The Scientific Revolution: A Brief History With Documents (Bedford Series in History and Culture)

This revised edition of The Scientific Revolution highlights the difficulty of engaging, discarding, or assimilating religious paradigms in the course of scientific development. Jacob’s introduction outlines the trajectory of the Scientific Revolution and argues that the revival of ancient texts in the Renaissance and the upheaval of the Protestant Reformation paved the way for science. The collected documents include writings of well-known scientists and philosophers, such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, René Descartes, and Isaac Newton, as well as primary sources documenting discoveries in medicine, innovations in engineering, and advances in scientific investigation. New to this edition are the writings of John Toland and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who both attempt to redefine the role of God in an age of science, and an excerpt from Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems that provides context to the popular understanding of Galileo’s conflict with the Catholic Church. Document headnotes, questions for consideration, a chronology, and a selected bibliography support students’ study of the Scientific Revolution. Foreword Preface List of Maps and Illustrations PART ONE. INTRODUCTION: THE EVOLUTION AND IMPACT OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Why Did the Scientific Revolution Happen? Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Their Early Modern Defenders Exploration and Technological Innovation The Emergence of the Scientific Revolution The New Science The Mechanical Philosophy Newtonian Science Reconciling Science, Religion, and Magic Spreading the Scientific Revolution Conclusion: The Long Road to Acceptance PART TWO. THE DOCUMENTS 1. Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs, 1543 2. Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning, 1605 3. Galileo Galilei, The Starry Messenger, 1610 4. Galileo Galilei, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, 1632 5. William Harvey, On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals, 1628 6. René Descartes, Discourse on Method, 1637 7. Robert Boyle, New Experiments Physico-Mechanical, 1660 8. Robert Boyle, A Free-Enquiry into the Vulgarly Received Notion of Nature, 1686 9. Isaac Newton, Letter to Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1672 10. Isaac Newton, Selections from Principia, 1687 11. Isaac Newton, Thirty-first Query to the Opticks, 1718 12. Christiaan Huygens, The Celestial Worlds Discovered, 1698 13. Maria Sibylla Merian, Letter about Her Scientific Work, 1702 14. Maria Sibylla Merian, Butterfly, Hawk-moth, Caterpillar, 1705 15. John Toland, Letters to Serena, 1704 16. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, The Monadology, 1714 17. Jean T. Desaguliers, Physico-Mechanical Lectures, 1717 18. Benjamin Franklin, Experiments and Observations on Electricity Made at Philadelphia in America, 1751 Appendixes A Chronology of the Scientific Revolution (1514-1752) Questions for Consideration Selected Bibliography Index This volume explores the Scientific Revolution from its origins in the early sixteenth century to its widespread acceptance in Western societies in the late eighteenth century. Jacob's introduction outlines the trajectory of the Scientific Revolution and argues that the revival of ancient texts in the Renaissance and the upheaval of the Protestant Reformation paved the way for science. The collected documents include writings of well-known scientists and philosophers, such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, Rene Descartes, and Isaac Newton, as well as primary sources documenting innovations in medicine and engineering, advances in scientific investigations, and the popularization of the scientific revolution through academies and their journals. Document headnotes, questions for consideration, a chronology, and a selected bibliography support students' study of the Scientific Revolution