The Semantic Web-ISWC 2002 : First International Semantic Web Conference : Sardinia, Italy, June 9-12, 2002 : proceedings

This volume contains the papers presented at the First International Sem- tic Web Conference (ISWC 2002) held in Sardinia, Italy, 9-12th June, 2002. The conference followed on from the highly successful Semantic Web Working Symposium held at Stanford University, USA in 2001. A total of 133 papers were submitted to ISWC 2002, comprising 95 research papers, 22 position papers, and 16 system description papers. Each submission was evaluated by at least two referees, mainly members of the Program Comm- tee. This resulted in the selection of 40 papers for presentation at the conference and publication in this volume. Of these, 27 are research papers, 6 are position papers, and 7 are system description papers. We would like to thank the many people who made ISWC 2002 possible. In particular, we are grateful to the following groups and individuals: Je? Pan for help with the conference management software and proceedings; the p- gram committee for their reviewing e?orts and advice on organizational details; Michele Missiko? and Nicoletta Dess ́? for conference organization and local co- dination; J ́er^ome Euzenat for ?nancial organization and the conference web site; Asunci ́ on G ́ omez-P ́erez for organizing the tutorials; Raphael Malyankar for - ganizing the poster session; Ste?en Staab, Siegfried Handschuh, and Marc Ehrig for organizing semantic markup; Deborah McGuinness and Ying Ding for - ranging sponsorship; and the sponsors themselves for their moral and ?nancial support. The Semantic Web - ISWC 2002 Preface Conference Organization Table of Contents Semantic Web Enabled Web Services The Grid, Grid Services and the Semantic Web: Technologies and Opportunities Matching RDF Graphs 1 Introduction 2 An Example 3 Graph Isomorphism Theory 4 Iterative Vertex Classification Algorithms 5 Vertex Classification for RDF 6 Partition Refinement by Hashcode 7 Other Equivalences 8 Use of Graph Isomorphism within Jena 9 Conclusions References Layering the Semantic Web: Problems and Directions 1 Introduction 2 The Context: The Semantic Web Language Tower 3 Layering in the Semantic Web 4 The Problem when Layering OWL on Top of RDF(S) 4.1 The Problem in General Terms 4.2 The Problem in Detail 5 Solutions for Layering OWL on Top of RDF(S) 5.1 Limiting Entailment 5.2 Syntactic and Semantic Extension 5.3 Same Syntax, But Diverging Semantics 5.4 Diverging Syntax and Diverging Semantics 6 Conclusions Acknowledgement References Notions of Indistinguishability for Semantic Web Languages 1 Introduction 2 Semantic Web and Social Network Analysis 3 Delimiting the Design Space, a Case for Hybrid Logic 4 A Self Referential Web Language 5 Wrap Up References The Usable Ontology: An Environment for Building and Assessing a Domain Ontology 1 Introduction 1.1 The Usable Ontology 1.2 An Ontology Engineering Environment 2 The OntoLearn System 2.1 Identification of Relevant Domain Terminology 2.2 Semantic Interpretation of Terms 2.3 Creating a Specific Domain Ontology 2.4 Evaluation of the OntoLearn System 3. Creating a "Consensus": The ConSys System Conclusions References Sesame: A Generic Architecture for Storing and Querying RDF and RDF Schema 1 Introduction 2 RDF and RDFS 3 The Need for an RDFS Query Language 3.1 Querying at the Syntactic Level 3.2 Querying at the Structure Level 3.3 Querying at the Semantic Level 4 Sesame's Architecture 4.1 Overview 4.2 Sesame's Functional Modules 5 The SAIL API 6 Experiences 6.1 RDFS in Practice 6.2 PostgreSQL and SAIL 6.3 MySQL 7 Future Work 7.1 Transaction Rollback Support 7.2 Adding and Extending Functional Modules 7.3 DAML+OIL Support 8 Conclusions References A Formal Model for Topic Maps 1 Foreword: So Many Ways of Going Meta 2 Are Topic Maps Meta-language or Meta-data? 3 Introducing Hypergraphs 4 A General Model for Topic Maps 5 Lift and Fixed Point Properties 6 Alternate (cal{H}, theta ) Description 7 Stratified Topic Maps 8 Structural Properties 9 Organization Levels and Minors 10 Conclusion References Towards High-Precision Service Retrieval 1 The Challenge: High Precision Service Retrieval 2. The State of the Art 3 Our Approach: Exploiting Process Ontologies 3.1 Modeling Services as Process Models 3.2 Indexing Service Models into the Process Ontology 3.3 Defining Queries 3.4 Finding Matches 4 Empirical Evaluation 4.1 Task Decomposition 4.2 Task Mechanisms 4.3 Specialization 4.4 Exception Handling 4.5 Port Connectivity 4.6 Conclusions 5 Complexity Analysis 5.2 The Complexity of PQL without the *-Modifier Is in QLOGSPACE 5.2 The Complexity of PQL Is in Polynomial Time 6 Contributions of This Work 7 Next Steps References Automatic Generation of Java/SQL Based Inference Engines from RDF Schema and RuleML 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 OntoJava 3.1 Mapping the Class Taxonomy 3.2 Mapping Properties 3.3 Mapping Rules 3.4 Property Inheritance 3.5 Constraints 3.6 Multiple Inheritance 3.7 Defining Instances 3.8 Extending the Generated Classes 3.9 Namespaces 3.10 Reaction Rules 3.11 A Sample Application 4 OntoSQL 4.1 Mapping Datalog Queries to SQL 4.2 Mapping Datalog Rules to SQL 4.3 Recursive Rules 4.4 Building Applications with OntoSQL 5 Future Work 6 Summary References Ontology-Based Integration of XML Web Resources 1 Introduction 2 System Overview 2.1 XML Resources 2.2 The Global Schema 2.3 Derived Ontologies 2.4 Source Descriptions 2.5 Query Rewriting and Evaluation 3 The Integration Model 3.1 XML Integration 3.2 Conceptual Integration Model for XML 3.3 Semantic Keys for XML 4 Conclusions References Benchmarking RDF Schemas for the Semantic Web 1. Introduction 2. RDF/S in a Nutshell 3. A Classification of Existing RDF/S Schemas 4. Analyzing the Structure of RDF/S Schemas 5. Towards Richer RDF/S Modeling Constructs 5.1 Meta-schemas 5.2 Non-binary Relations 5.3 Enumerated Types and Specialization of rdfs:Literal 6. Related Work and Summary References Building the Semantic Web on XML 1 Introduction 2 Foundations for the World-Wide Web and the Semantic Web 2.1 The Current XML and RDF Foundations 2.2 A New Foundation 3 A New Semantic Web (Data Portion) 4 Going Beyond Data 5 A New Semantic Web 5.1 Semantic Foundations for the New Semantic Web 5.2 SWOL 5.3 Models of XML and SWOL Documents 5.4 Dealing with Models 5.5 Multiple Sources of Information 5.6 Giving Direct Meaning to XML Schema Documents 6 Example 7 Conclusion References Trusting Information Sources One Citizen at a Time 1 Introduction 2 Information Analysis in TRELLIS 3 Source Attribution and Description 4 Deriving an Assessment about a Source 5 Helping Users Select Sources 6 Related Work 7 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Querying the Semantic Web: A Formal Approach 1 Introduction 2 Preliminaries 2.1 DAML+OIL 2.2 Description Logic 2.3 Knowledge Bases 2.4 Query Language 3 Answering Boolean Queries 3.1 Queries without Constants 3.2 Queries with Constants 4 Retrieving Answer Sets 5 Speeding Up the Answer 6 Conclusions References Semantic Configuration Web Services in the CAWICOMS Project 1 Introduction 2 Application Scenario 3 CAWICOMS Environment 3.1 Web Services 3.2 Ontologies 3.3 Interaction Scenario 4 Multi-layer Ontology Definition 4.1 Basic Configuration Ontology 4.2 Product Domain Ontology for Network Services 5 Web Service Scenario 5.1 Service Publishing 5.2 Service Identification 5.3 Service Execution 6 Related Work 7 Conclusions References Integrating Vocabularies: Discovering and Representing Vocabulary Maps 1 Introduction 2 The Product Cataloguing Task 3 Discovering Vocabulary Bridges 3.1 Naive-Bayes Classifier 3.2 Deriving the Maps 3.3 Experimental Investigation: English Dataset 3.4 Further Experiments 4 Incorporating the Bridges in the Document Transformation Process 4.1 Representing the Maps with the Mapping Meta-ontology 4.2 Vocabularies in XML Documents 5 Outlook and Discussion Issues References OntoEdit: Collaborative Ontology Development for the Semantic Web 1 Introduction 2 Case Study: SEmantic portAL (SEAL) at Institute AIFB 3 Requirements Specification Phase 4 Refinement Phase 5 Evaluation Phase 6 Related Work 7 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Towards a Modification Exchange Language for Distributed RDF Repositories 1 Introduction 2 Use Cases 2.1 Integrated Systems for Teaching and Learning 2.2 Collaborative Annotation 3 Design Considerations 3.1 Granularity Levels of Modification Commands 3.2 Replication Design 3.3 Annotation Design 4 The Modification Exchange Language (MEL) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Format of Modification Commands 4.3 Format of Modification Messages 5 Related Work 6 Concluding Remarks References Representing Disjunction and Quantifiers in RDF * 1 Introduction 2 Our Approach 3 Application: Web-PDDL 4 Objections and Replies 5 Conclusion and Related Work References Towards Semantic Web Mining 1 Introduction 2 The Semantic Web and Web Mining 2.1 Semantic Web 2.2 Web Mining 3 Extracting Semantics from the Web 3.1 Ontology Learning 3.2 Mapping and Merging Ontologies 3.3 Instance Learning 4 Exploiting Semantics for Web Mining 4.1 Web Content Mining 4.2 Web Structure Mining 4.3 Web Usage Mining 5 Mining the Semantic Web 5.1 Semantic Web Content and Structure Mining 5.2 Semantic Web Usage Mining 6 Closing the Loop 7 Conclusion References Bringing Together Semantic Web and Web Services 1 Introduction 2 Foundations 2.1 Web Services 2.2 Semantic Web 3 Proposed Solution 3.1 Meaning Definition Language 3.2 Hook-Ups 3.3 An Example 4 Related Work 5 Summary and Outlook References Global vs. Community Metadata Standards: Empowering Users for Knowledge Exchange 1 e-Learning, Learning Objects, and Metadata Standards 1.1 Learning Object Metadata 1.2 Centralized vs Decentralized Learning Object Repositories 2 POOL: Distributed Infrastructure Based on Standard Metadata 2.1 POOL Architecture 2.2 POOL Protocol and Metadata Exchange 2.3 Modeling Metadata 2.4 Discovering Peers 2.5 Distributed Search 2.6 Implementation and Deployment 3 Lessons Learned 3.1 Communities Mature 3.2 Too Much Metadata 4 Potential Solution and Future Goals Acknowledgements References Taking the RDF Model Theory Out for a Spin 1 Introduction 2 Entailment and "RDFS-Closures'' 3 Graph Queries 4 Implementing Closure Generation 4.1 Partial Solution 4.2 Complete Solution 4.3 About Domain/Range Rules 4.4 Implementation Summary 5 Future Work 6 Conclusions References A Basic RDF and RDFS Schema B Slot Access Example Concurrent Execution Semantics of DAML-S with Subtypes 1 Introduction 2 The DAML-S Ontology 3 Modelling DAML-S Core 4 Semantics of DAML-S 5 Subclass Polymorphism in DAML-S 5.1 Type Inference for DAML-S 6 Related Work 7 Conclusions References Semantic Matching of Web Services Capabilities 1 Introduction 2 DAML-S Profiles 3 Matching Engine 3.1 Matching Algorithm 3.2 An Example: Looking for Cars 3.3 Satisfaction of Desiderata 4 Application to UDDI 5 Discussion References DAML-S: Web Service Description for the Semantic Web 1 Services on the Semantic Web 2 An Upper Ontology for Services 3 Service Profile 4 Modeling Services as Processes 5 Grounding a Service to a Concrete Realization 5.1 Relationships between DAML-S and WSDL 5.2 Grounding DAML-S Services with WSDL and SOAP 6 A Short Walk through DAML-S 7 Conclusion References TRIPLE--A Query, Inference, and Transformation Language for the Semantic Web 1 Introduction 1.1 Features of TRIPLE 1.2 Example: Dublin Core Metadata 2 The TRIPLE Layered Architecture 2.1 TRIPLE/RDFS 2.2 TRIPLE/DAML+OIL 3 TRIPLE_0 in RDF 4 Semantic Characterization of TRIPLE 5 Conclusion References A RDF Schema for TRIPLE_0 A Data Integration Framework for e-Commerce Product Classification 1 Introduction 2 Product Classification Systems and e-Commerce 3 Reconciliation of Different Standards 3.1. Overview of the MOMIS System 3.2. Wrapping of Source Schemas 3.3. The MOMIS Integration Process 4 Related Work 5 Conclusions References Nonmonotonic Rule Systems on Top of Ontology Layers 1 Motivation and Overview 2 Knowledge Bases 3 Defeasible Reasoning Using Terminological Knowledge References An RDF NetAPI 1 The Need for a NetAPI for RDF 2 Design Challenges 3 Outline Framework 4 An Experiment: An RDF Server References A Mini-experiment in Semantic Annotation 1 Introduction 2 Ontologies and Annotation Tool 3 Annotation Study Setup 4 Results 5 Discussion References SWAD-Europe: Semantic Web Advanced Development in Europe 1 Introduction 2 A Scenario-Led Perspective 3 The SWAD Project Goals of SWAD-Europe 4 Practical Steps towards the Semantic Web in Europe References Preemptive Reification 1 Introduction 2 The Depth of Preemptive Reification 2.1 Assertions and Role Players 3 Parsimony Four Steps Towards the Widespread Adoption of a Semantic Web 1 Introduction 2 Promote Practical Applications 3 Develop Applications Now 4 Simple and Tolerant of Error 5 Open Source 6 Conclusion References Three Implementations of SquishQL, a Simple RDF Query Language Introduction A Query Framework for RDF The SquishQL Model of Query Other Systems SquishQL - A Textual Language Query Evaluation Issues Inkling RDQL RDFStore Conclusions References ClaiMaker: Weaving a Semantic Web of Research Papers 1 Introducing ScholOnto 2 Ontology of Rhetorical Relations 3 The ClaiMaker System 4 Providing Semantic Discovery Services 5 Summary & Future Work References Business and Enterprise Ontology Management with SymOntoX 1 Introduction 2 The Ontology Representation: The OPAL Methodology 3 SymOntoX functionalities 3.1 The SymOntoX Front-End 3.2 The SymOntoX Back-End 4 Architecture and Implementation Issues 5 Experimental Activities and Conclusions References Is Participation in the Semantic Web Too Difficult? 1 Introduction 2 Tools to Lower the Barrier 3 Design Goals for a Semantic Web Server 4 The Information Layer System 5 Experiences with the System 6 Conclusion and Outlook References Consistency Checking of Semantic Web Ontologies 1 Introduction to ConsVISor 2 Related Work 3 The Expression/Operation Ontology 4 Functional Property Example 5 Conclusions and Future Work References WebThemeTM: Understanding Web Information through Visual Analytics 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 WebTheme Overview 3.1 Web Harvester 3.2 Document Processing 3.2 Visualizations and Analytics Interface 4 Related Work 5 Current Status and Future Work References Browsing Schedules - An Agent-Based Approach to Navigating the Semantic Web 1 Introduction 2 RCal - RETSINA Calendar Agent 2.1 Agent-Based Browsing - Invoking the RCal Schedule Browser 2.2 DMA2ICal - Agenda Markup Translation Service 3 Discussion References Author Index Semantic Web Enabled Web Services 1; Dieter Fensel, Christoph Bussler, Alexander Maedche; The Grid, Grid Services and the Semantic Web:; Technologies and Opportunities 3; Carl Kesselman; Research Papers: Matching RDFGraphs 5; Jeremy J Carroll; Layering the Semantic Web: Problems and Directions 16; Peter F Patel-Schneider, Dieter Fensel; Notions of Indistinguishability for Semantic Web Languages 30; Jaap Kamps, Maarten Marx; The Usable Ontology:; An Environment for Building and Assessing a Domain Ontology 39; Michele Missiko, Roberto Navigli, Paola Velardi; Sesame: A Generic Architecture; for Storing and Querying RDFand RDFSc hema 54; Jeen Broekstra, Arjohn Kampman, Frank van Harmelen; A Formal Model for Topic Maps 69; Pascal Auillans, Patrice Ossona de Mendez, Pierre Rosenstiehl, ; Bernard Vatant; Towards High-Precision Service Retrieval 84; Abraham Bernstein, Mark Klein; Automatic Generation of Java/SQL Based Inference Engines; from RDFSc hema and RuleML 102; Andreas Eberhart; Ontology-Based Integration of XML Web Resources 117; Bernd Amann, Catriel Beeri, Irini Fundulaki, Michel Scholl; XIV Table of Contents; Benchmarking RDFSc hemas for the Semantic Web 132; Aimilia Magkanaraki, So a Alexaki, Vassilis Christophides, ; Dimitris Plexousakis; Building the Semantic Web on XML 147; Peter F Patel-Schneider, Jérôme Siméon; Trusting Information Sources One Citizen at a Time 162; Yolanda Gil, Varun Ratnakar; Querying the Semantic Web: A Formal Approach 177; Ian Horrocks, Sergio Tessaris; Semantic Con guration Web Services in the CAWICOMS Project 192; Alexander Felfernig, Gerhard Friedrich, Dietmar Jannach, ; Markus Zanker; Integrating Vocabularies:; Discovering and Representing Vocabulary Maps 206; Borys Omelayenko; OntoEdit: Collaborative Ontology Development for the Semantic Web 221; York Sure, Michael Erdmann, Juergen Angele, Ste en Staab, ; Rudi Studer, Dirk Wenke; Towards a Modi cation Exchange Language; for Distributed RDFRep ositories 236; Wolfgang Nejdl, Wolf Siberski, Bernd Simon, Julien Tane; Representing Disjunction and Quanti ers in RDF 250; Drew McDermott, Dejing Dou; Towards Semantic Web Mining 264; Bettina Berendt, Andreas Hotho, Gerd Stumme; Bringing Together Semantic Web and Web Services 279; Joachim Peer; Global vs Community Metadata Standards:; Empowering Users for Knowledge Exchange 292; Marek Hatala, Gri R ichards; Taking the RDFMo del Theory Out for a Spin 307; Ora Lassila; Concurrent Execution Semantics of DAML-S with Subtypes 318; Anupriya Ankolekar, Frank Huch, Katia Sycara; Semantic Matching of Web Services Capabilities 333; Massimo Paolucci, Takahiro Kawamura, Terry R Payne, Katia Sycara; Table of Contents XV; DAML-S: Web Service Description for the Semantic Web 348; DAML-S Coalition: Anupriya Ankolekar, Mark Burstein, Jerry R Hobbs, ; Ora Lassila, David Martin, Drew McDermott, Sheila A McIlraith, ; Srini Narayanan, Massimo Paolucci, Terry Payne, Katia Sycara; TRIPLE-A Query, Inference, and Transformation Language; for the Semantic Web 364; Michael Sintek, Stefan Decker; A Data Integration Framework for e-Commerce Product Classi cation 379; Sonia Bergamaschi, Francesco Guerra, Maurizio Vincini; Position Papers: Nonmonotonic Rule Systems on Top of Ontology Layers 394; Grigoris Antoniou; An RDFNetAPI 399; Andy Seaborne; A Mini-experiment in Semantic Annotation 404; Guus Schreiber, Inger I Blok, Daan Carlier, Wouter P C van Gent, ; Jair Hokstam, Uri Roos; SWAD-Europe: Semantic Web Advanced Development in Europe 409; D Brickley, S Buswell, B M Matthews, L Miller, D Reynolds, ; M D Wilson; Preemptive Rei cation 414; Steven R Newcomb; Four Steps Towards the Widespread Adoption of a Semantic Web 419; Brian McBride; System Descriptions: Three Implementations of SquishQL, a Simple RDFQuery Language 423; Libby Miller, Andy Seaborne, Alberto Reggiori; ClaiMaker: Weaving a Semantic Web of Research Papers 436; Gangmin Li, Victoria Uren, Enrico Motta, Simon Buckingham Shum, ; John Domingue; Business and Enterprise Ontology Management with SymOntoX 442; Michele Missiko, Francesco Taglino; Is Participation in the Semantic Web Too Di cult? 448; Stefan Haustein, Jörg Pleumann; XVI Table of Contents; Consistency Checking of Semantic Web Ontologies 454; Kenneth Baclawski, Mieczyslaw M Kokar, Richard Waldinger, ; Paul A Kogut; WebThemeTM: Understanding Web Information through Visual Analytics 460; Mark A Whiting, Nick Cramer; Browsing Schedules - An Agent-Based Approach; to Navigating the Semantic Web 469; Terry R Payne, Rahul Singh and Katia Sycara

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2002, held in Sardinia, Italy, in June 2002.
The 27 revised full research papers, 6 position papers, and 7 system descriptions presented were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 133 submissions. All current issues in this exciting new field are addressed, ranging from theoretical aspects to applications in various fields.

The two-volume set LNCS 7649 + 7650 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 11th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2012, held in Boston, MA, USA, in November 2012. In addition, it presents 8 contributions to the evaluations and experiments track and 7 long papers and 8 short papers of the doctoral consortium. These are the refereed proceedings of the First International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2002, held in Sardinia, Italy, in June 2002. The 27 revised full research papers, 6 position papers, and 7 system descriptions presented were selected from a total of 133 submissions.