite training with roots in ancient initiation rituals, the institution appears here as a later Lykourgan creation with the aim of reinvigorating Athenian civic culture. This book also presents a re-evaluation of the Hellenistic phase of the ephebeia, which has been commonly regarded as an institution in decline. Utilizing new epigraphic material, the author demonstrates that, in addition to rigorous military training, the ephebeia remained an important institution and played a vital and vibrant part of Athenian civic life."-- Provided by publisher Contents 8 Acknowledgements 12 Preface 13 Abbreviations 18 Epigraphical Conventions 21 Part 1 Preliminaries 22 Chapter 1 What Was an Ephebe? 24 1 ἥβη and ἡβάω in Homer 27 2 ἥβη and ἡβάω in Athenian Tragedy 30 3 ἥβη and ἡβάω in Athenian Social Life 33 4 ἡβάω and ἐφηβάω 38 5 ἔφηβος Prior to the Age of Lykourgos: the Kyropaideia of Xenophon 40 6 ἔφηβος Prior to the Age of Lykourgos: the Oath of the Ephebes 43 7 ἔφηβος Prior to the Age of Lykourgos: the Military Service of Aiskhines 46 8 ἔφηβος in the Age of Lykourgos 51 9 New Citizens and New Soldiers 54 10 Conclusion 56 Chapter 2 The Origin of the Athenian Ephebeia 57 1 Epikrates and the Law of the Ephebes 58 2 The Political Character of Athens in the Fifth and Early Fourth Centuries BCE 60 3 The Silence of the Literary Sources 63 4 The Silence of the Epigraphical Sources 69 5 Conclusion 76 Chapter 3 The Purpose of the Athenian Ephebeia 77 1 The Purpose of the Ephebeia: Hoplite Training? 77 2 The Purpose of the Ephebeia: “Problems on the Border?” 78 3 Citizen Training: εὐταξία, πειθαρχία, and σωφροσύνη 83 4 Citizen Training: Xenophon, Isokrates, Plato 88 5 Citizen Training: The Age of Lykourgos 95 6 Conclusion 98 Part 2 The Lykourgan Ephebeia 100 Chapter 4 Organization 102 1 The Organization of the Ephebeia: Officials and Magistrates 102 2 The Organization of the Ephebeia: the Ephebic Tribe 118 3 The Khlamys as a Symbol of Membership in the Ephebeia 125 4 Conclusion 130 Chapter 5 Paideia 131 1 Ephebic Military Service 131 2 Ephebic Trainers and Training 148 3 Conclusion 159 Chapter 6 Religion 161 1 Tour of Sanctuaries 161 2 The Oath Ceremony 165 3 Oath of the Ephebes 168 4 Panathenaia 173 5 Amphiaraia 176 6 Nemesia 178 7 Torch-Races 179 8 The Eutaxia Competition 184 9 Conclusion 189 Part 3 The Hellenistic Ephebeia 190 Chapter 7 The Late Fourth Century BCE 192 1 The Lamian War and the Ephebeia 192 2 The Oligarchy of Demades and Phokion (321/0–319/8 BCE) 195 3 Democracy’s Brief Return (319/8–318/7 BCE) 198 4 The Tyranny of Demetrios of Phaleron (317–307 BCE) 200 5 Between Freedom and Dependency (307–287 BCE) 206 6 The Tyranny of Lakhares and Regime of Demetrios Poliorketes 214 7 Conclusion 217 Chapter 8 Organization, Training and Service (268/7‒31 BCE) 218 1 Participation and Manpower 219 2 Financing the Ephebeia 222 3 Who Joined the Ephebeia? 226 4 Organization of the Hellenistic Ephebeia 229 5 Military Service 232 6 Trainers and Training 238 7 Honors and Awards 242 8 Conclusion 246 Chapter 9 Ephebeia and Athenian Religious Life (229‒31 BCE) 248 1 Ephebes and Religion in the Age of Eurykleides and Mikion 250 2 Initiation, Bull-Lifting and the Ephebeia 256 3 Festivals, Cultural Memory and the Ephebeia 266 4 Territory, Cult and the Ephebeia 272 5 Conclusion 277 Chapter 10 Philosophers, Foreigners and Rome (128/7‒31 BCE) 278 1 Ephebes and Athens’ Philosophers 279 2 Athenian Ephebes and Foreign Youth 288 3 Ephebes and the Apantesis 294 4 The Mithridatic War and the Athenian Ephebeia 299 5 The Final Years of the Hellenistic Ephebeia 302 6 Conclusion 310 Epilogue 312 Catalogue of Ephebic Inscriptions 319 Lykourgan Age 319 Hellenistic Era 324 A Under Foreign Rule (323–307 BCE) 324 B Between Freedom and Dependency (307–287 BCE) 325 C Independent City (287–262 BCE) 326 D Renewed Subjugation (262–229 BCE) 326 E Freedom and Neutrality (229–200 BCE) 329 F Alliance with Rome (200–167 BCE) 331 G Battle of Pydna to War with Sulla (167–88 BCE) 333 H From Sulla to Anthony (87–31 BCE) 340 A Selection of Ephebic Documents 345 Appendices 378 Appendix 1 Participation Totals for Hellenistic Ephebeia by Year 380 Appendix 2 Catalogue of Ephebes: 267/6‒230/29 BCE 382 Appendix 3 Demographic Data of Ephebes: 267/6‒230/29 BCE 396 Appendix 4 Participation of Foreign Ephebes (2nd Century BCE) 399 Bibliography 400 Index of Sources 425 1 Literary Sources 425 2 Epigraphical Sources 440 3 Papyrological Sources 451 General Index 452 1 Important Greek Words and Expressions 452 2 Names of Festivals: Processions, Rites, Sacrifices, Contests 453 3 Names of Gods and Heroes 454 4 Names of Historical Figures 455 5 Important Regions, Locations, Places 457 6 Important Subjects 458