The settlement of disputes in international law : institutions and procedures

For many years it was said that the weakness of international law was the lack of a system for the enforcement of legal obligations. Commentators pointed to the paucity of cases in the International Court and the unwillingness of States to undertake binding obligations to settle their disputes. This position has now changed beyond recognition. The number of international tribunals has increased and many of them, such as ICSID and the International Court of Justice, are busier than at any time in their history. Increasingly, the classical procedures of diplomatic protection are circumvented as corporations and individuals litigate in their own right against States in international tribunals. This book surveys the range of procedures for the settlement of international disputes, whether the disputes arise between States or between States and corporations or individuals. The first part of the book examines non-judicial procedures such as negotiation, mediation, fact-finding, as well as judicial procedures. Among the tribunals covered are ICSID, the UNCC and the Iran-US Claim Tribunal, the WTO disputes panels, ad-hoc inter-State and international commercial arbitral tribunals and the International Court of Justice. In the second part of the book the emerging principles of procedural law applied in these tribunals are discussed. Here the authors go through the entire settlement process from the agreement to submit to a settlement procedure and the constitution of the tribunal, through to the determination of the law applicable to the merits and to the procedure of the tribunal, to the review, and ultimately the recognition and enforcement of tribunal awards. The Settlement of Disputes in International Law PREFACE CONTENTS TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS TABLE OF CASES 1— Introduction 1— Conflict, Disputes and the Law 2— The Range of Dispute Settlement Procedures 3— Justiciability PART ONE— INSTITUTIONS 2— Methods of Settlement of Disputes: The Basic Framework 1— Introduction 2— Negotiation[fn4] 3— Inquiry and Fact Finding 4— Mediation and Good Offices 5— Conciliation 6— Arbitration 6.1— The Permanent Court of Arbitration 6.2— The Use of Arbitration in Recent Times 7— Dispute Settlement Mechanisms and Other Developments 8— New Directions? Iraq and the UN Compensation Commission 3— International Commercial Arbitration 1— Introduction 2— Arbitration Rules 2.1— The ICC Rules 2.2— The UNCITRAL Rules 3— National Arbitration Laws 3.1— The UNCITRAL Model Law 4— International Agreements on Arbitration 5— Concluding Remarks 4— Mixed Arbitrations 1— The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) 1.1— The ICSID Framework 1.1.1— Organs 1.1.2— Jurisdiction 1.1.3— Submission to ICSID Jurisdiction 1.1.4— Parties to Disputes 1.2— ICSID Procedure[fn42] 1.2.1— Conciliation 1.2.2— Arbitration 1.2.3— Enforcement of ICSID Awards 2— The Iran-US Claims Tribunal 2.1— The Hostages Crisis 2.2— The Algiers Accords 2.3— The Iran-US Claims Tribunal 2.3.1— Claims of Nationals 2.3.2— Official Claims 2.3.3— Interpretative Cases 2.3.4— Applicable Law 2.3.5— Enforcement of Iran-US Claims Tribunal Awards 5— Dispute Settlement in the Law of the Sea 1— Introduction 2— The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea[fn18] 3— The International Court of Justice 4— Annex VII Arbitral Tribunals[fn37] 5— Annex VIII Special Arbitral Tribunals 6— General Provisions 6— The Settlement of International Economic Disputes 1— The GATT and WTO Systems 1.1— The GATT System 1.2— The WTO System 2— Regional Trade Dispute Settlement Systems 2.1— The EU System 2.2— COMESA—The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 2.3— ECOWAS—The Economic Community of West African States 2.4— Other African Economic Organisations 2.5— NAFTA—The North American Free Trade Agreement 2.6— Mercosur—Mercado Común del Sur/the Southern Common Market 3— International Financial Disputes 3.1— The IMF 3.2— The World Bank 3.3— The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) 4— Concluding Remarks 7— The International Court of Justice 1— Participation 2— Composition of the Court and Election of Judges: Dismissal 3— Sittings: Chambers 4— Disqualification of Judges 5— Ad hoc Judges 6— President; Vice-President; Registrar; Seat 7— Competence and Jurisdiction in Contentious Cases 7.1— All Cases Which the Parties Refer to the Court 7.2— Matters Specially Provided for in the UN Charter 7.3— Forum Prorogatum[fn46] 7.4— Treaties or Conventions in Force 7.5— 'Transferred' Jurisdiction 7.6— The Optional Clause[fn73] 7.6.1— The Character of the Relationships Created by a Declaration 7.6.2— Reservations[fn77] 7.6.2.1— Domestic Jurisdiction[fn89] 7.6.2.2— 'Automatic' Reservations[fn90] 7.6.2.3— Limitation of Jurisdiction to Certain Categories of Case 7.6.2.4— Time Limitations 7.6.2.5— 'Multilateral Treaty' Reservations 7.6.2.6— Resort to Other Means of Peaceful Settlement 7.6.3— Condition of Reciprocity 7.6.4— Withdrawal or Termination of Declaration 7.6.5— Variation of the Terms of a Declaration 7.6.6— 'Transferred' Declarations 7.6.7— The Optional Clause: Summary 8— Admissibility 8.1— Hypothetical Nature of the Case 8.2— The Case Has Become 'Moot' 8.3— Lack of Interest in the Subject Matter 8.4— Legal Interest of a Third State 8.5— Other Examples 9— Intervention[fn175] 9.1— Construction of a Convention 9.2— An Interest of a Legal Nature 10— Interim (Provisional) Measures of Protection[fn203] 10.1— Jurisdiction 10.2— The Exercise of Discretion 10.3— The Scope of Interim Measures 10.4— Relationship to the Claim on the Merits 10.5— Enforcement of Interim Measures 11— Procedure of the Court 12— Effect of Judgments 13— Enforcement of Judgments 14— Interpretation and Revision of Judgments 15— Non-Appearance 16— Advisory Opinions PART TWO— PROCEDURE 8— The Arbitral Process 1— Introduction 2— Admissibility 2.1— Nationality of Claims[fn3] 2.2— Exhaustion of Local Remedies 3— Submission to Jurisdiction 3.1— Written Agreement 3.2— Existing or Future Differences 3.3— Defined Legal Relationship 3.4— Arbitrability 3.5— Capacity 3.6— Validity 4— Who is Covered by the Arbitration Agreement? 5— Third Parties: Intervention and Joinder 6— Contents of the Arbitration Agreement 7— Arbitration Clauses and Submission Agreements 8— The Autonomy of the Arbitration Clause 9— Refusal to Arbitrate and the Denial of Justice 10— Establishment and Procedure of Arbitral Tribunals 10.1— Time Limits 10.2— Appointment of Arbitrators 10.3— Challenge to and Disqualification of Arbitrators[fn154] 11— Powers and Duties of Arbitrators 12— The Authority of Truncated Tribunals 13— Challenges to the Tribunal's Jurisdiction 14— Lex arbitri 15— Delocalisation 16— Procedure 17— Applicable Law 18— Remedies 18.1— Interim Measures[fn291] 18.2— Final Remedies 19— The Award 20— Challenges to Awards 21— Effects of the Award 22— Enforcement of Judgments and Awards 22.1— The New York Convention 22.2— State Immunity APPENDICES Appendices—Contents Appendix 1— The Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes Annex Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes I II Appendix 2— Hague Convention on the Pacific Settlement of Disputes, 1907 Part I— The Maintenance of General Peace Part II— Good Offices and Mediation Part III— International Commissions of Inquiry Part IV— International Arbitration Chapter I— The System of Arbitration Chapter II— The Permanent Court of Arbitration Chapter III— Arbitration Procedure Chapter IV— Arbitration by Summary Procedure Part V— Final Provisions Appendix 3— ICSID Convention Preamble Chapter I— International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Section 1— Establishment and Organization Section 2— The Administrative Council Section 3— The Secretariat Section 4— The Panels Section 5— Financing the Centre Section 6— Status, Immunities and Privileges Chapter II— Jurisdiction of the Centre Chapter III— Conciliation Section 1— Request for Conciliation Section 2— Constitution of the Conciliation Commission Section 3— Conciliation Proceedings Chapter IV— Arbitration Section 1— Request for Arbitration Section 2— Constitution of the Tribunal Section 3— Powers and Functions of the Tribunal Section 4— The Award Section 5— Interpretation, Revision and Annulment of the Award Section 6— Recognition and Enforcement of the Award Chapter V— Replacement and Disqualification of Conciliators and Arbitrators Chapter VI— Cost of Proceedings Chapter VII— Place of Proceedings Chapter VIII— Disputes between Contracting States Chapter IX— Amendment Chapter X— Final Provisions Appendix 4— Uncitral Arbitration Rules Resolution 31/98 Adopted by the General Assembly On 15 December 1976 Uncitral Arbitration Rules Scope of Application Notice, Calculation of Periods of Time Notice of Arbitration Representation and Assistance Number of Arbitrators Appointment of Arbitrators: (Articles 6 to 8) Challenge of Arbitrators: (Articles 9 to 12) Replacement of an Arbitrator Repetition of Hearings in the Event of the Replacement of an Arbitrator General Provisions Place of Arbitration Language Statement of Claim Statement of Defence Amendments to the Claim or Defence Pleas As to the Jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal Further Written Statements Periods of Time Evidence and Hearings: (Articles 24 and 25) Interim Measures of Protection Experts Default Closure of Hearings Waiver of Rules Decisions Form and Effect of the Award Applicable Law, Amiable Compositeur Settlement or Other Grounds for Termination Interpretation of the Award Correction of the Award Additional Award Costs: (Articles 38 to 40) Deposit of Costs Appendix 5— Uncitral Model Law Chapter I— General Provisions Chapter II— Arbitration Agreement Chapter III— Composition of Arbitral Tribunal Chapter IV— Jurisdiction of Arbitral Tribunal Chapter V— Conduct of Arbitral Proceedings Chapter VI— Making of Award and Termination of Proceedings Chapter VII— Recourse against Award Chapter VIII— Recognition and Enforcement of Awards Appendix 6— Statute of the International Court of Justice Chapter I— Organization of the Court Chapter II— Competence of the Court Chapter III— Procedure Chapter IV— Advisory Opinions Chapter V— Amendment Appendix 7— Rules of the International Court of Justice [Part I]— The Court Section A— Judges and Assessors Subsection 1— The Members of the Court Subsection 2— Judges ad hoc Subsection 3— Assessors Section B— The Presidency Section C— The Chambers Section D— Internal Functioning of the Court [Part II]— The Registry [Part III]— Proceedings in Contentious Cases Section A— Communications to the Court and Consultations Section B— The Composition of the Court for Particular Cases Section C— Proceedings before the Court Subsection 1— Institution of Proceedings Subsection 2— The Written Proceedings Subsection 3— The Oral Proceedings Section D— Incidental Proceedings Subsection 1— Interim Protection Subsection 2— Preliminary Objections Subsection 3— Counter-Claims Subsection 4— Intervention Subsection 5— Special Reference to the Court Subsection 6— Discontinuance Section E— Proceedings before the Chambers Section F— Judgments, Interpretation and Revision Subsection 1— Judgments Subsection 2— Requests for the Interpretation or Revision of a Judgment Section G— Modifications Proposed by the Parties [Part IV]— Advisory Proceedings INDEX A C D E F G H I J L M N O P R S T U V W

this Book Surveys The Range Of Procedures For The Settlement Of International Disputes, Whether The Disputes Arise Between States Or Between States And Corporations Or Individuals. It Examines Non-judicial Procedures Such As Negotiation, Mediation, Fact-finding, As Well As Judicial Procedures. The Emerging Principles Of Procedural Law Applied In These Tribunals Are Also Discussed.