The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the Lebanese Shia (Middle East Today)

This book sheds new light on the emergence and fluctuation of Iran's connections with non-state entities in the Middle East. Iran's involvement with political-militant non-states has been at the heart of international and regional security policy for more than three decades. The author analyzes Iran's non-state foreign policy by focusing on specific geopolitical and geocultural threats and opportunities that pushed Tehran to build strategic ties with the Iraqi Kurds and the Lebanese Shia. This project will appeal to multiple audiences interested in geopolitics of the Middle East, Iran's foreign policy, and international relations.-- Provided by publisher Dedication......Page 6 Praise Page......Page 7 Acknowledgments......Page 10 Contents......Page 12 Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 14 Chapter 1: Introduction......Page 16 United States of America......Page 27 Congressional Record......Page 28 Author’s Interviews......Page 29 Books......Page 30 Chapter 2: Driving Forces......Page 33 1 Threats......Page 34 The Red Threat......Page 35 The Arab Threat......Page 38 The Kurdish Threat......Page 41 The Black Threat......Page 45 The Palestine Threat......Page 47 2 Opportunities......Page 49 The U.S., Zero-Sum Nature of the Cold War, and the Nixon Doctrine......Page 50 Israel and the Doctrine of Periphery......Page 55 The British Withdrawal from East of Suez......Page 57 3 Institutions......Page 59 The Shah......Page 60 SAVAK......Page 61 The Army......Page 65 Ministry of Foreign Affairs......Page 66 4 Theoretical Conclusion......Page 67 Iran......Page 68 Congressional Record......Page 69 Online Document Collections......Page 70 Books......Page 71 1 Inception: The Iraqi Kurds......Page 74 The Iranian Medes......Page 75 Red Mullah and the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP)......Page 77 The Shia Jabal Amel......Page 79 Charismatic Seyyed......Page 82 Published Government Documents......Page 83 Books......Page 84 Chapter 4: Creation: Iran’s Non-State Foreign Policy in 1958–63......Page 85 The Iraqi Coup of 1958......Page 86 Qasim and the Kurds......Page 87 SAVAK and the “Rescue Iraq” Plan......Page 89 Unstable Iraq......Page 93 Planting the Seeds of the Revolt......Page 96 Kurdish-Israeli Connections......Page 100 The Illul Movement of 1961......Page 101 The Iranians, the Americans, and the Kurds......Page 104 The Ramadhan Revolution of 1963......Page 105 Pan-Arabism and Tehran-Beirut Connection......Page 106 The Iraqi Coup of 1958 and SAVAK’s “Green Plan”......Page 108 Sadr and Tehran......Page 110 Young Leader......Page 112 Congressional Record......Page 115 Books......Page 116 Chapter 5: Ascension: Iran’s Non-State Foreign Policy in 1963–68......Page 118 The First Baath Regime......Page 119 J.F.K Versus the Shah......Page 121 The First Baath-Kurdish War......Page 123 The Iraqi Kurdish Ceasefire of 1964......Page 127 The Kurdish Civil War......Page 128 Iraq-Egypt Unity and the Collapse of the 1964 Ceasefire......Page 131 The Shah vs. Johnson......Page 133 A Non-Arab Triangle: Iran, Israel, and the Kurds......Page 136 Shaky Baghdad......Page 140 Transformative Years 1967–69......Page 142 Iran’s Non-Kurdish Proxies......Page 143 The First Tension......Page 145 Imam’s Popularity......Page 147 Published Government Documents......Page 150 Author’s Interviews......Page 151 Books......Page 152 Chapter 6: Limbo: Iran’s Non-State Foreign Policy in 1968–73......Page 153 The Baath Coup of 1968......Page 154 Arvand Rud Crisis of 1969......Page 156 The Aborted Coup Plot......Page 159 The March Accord of 1970......Page 163 Baghdad-Moscow Connection and the Shah’s Cold War Language......Page 167 The American Hesitation......Page 169 Tehran Summit of 1972......Page 172 A Triangular Cooperation in Iraqi Kurdistan......Page 177 The Shah’s Hesitation......Page 179 The October War and the Rising Iraqi Threat......Page 183 The Six-Day War and the Decline of the Nasserism......Page 185 The Supreme Islamic Shia Council......Page 186 Palestinian Cause......Page 188 Sadr and Arab Regimes......Page 191 Bakhtiar and Sadr......Page 196 The Iranian Revolutionaries......Page 198 A Controversial Trip......Page 206 Qadar Duel with Sadr......Page 210 United States of America......Page 215 Online Document Collections......Page 216 Books......Page 217 Chapter 7: Downfall: Iran’s Non-State Foreign Policy in 1973–77......Page 220 Shuttle Diplomacy......Page 221 The Collapse of the March Accord......Page 223 The Last War......Page 227 Grand Bargain Preparation......Page 230 The 1975 Algiers Agreement......Page 237 Betrayal or Necessity?......Page 245 Anti-Sadr Campaign......Page 249 Sadr, Ayatollah Khomeini, and the Islamist Revolutionaries......Page 250 Escalated Enmity......Page 259 The Movement of the Deprived and Amal......Page 263 The Lebanese Civil War of 1975......Page 267 Seyyed’s Loneliness......Page 269 Shirazi vs. Sadr......Page 271 Final Decision......Page 279 Radical Sadr......Page 281 United States of America......Page 286 Author’s Interviews......Page 287 Books......Page 288 Strategic Misstep or Strategic Necessity?......Page 290 The Last Efforts in the Last Days......Page 295 Waves of the Islamic Revolution......Page 298 A Mysterious Journey......Page 299 The Shah-Sadr Secret Deal?......Page 305 Sadr’s Disappearance and the Iranian Revolutionaries......Page 308 The Revolutionary Search......Page 312 The Shah’s Last Hope......Page 314 The End......Page 317 Published Government Documents......Page 319 Published Interviews......Page 320 Books......Page 321 Chapter 9: Conclusion: Iran’s Non-State Foreign Policy and the Shah’s Legacy......Page 322 United States of America......Page 347 Published Interviews......Page 348 Books......Page 349 Index......Page 350 "This book sheds new light on the emergence and fluctuation of Iran's connections with non-state entities in the Middle East. Iran's involvement with political-militant non-states has been at the heart of international and regional security policy for more than three decades. The author analyzes Iran's non-state foreign policy by focusing on specific geopolitical and geocultural threats and opportunities that pushed Tehran to build strategic ties with the Iraqi Kurds and the Lebanese Shia. This project will appeal to multiple audiences interested in geopolitics of the Middle East, Iran's foreign policy, and international relations"--Back cover Annotation This book sheds new light on the emergence and fluctuation of Iran's connections with non-state entities in the Middle East. Iran's involvement with political-militant non-states has been at the heart of international and regional security policy for more than three decades. The author analyzes Iran's non-state foreign policy by focusing on specific geopolitical and geocultural threats and opportunities that pushed Tehran to build strategic ties with the Iraqi Kurds and the Lebanese Shia. This project will appeal to multiple audiences interested in geopolitics of the Middle East, Iran's foreign policy, and international relations