انقلاب علمی: یک دانشنامه (همراهان جهانی ABC-Clio)

An encyclopedic collection of key scientists and the tools and concepts they developed that transformed our understanding of the physical world. Many are familiar with the ideas of Copernicus, Descartes, and Galileo. But here the reader is also introduced to lesser known ideas and contributors to the Scientific Revolution, such as the mathematical Bernoulli Family and Andreas Vesalius, whose anatomical charts revolutionized the study of the human body. More marginal characters include the magician Robert Fludd. The encyclopedia also discusses subjects like Arabic science and the bizarre history of blood transfusions, and institutions like the Universities of Padua and Leiden, which were dominant forces in academic medicine and science. This A-z Enclyclopedia Covers People, Terms, Discoveries, Publications, Methods, And Philosophies That Define The Scientific Revolution. Entries Discuss Scientific Discoveries And Theories In A Social And Cultural Context, Rather Than As The Products Of Great Minds Alone. Academies And Scientific Societies -- Accademia Dei Lincei -- Accademia Del Cimento -- Acosta, Jose De (1540-1600) -- Agricola, Georgius (1494-1555) -- Agriculture -- Air Pumps -- Alchemy -- Aldrovandi, Ulisse (1522-1605) -- Anatomy -- Apothecaries And Pharmacology -- Arabic Science -- Aristotelianism -- Art -- Astrology -- Astronomy -- Atomism -- Bacon, Francis (lord Verulam) (1561-1626) -- Baconianism -- Barometers -- Beeckman, Isaac (1588-1637) -- Bernoulli Family -- Bible -- Blood Transfusions -- Book Of Nature -- Books Of Secrets -- Botanical Gardens -- Botany -- Boyle, Robert (1627-1691) -- Boyle Lectures -- Brahe, Tycho (1546-1601) -- Bruno, Giordano (1548-1600) -- Cambridge University -- Campanella, Tommaso (1568-1639) -- Capitalism -- Cardano, Girolamo (1501-1576) -- Cartesianism -- Cartography -- Cassini, Gian Domenico (1625-1712) -- Causation -- Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess Of Newcastle (1623-1673) -- Chemistry -- Circulation Of The Blood -- Clavius, Christoph (1537-1612) -- Clitoris -- Clocks And Watches -- Collegio Romano -- Comets -- Compasses -- Conway, Anne (c. 1630-1679) -- Copernicanism -- Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543) -- Correspondence -- Courts -- Croll, Oswald (c. 1560-1609) -- Cunitz, Maria (1610-1664) -- Cycloid -- Decimals -- Dee, John (1527-1608) -- Demonstrations And Public Lectures -- Descartes, Rene (1596-1650) -- Digby, Sir Kenelm (1603-1665) -- Dissection And Vivisection -- East Asian Science -- Education -- Embryology -- Epicureanism -- Experiments. William E. Burns. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 343-355) And Index. Everyone knows about Copernicus and his revolutionary sun-centered universe, Galileo's trial for scientific heresy, and Newton's apocryphal falling apple. But the Scientific Revolution was not just the work of a series of geniuses who challenged the superstitions and mistaken beliefs of the past. The Scientific Revolution: An Encyclopedia shows that the movement was far more complicated and far more interesting.European society between the late fifteenth and early eighteenth centuries developed new methods of viewing, examining, and analyzing the natural world. Scholars and their patrons formed the first scientific societies and inventors created microscopes, thermometers, and other instruments to study natural phenomena. Medicine, chemistry, natural history, astronomy, and physics were radically and permanently altered in content and in how they were studied.The first reference work to survey the entire Scientific Revolution, this A-Z encyclopedia covers people, terms, discoveries, publications, methods, and philosophies that define this important milestone in Western thought. Entries discuss scientific discoveries and theories in a social and cultural context, rather than as the products of "great minds" alone, with special emphasis on the institutional, multicultural, and gendered environments of early modern science and how they influenced its progress.The easy-to-read articles do not assume extensive previous knowledge of science or history. Many of them draw on the exciting scholarship on early modern science produced in the 1990s, much of it not previously made available in reference-book form. An extensive chronology of events, end-of-entry references, a comprehensive bibliography, and an index complete this valuable reference work. We expect science to be a realm of constant innovation and change, sometimes benevolent and sometimes terrifying. Yet it was not always so. In European and other civilizations, theoretical science was a marginal activity before the 17th century, practiced by few and possessing little cultural authority.Many are familiar with the ideas of Copernicus, Descartes, and Galileo. But here the reader is also introduced to lesser known ideas and contributors to the Scientific Revolution, such as the mathematical Bernoulli Family and Andreas Vesalius, whose anatomical charts revolutionized the study of the human body. More marginal characters include the magician Robert Fludd. The encyclopedia also discusses subjects like Arabic science and the bizarre history of blood transfusions, and institutions like the Universities of Padua and Leiden, which were dominant forces in academic medicine and science. Preliminaries......Page 1 Contents......Page 7 Foreword......Page 11 Preface......Page 15 A - K......Page 19 L - Z......Page 181 Bibliography and Web Sites......Page 361 Index......Page 375