The Sociology of Health, Healing, and Illness (8th Edition)

A comprehensive presentation of the major topics in medical sociology.__The Sociology of Health, Healing, and Illness, 8/e__by Gregory L. Weiss and Lynne E. Lonnquist provides an in-depth overview of the field of medical sociology. The authors provide solid coverage of traditional topics while providing significant coverage of current issues related to health, healing, and illness. Readers will emerge with an understanding of the health care system in the United States as well as the changes that are taking place with the implementation of The Affordable Care Act. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Chapter One: A Brief Introduction to the Sociology of Health, Healing, and Illnes Definition of Medical Sociology Historical Development of Medical Sociology Setting the Foundation: The Importance of Social Factors on Health and Illness The Turn of the Century: Development of Social Medicine The Early- to Mid-Twentieth Century: More Studies on Health and Medicine The 1950s and 1960s: The Formal Subdiscipline Emerges Foundational and Emerging Areas of Interest Sociology’s Contribution to Understanding Health, Healing, and Illness The Sociological Perspective The Construction of Social Theories The Scientific Foundation of the Discipline The Role of the Medical Sociologist in the Twenty-First Century Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Questions References Chapter Two: The Development of Scientific Medicine A Brief History of Medicine Early Humans Supernatural Belief Systems The First Physicians The Egyptian Civilization Greek and Roman Societies Hippocrates—the “Father of Medicine” Roman Medicine Asclepiades Roman Contributions to Medicine Galen The Medieval Era Monastic Medicine Arabic Medicine Scholastic Medicine Medicine in the Renaissance Andreas Vesalius Paracelsus Medical Specialization Medicine from 1600 to 1900 The Seventeenth Century The Eighteenth Century The Nineteenth Century The Ascendancy of Medical Authority in America Early America The Revolution to the Mid-1800s 1850 Onward Forces Stimulating Professionalization The Great Trade of 1910 Perspectives on the Ascendancy of Medical Authority Paul Starr Vicente Navarro Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Question References Chapter Three: Social Epidemiology The Work of the Epidemiologist The Epidemiological Transition Recent Alarming Increases in Infectious Diseases Life Expectancy and Mortality Life Expectancy Mortality Sociodemographic Variations in Life Expectancy Infant Mortality Measurement Trends Causes Variations by Race and Social Class Maternal Mortality Morbidity Measurement Patterns and Sociodemographic Variations in Morbidity Disability Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Cases References Chapter Four: Society, Disease, and Illnes The Social Etiology of Disease The Interrelationship of Proximate Risk Factors and Fundamental Causes: The Case of Developing Countries The Influence of Genetic Transmission on Disease and Illness Cardiovascular Diseases The Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular Disease Incidence and Mortality Etiology Trends Cancer Incidence and Mortality Etiology Trends HIV/AIDS Prevalence, Incidence, and Mortality Etiology Trends Alzheimer’s Disease Prevalence, Incidence, and Mortality Etiology Trends Mental Illness Prevalence Etiology Trends Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case References Chapter Five: Social Stress Definition of Stress Historical Development of the Stress Concept Walter Cannon and Hans Selye A Model of Social Stress Stressors Stressors and the Sociological Perspective Appraisal of Stressors Appraisal and the Sociological Perspective Mediators of Stress: Coping and Social Support Mediators and the Sociological Perspective Coping Social Support Stress Outcomes Pathways Between Stress and Disease The Role of Social Class, Race, Sexual Orientation, and Gender in Social Stress Social Class Race Sexual Orientation Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case References Chapter Six: Health Behavior The Concept of Health The Biomedical Focus The Sociological (Sociocultural) Definition of Health The World Health Organization Definition Health Behavior Describing Individual Health Behaviors Prevention Detection Healthy People 2010 and 2020 Explaining Health Behavior The Macro Approach to Health Behavior The Micro Approach to Health Behavior Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Cases References Chapter Seven: Experiencing Illnes and Disability Stages of Illness Experience Stage 1: Symptom Experience Assessment of Symptoms The Importance of Pain As a Symptom Research on Symptom Assessment Stage 2: Assumption of the Sick Role; Illness as Deviance Background of the Sick Role Concept Criticisms of the Sick Role Rebuttal to Sick Role Criticism Medicalization Demedicalization Symbolic Interactionism: The Labeling Approach to Illness The Work of Eliot Freidson Stage 3: Medical Care Contact/Self-Care The Decision to Seek Professional Care Use of Medical Care Services The Concept of Self-Care Stage 4: Dependent-Patient Role Stage 5: Recovery and Rehabilitation Experiencing Chronic Illness, Impairment, and Disability Relationships Among Chronic Illness, Impairment, and Disability Living With Chronic Illness and Disability The Impact on Sense of Self The Role of Social Stigma Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Questions References Chapter Eight: Physicians and the Profession of Medicine The Profession of Medicine Characteristics of Professions The Dominance of the Medical Profession The Decline of Professional Dominance The American Medical Association The Social Control of Medicine Internal Control Mechanisms External Control: Medical Malpractice The Number, Composition, and Distribution of Physicians in the United States The Number of Physicians The Composition of Physicians Female Physicians Different Specializations Different Practice Patterns Physician Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction Physician Work Intensity Physician Impairment: Stresses and Strains of the Physician Role Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case References Chapter Nine: Medical Education and the Socialization of Physicians The History of Medical Education Early Medical Education Early Reform Efforts Modern Medical Education The Foundation of a New Curriculum Academic Health Centers and Medical Schools Today Medical Students The Medical Education Curriculum The Crisis in Academic Health Centers Specific Criticisms of the Medical Education Curriculum Curricular Reform The Future of Reform The Medical School Experience: Attitude and Value Acquisition Tolerance for Uncertainty Detached Concern The Medical School Experience: Stress Stressors in the First Four Years Stressors During Internship and Residency The Toll of Stress The Medical School Experience: Career Choices Future Directions in U.S. Medical Education Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case References Chapter Ten: Nurses, Mid-Level Health Care Practitioners, and Allied Health Workers Evolution of Nonphysician Health Care Practitioners Early America Post–Civil War to 1920: Professional Medicine and Separate Domains 1920s Through the 1950s: The Advent of Scientific Medicine Nurses and the Field of Nursing Overview Nurse Supply and Demand Recruitment and Socialization Occupational Status Issues in Nursing Today Mid-Level Health Care Practitioners Advanced Practice Registered Nurses Allied Health Workers The Health Care Team The Concept of a Health Care Team Perceptions of the Team Approach The “Medical Home” Relationships Among Health Care Workers The Relationship Among Physicians and Nurses The Relationship Among Physicians and Mid-Level Practitioners The Changing Environment Among Health Care Workers Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Question References Chapter Eleven: Complementary and Alternative Medicine The Meaning of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Scientific Medicine and Alternative Healing Orthodox Medicine’s View of Alternative Healers CAM’s View of Conventional Healers Complementary and Alternative Healers Use of Complementary and Alternative Healers The Dual Model of Care The Efficacy of Complementary and Alternative Healers Mainstream Interest in Complementary and Alternative Healing Practices Chiropractic Origin Basic Principles Historical Developments Current and Future Status Acupuncture Origin of Acupuncture in the United States Basic Principles Historical Developments Organized Medicine and Acupuncture Current and Future Status Spiritual Healing and Christian Science Efficacy of Spiritual Healing Public Perceptions of Spiritual Healing Christian Science as an Example of Spiritual Healing Ethnic Folk Healing Curanderismo Native American Healing Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case References Chapter Twelve: The Physician–Patient Relationship: Background and Models Models of the Physician–Patient Relationship The Parsonian Model Key Dimensions of the Physician–Patient Relationship The Appropriate Model of Health Primary Ethical Obligation Establishment of Therapeutic Communication The Current Move to Patient-Centered Care The Influence of Social Class, Race, and Symptomology on the Physician–Patient Relationship Medical Symptoms Personal Characteristics The Influence of Gender on the Physician–Patient Relationship Gender of the Physician Gender of the Patient Patient Satisfaction with Physicians Level of Satisfaction Factors Related to Patient Satisfaction Patient Compliance with Medical Regimens Sociological Explanations for Compliance Behavior Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case References Chapter Thirteen: Profesional and Ethical Obligations of Physicians in the Physician–Patient Relationship The Approach of Medical Ethics Approaches to Determining Moral Rules of Conduct Relative to Medicine Truth-Telling as an Issue Are Lying and Deception Acceptable Professional Behaviors? The Current Situation Regarding Truth-Telling Confidentiality as an Issue The Tarasoff Case The Meaning of Confidentiality The Laws Pertaining to Confidentiality Medical Codes When Confidentiality Becomes an Issue Justifications for the Principle of Confidentiality Grounds for Breaking Confidentiality Right Versus Duty to Breach Confidentiality Obligation to Treat Patients with Highly Contagious Diseases Physicians’ Perceptions Regarding the Obligation to Treat Historical Perspectives on the Obligation to Treat Laws Pertaining to the Obligation to Treat Medical Codes Rationale for No Obligation to Treat Rationale for Obligation to Treat Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Cases References Chapter Fourteen: The Health Care System of the United States Rating the U.S. Health Care System Based on Systematic Analysis Based on Consumer Attitudes The U.S. Health Care System The Foundation of the Health Care System The Development of Private Health Insurance The Development of a Nonprofit Health Insurance Alternative The Entry of Public (Government-Sponsored) Health Insurance Incentives to Overuse Services Cost Containment The Development of Managed Care The Financing of Health Care in the United States How Much Money Does the United States Spend on Health Care? Who Receives the Dollars Spent on Personal Health? Who Spends the Dollars for Personal Health Care? Private Sources Public Sources (Government) Explanations for the High Cost of American Medicine The Aging of the Population The High Cost of New Medical Technologies Medical Entrepreneurialism America’s Uninsured Population Who Are the Uninsured? The Role of the Employment-Based Health Insurance System The Consequences of Being Uninsured Historical Efforts to Reform the Health Care System The 1990s and the Clinton Health Initiative Health Care Reform at the State Level Health Care Reform of 2010: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Positions on Health Care Reform The Political Process of Reform Basic Benefits of Health Care Reform Who Will Pay for Health Care Reform? Who Benefits the Most from Reform? What Are the Key Criticisms of the Plan? What Was the Successful Strategy in Getting Health Care Reform Legislation Passed? How Much Did Public Opinion Influence the Process? Constitutional Challenge Key Issues to Watch Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case References Chapter Fifteen: Health Care Delivery Hospitals History Organizational Structure The Number of Hospitals and Hospital Beds Hospital Ownership Multihospital Chains Megamergers Key Issues in Hospitals Freestanding Ambulatory and Surgical Sites The Traditional Setting Freestanding Sites Nursing Homes Types of Nursing Homes Benefits of Nursing Homes Concerns About Nursing Homes Hospices Home Health Care Informal Home Health Care Formal Home Health Care Summary Health Care on the Internet Discussion Case References Chapter Sixteen: The Social Implications of Advanced Health Care Technology Societal Control of Technology Health Care Technology The Social Implications of Advanced Health Care Technology Social Issues Raised by Advancing Health Care Technology The Right to Refuse or Demand Advanced Health Care Technology Do Patients Have a Legal Right to Refuse Medical Treatment? Can Patients Demand a Particular Medical Treatment? Helga Wanglie Physician-Assisted Suicide Organ Donation and Transplantation Social Policy Issues Related to Organ Transplantation Organ Donation Policy in the United States Alternative Directions for Organ Donation Policy The Psychosocial Dimension of Organ Transplantation and Donation The Donor–Recipient Relationship Assisted Procreation Infertility The Development of Assisted Procreative Techniques Analyzing Surrogate Motherhood Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case References Chapter Seventeen: Comparative Health Care Systems Major Influences on Health Care Systems Health Care Services in Developing Countries Types of Health Care Systems China The Historical, Political, and Philosophical Foundation Organization of the Health Care System Accessibility of Health Care Performance of the Health Care System Recent Developments in Health Care Canada The Historical, Political, and Philosophical Foundation Organization of the Health Care System Accessibility of Health Care Performance of the Health Care System Recent Developments in Health Care Great Britain The Historical, Political, and Philosophical Foundation Organization of the Health Care System Accessibility of Health Care Performance of the Health Care System Recent Developments in Health Care Russia The Historical, Political, and Philosophical Foundation Organization of the Health Care System Accessibility of Health Care Performance of the Health Care System Recent Developments in Health Care Common Challenges to Health Care Systems Around the World Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Questions References Photo Credits Name Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Subject Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U W A comprehensive presentation of the major topics in medical sociology. The Sociology of Health, Healing, and Illness, 8/e by Gregory L. Weiss and Lynne E. Lonnquist provides an in-depth overview of the field of medical sociology. The authors provide solid coverage of traditional topics while providing significant coverage of current issues related to health, healing, and illness. Readers will emerge with an understanding of the health care system in the United States as well as the changes that are taking place with the implementation of The Affordable Care Act.