The Science, Technology and Application of Titanium : Proceedings of an International Conference Organized by the Institute of Metals, the Metallurgical Society of Aime, and the American Society for Metals in Association with the Japan Institute of Metals

The Science, Technology and Application of Titanium contains the proceedings of an International Conference organized by the Institute of Metals, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, and the American Society for Metals in association with the Japan Institute of Metals and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and held at the Royal Festival Hall in London, on May 21-24, 1968. The papers explore scientific and technological developments as well as applications of titanium and cover topics ranging from processing of titanium to its chemical and environmental behavior, physics, thermodynamics, and kinetics. Deformation and fracture, phase transformations and heat treatment, and alloying are also discussed. This book is comprised of 114 chapters and begins with an overview of the titanium industry in Europe and the United States. The reader is then introduced to primary and secondary fabrication of titanium; corrosion and oxidation; physical properties of titanium alloys; interaction of titanium with elements of the periodic system; and elastic interactions between dislocations and twin and grain boundaries in titanium. The crystallography of deformation twinning in titanium is also examined, along with superplasticity and transformation plasticity in titanium. The remaining chapters focus on interstitial strengthening of titanium alloys; mechanism of martensitic transformation in titanium and its alloys; phase relationships in titanium-oxygen alloys; strengthening of titanium alloys by shock deformation; and titanium hot forming. This monograph will be of interest to chemists and metallurgists. Content: Front Matter , Page iii Copyright , Page iv Dedication , Page v FOREWORD , Pages xvii-xviii , W.J. KROLL PREFACE , Pages xix-xxi , N.E. PROMISEL OPENING ADDRESS , Pages 3-4 , I. JENKINS TITANIUM IN U.S.A. , Pages 5-9 , T.W. LIPPERT TITANIUM IN EUROPE , Pages 11-17 , P. HODGKINSON APPLICATION OF SOLIDIFICATION THEORY TO TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 21-34 , HAROLD D. BRODY, S.A. DAVID RESEARCH ON THE QUALITY OF COMMERCIALLY PURE TITANIUM AND Ti–6Al–4V INGOTS , Pages 35-41 , E. DETEMPLE, A. GERHARDT, W. KNORR CHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL MICROINHOMOGENEITY, DIFFUSION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ALLOYS IN CONNECTION WITH PHASE TRANSFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS , Pages 43-56 , S.Z. BOKSHTEIN, T.A. EMELYANOVA, S.T. KISHKIN, L.M. MIRSKY CHOICE OF VACUUM-ARC MELTING PARAMETERS TO ENSURE INGOT CHEMICAL HOMOGENEITY , Pages 57-65 , V.I. DOBATKIN, N.F. ANOSHKIN PROPERTIES OF WROUGHT SHAPES FORMED FROM ELECTROSLAG-MELTED TITANIUM , Pages 67-74 , C.E. ARMANTROUT, J.T. DUNHAM, R.A. BEALL TITANIUM IN THE U.S.S.R. , Pages 75-76 , S.G. GLAZUNOV FORGINGS IN TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 79-95 , J.V. SCANLAN, G.J.G. CHAMBERS THE BETA FORGING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 97-110 , J.E. COYNE THE EFFECT OF BETA PROCESSING ON PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 111-119 , T.E. GREEN, C.D.T. MINTON HEAVY PRESS FORGING OF LARGE TITANIUM ALLOY PARTS FOR AIRCRAFT AND AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS , Pages 121-131 , T.G. BYRER, F.W. BOULGER THE MONO GRAF CASTING PROCESS , Pages 133-141 , R.E. WARNOCK PRECISION CASTING OF TITANIUM , Pages 143-147 , S.G. GLAZUNOV DISCUSSION: SECTION II. PROCESSING OF TITANIUM: Part A. Primary Fabrication , Pages 149-150 , A.D. BUSBY, C.D.T. MINTON DISCUSSION: SECTION II. PROCESSING OF TITANIUM: Part B. Secondary Fabrication , Pages 151-152 , H.D. KESSLER, C.D.T. MINTON HYDRIDING OF TITANIUM USED IN CHEMICAL PLANT AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES , Pages 155-170 , J.B. COTTON, J.G. HINES ANODIZING OF TITANIUM EQUIPMENT , Pages 171-178 , F. MANTON, M.E.D. TURNER REACTION RATE OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS WITH TITANIUM LOWER CHLORIDES , Pages 179-188 , E.K. KLEESPIES, T.A. HENRIE THE OXIDATION OF TITANIUM FILMS , Pages 189-197 , M.J. MINDEL, S.R. POLLACK AIR CONTAMINATION AND EMBRITTLEMENT OF TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 199-208 , C.E. SHAMBLEN, T.K. REDDEN CORROSION RESISTANCE OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM–5% TANTALUM ALLOY IN HOT CONCENTRATED NITRIC ACID , Pages 209-216 , A. TAKAMURA, K. ARAKAWA, Y. MORIGUCHI UTILIZATION OF ANODIC BREAKDOWN OF TITANIUM ALLOYS AS A METHOD OF CHARACTERIZATION , Pages 217-223 , T.J. MURPHY CORROSION TEST FOR EVALUATING THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF TITANIUM , Pages 225-232 , S. MORIOKA, R. OTSUKA, K. NAKANO TITANIUM ELECTRODE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ELECTROLYTIC MANGANESE DIOXIDE , Pages 233-236 , K. SHIMIZU ELECTROCHEMICAL MECHANISM IN THE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 239-245 , T.R. BECK THE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF α-TITANIUM ALLOYS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE , Pages 247-258 , D.T. POWELL, J.C. SCULLY SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF AQUEOUS STRESS CORROSION IN TITANIUM ALLOYS (SUMMARY) , Pages 259-261 , D.N. FAGER, W.F. SPURR AMBIENT TEMPERATURE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN Ti–8Al–1Mo–1V , Pages 263-265 , I.S. SHAFFER, A. LAWLEY STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 267-281 , J.D. JACKSON, W.K. BOYD STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF TITANIUM AND Ti–Al ALLOYS IN METHANOL–IODINE SOLUTIONS , Pages 283-291 , A.J. SEDRIKS, J.A.S. GREEN, P.W. SLATTERY EFFECTS OF HALOGEN-CONTAINING HYDROCARBONS UPON STRESSED Ti–6Al–4V ALLOY , Pages 293-298 , K. KAMBER, E.G. KENDALL, L. RAYMOND CRACKING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS UNDER STRESS DURING OXIDATION IN AIR , Pages 299-306 , U. ZWICKER, E. KALSCH HOT-SALT STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 307-320 , S.P. RIDEOUT, R.S. ONDREJCIN, M.R. LOUTHAN DISCUSSION: SECTION III. CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR: Part A. General Corrosion and Oxidation , Pages 321-323 , J.B. COTTON, U. ZWICKER DISCUSSION: SECTION III. CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR: Part B. Stress Corrosion , Pages 324-328 , R.W. STAEHLE, U. ZWICKER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 331-347 , E.W. COLLINGS, J.C. HO THE CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF Ti Al , Pages 349-357 , P.C. GEHLEN THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE BODY-CENTERED CUBIC BETA-PHASE IN THE TITANIUM–COPPER AND THE TITANIUM–ALUMINUM SYSTEMS , Pages 359-360 , M. HOCH, J.V. HACKWORTH, R.J. USELL, H.L. GEGEL CALCULATION OF REGULAR SOLUTION PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR TITANIUM BASE BINARY SYSTEMS , Pages 361-372 , LARRY KAUFMAN, HAROLD BERNSTEIN THE SINGLE CRYSTAL ELASTIC MODULI OF BETA-TITANIUM AND TITANIUM–CHROMIUM ALLOYS , Pages 373-381 , E.S. FISHER, D. DEVER COMPUTER EXPERIMENTS ON POINT DEFECT CONFIGURATIONS AND ENERGIES IN Ti–M SYSTEMS , Pages 383-392 , J.R. BEELER BEHAVIOR OF HYDROGEN IN TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOYS BY INTERNAL FRICTION MEASUREMENT , Pages 393-400 , M. SOMENO, H. SAITO STRESS-INDUCED DIFFUSION OF CARBON AND OXYGEN IN TITANIUM , Pages 401-402 , D.R. MILLER, K.M. BROWNE DISCUSSION: SECTION IV. PHYSICS, THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS , Pages 419-422 , A.D. MCQUILLAN, H.L. GEGEL, J.R. BEELER JR. ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF DISLOCATIONS IN TITANIUM , Pages 425-431 , L.J. TEUTONICO ELASTIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DISLOCATIONS AND TWIN AND GRAIN BOUNDARIES IN TITANIUM , Pages 433-440 , M.O. TUCKER STRAIN DISTRIBUTION IN OXIDIZED ALPHA TITANIUM CRYSTALS , Pages 441-451 , S. WEISSMANN, A. SHRIER THE CRYSTALLOGRAPHY OF DEFORMATION TWINNING IN TITANIUM , Pages 453-458 , A.G. CROCKER, M. BEVIS SLIP MODES AND DISLOCATION SUBSTRUCTURES IN TITANIUM AND TITANIUM–ALUMINUM SINGLE CRYSTALS , Pages 459-477 , THOMAS R. CASS INTERSTITIAL STRENGTHENING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 479-487 , W.R. TYSON EFFECTS OF INTERSTITIAL CONTENT AND GRAIN SIZE ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF ALPHA TITANIUM BELOW 0.4 T m , Pages 489-501 , H. CONRAD, R. JONES ATHERMAL PLASTIC DEFORMATION IN COMMERCIAL PURITY TITANIUM , Pages 503-516 , S.N. MONTEIRO, A.T. SANTHANAM, R.E. REED-HILL EFFECT OF CYCLIC STRESSES ON UNALLOYED POLYCRYSTALLINE TITANIUM , Pages 517-534 , P.G. PARTRIDGE, C.J. PEEL FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF ALPHA-TITANIUM AND ALPHA-TITANIUM–HYDROGEN ALLOYS , Pages 535-543 , C.J. BEEVERS DEFORMATION-ASSISTED NUCLEATION OF TITANIUM HYDRIDE IN AN ALPHA–BETA TITANIUM ALLOY , Pages 545-555 , J.D. BOYD THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR IN ALPHA-TITANIUM–HYDROGEN ALLOYS , Pages 557-560 , C.J. BEEVERS, M.R. WARREN, D.V. EDMONDS HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT OF TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOYS , Pages 561-576 , V.A. LIVANOV, B.A. KOLACHEV, A.A. BUHANOVA HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT OF TITANIUM AS A PART OF THE PROBLEM OF THE BRITTLE-DUCTILE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE OF METALS , Pages 577-581 , M.B. BODUNOVA, I.V. GORININ, B.B. CHECHULIN PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS DURING WELDING AND THE MECHANISM OF DELAYED CRACKING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 583-596 , M. KH. SHORSHOROV, V.N. MESHCHERYAKOV TRANSFORMATION PLASTICITY OF TITANIUM , Pages 597-605 , R. KOT, G. KRAUSE, V. WEISS THE HOT PLASTICITY OF Ti–6Al–4V , Pages 607-613 , NICHOLAS J. GRANT, WILLIAM IOUP, ROBERT H. KANE SUPERPLASTICITY IN TITANIUM , Pages 615-623 , F. JOVANE DISCUSSION: SECTION V. DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE , Pages 625-629 , R.J. WASILEWSKI, H.M. OTTE SOME ASPECTS OF PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 633-643 , M.J. BLACKBURN MECHANISM OF THE MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION IN TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOYS , Pages 645-657 , HENRY M. OTTE MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATIONS IN TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 659-676 , C. HAMMOND, P.M. KELLY THE EFFECT OF COOLING RATE ON THE BETA TRANSFORMATION IN TITANIUM–NIOBIUM AND TITANIUM–ALUMINIUM ALLOYS , Pages 677-690 , K.S. JEPSON, A.R.G. BROWN, J.A. GRAY THERMODYNAMICS OF THE M s POINTS IN TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 691-693 , Y.C. HUANG, S. SUZUKI, H. KANEKO, T. SATO CONTINUOUS COOLING-TRANSFORMATION OF β-PHASE IN BINARY TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 695-698 , Y.C. HUANG, S. SUZUKI, H. KANEKO, T. SATO PHASE TRANSFORMATION OF TITANIUM ALLOYS BY MEANS OF AUTOMATIC TRANSFORMATION APPARATUS , Pages 699-710 , TŌRU YUKAWA, SHITOSHI OHTANI, TAKASHI NISHIMURA, TAKEO SAKAI THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE OMEGA PHASE , Pages 711-718 , C. HAMMOND THE STABILITY OF THE OMEGA PHASE IN TITANIUM AND ZIRCONIUM ALLOYS , Pages 719-729 , N.A. VANDERPUYE, A.P. MIODOWNIK NOTE ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE OMEGA PHASE , Pages 731-732 , J.M. SILCOCK AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDY OF PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN TITANIUM–COPPER ALLOYS , Pages 733-743 , J.C. WILLIAMS, D.H. POLONIS, R. TAGGART PHASE RELATIONSHIPS IN TITANIUM–OXYGEN ALLOYS , Pages 745-763 , A. JOSTSONS, P. MCDOUGALL THE MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION IN TITANIUM BINARY ALLOYS AND ITS EFFECT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES , Pages 767-778 , D.W. JAMES, D.M. MOON USING OF THE JOMINY TEST TO COMPARE THE QUENCH HARDENABILITIES OF TITANIUM ALLOYS Ti–6Al–4V AND Ti–6Al–6V–2Sn , Pages 779-782 , J. MOULIN, R. MOLINIER, R. SYRE A STUDY OF THE AGE HARDENING REACTION IN TITANIUM– % COPPER , Pages 783-793 , P.A. BLENKINSOP, R.E. GOOSEY THERMO-MECHANICAL STRENGTHENING OF HIGH STRENGTH TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 795-808 , H. MARGOLIN, P.A. FARRAR, M.A. GREENFIELD THE THEORETICAL BASES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HIGH-STRENGTH METASTABLE β-ALLOYS OF TITANIUM , Pages 809-814 , N.V. AGEEV, L.A. PETROVA STRENGTHENING MECHANISMS DURING THE HEAT TREATMENT OF THREE TITANIUM ALLOYS—Ti–6Al–4V, Ti–6Al–6V–2Sn AND Ti–8Al–1V–1Mo , Pages 815-816 , P.J. FOPIANO, C.F. HICKEY STRENGTHENING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS BY SHOCK DEFORMATION , Pages 817-828 , M.K. KOUL, J.F. BREEDIS LONG TIME STABILITY OF Ti-679 AFTER CREEP EXPOSURE FOR TIMES TO 15,000 HOURS , Pages 829-837 , V.J. ERDEMAN, E.W. ROSS EFFECT OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURE EXPOSURE ON THE ROOM TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ALLOYS 8Al–IMo–1V, 6Al–4V AND 4Al–3Mo–1V , Pages 839-841 , BRUCE TURBITT, ROBERT GEISENDORFER THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM WELDS , Pages 843-846 , I.V. GORININ, J.B. FLORINSKY, B.B. CHECHUKIN DISCUSSION: SECTION VI. PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AND HEAT TREATMENT: Part A. Phase Transformations , Page 847 , M.K. MCQUILLAN, R.T.J. HUBBARD DISCUSSION: SECTION VI. PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AND HEAT TREATMENT: Part B. Effect on Mechanical Properties , Page 848 , E.F. ERBIN, R.T.J. HUBBARD TITANIUM ALLOYING IN THEORY AND PRACTICE , Pages 851-859 , H.W. ROSENBERG THE EFFECT OF THE GROUP III ELEMENTS Al, Ga AND In ON THE CREEP AND STRESS RUPTURE OF TITANIUM AT 500°C , Pages 861-873 , K.S. JEPSON, L. LARKE, C.A. STUBBINGTON STRUCTURE AND CREEP PROPERTIES OF Ti 7 NbAl 3 -BASE ALLOYS , Pages 875-878 , F. PRINZBACH, H. WINTER THE INFLUENCE OF MICROSTRUCTURE ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FORGED ALPHA/BETA TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 879-889 , S.J. ASHTON, L.H. CHAMBERS PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION OF Ti–5Al–2Cr–1Fe ALLOY (KS150B) , Pages 891-895 , Z. TAKAO, H. KUSAMICHI, S. TOKUDA, K. MIYAMOTO, Y. FUKUHARA INFLUENCE OF CARBON AND OXYGEN ON SOME EXPLORATORY ULTRA-HIGH STRENGTH ALPHA–BETA TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 897-899 , ARTHUR AYVAZIAN, ROBERT COLTON THE EFFECT OF FABRICATION VARIABLES ON THE PROPERTIES OF AGE-HARDENED TITANIUM– % COPPER , Pages 901-909 , R.E. GOOSEY THE WELDABILITY, TENSILE AND FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF SOME TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 911-922 , M.H. SCOTT, W.O. DINSDALE THE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF A HIGH STRENGTH TITANIUM ALLOY (IMI.680) , Pages 923-931 , R.A. JUKES ELASTICITY OF TITANIUM SHEET ALLOYS , Pages 933-941 , A. ZARKADES, F.R. LARSON THE ROLE OF DEPTH HARDENABILITY IN THE SELECTION OF HIGH STRENGTH ALLOYS FOR AIRCRAFT APPLICATIONS , Pages 945-957 , R.M. DUNCAN, C.D.T. MINTON METALLURGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF Ti–8Mo–8V–2Fe–3Al SHEET, PLATE AND FORGINGS , Pages 959-968 , D.B. HUNTER, S.V. ARNOLD HIGH STRENGTH TITANIUM ALLOYS FOR AIRCRAFT GAS TURBINE APPLICATION , Pages 969-978 , J.R. DOYLE, D.L. RUCKLE, R.A. SPRAGUE A STUDY OF THE METALLURGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Ti–6Al–6V–2Sn ALLOY , Pages 979-982 , R. MOLINIER, J. MOULIN, R. SYRE THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SUPERIOR TITANIUM-BASE ALLOY FOR CRYOGENIC APPLICATIONS , Pages 983-985 , C.J. KROPP, A. HURLICH EXPLOITATION OF A SIMPLE ALPHA TITANIUM ALLOY BASE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLOYS OF DIVERSE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES , Pages 987-999 , W.P. FENTIMAN, R.E. GOOSEY, R.T.J. HUBBARD, M.D. SMITH CREEP-RESISTANT TITANIUM ALLOYS , Pages 1001-1008 , S.R. SEAGLE, H.B. BOMBERGER DISCUSSION: SECTION VII. ALLOYING OF TITANIUM: Part A. Alloy Theory and Properties: Part B. Alloy Development , Pages 1009-1010 , H.W. ROSENBERG, H.C. CHILD, H.R. OGDEN FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS OF TITANIUM ALLOY FORGINGS FOR ROTARY WING VEHICLES , Pages 1013-1021 , M. TIKTINSKY HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRON BEAM WELDING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS IN PARTIAL VACUUM , Pages 1023-1036 , M.G. BENNETT POROSITY IN ARGON ARC WELDS IN TITANIUM , Pages 1037-1046 , E.A. TAYLOR, A.H. BURN, H.R. CLARKSON SUBMERGED ARC WELDING OF TITANIUM , Pages 1047-1048 , R.A. ROSENBERG, G.S. IRONS, K.J. PULKONIK TITANIUM HOT FORMING , Pages 1049-1051 , T.O. WILLIAMS, J.C. DUERDEN FORMING Ti–6Al–4V SHEET METAL IN FOUR HEAT TREATED CONDITIONS , Pages 1053-1063 , J.C. CHANG ON THE EXPLOSIVE BONDING AND FORMING OF TITANIUM , Pages 1065-1080 , S. INOMATA, A. GOTO, K. YANO, M. TSUCHIMOTO, S. SHIBATA, T. FUJII, T. SAKURAI, M. KANAMOTO THE PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF SOME WEAR RESISTANT COATINGS ON TITANIUM–4% MOLYBDENUM–4% ALUMINUM–2% TIN ALLOY (HYLITE 50) , Pages 1081-1096 , J.E. BOWERS, N.J. FINCH, M.G. BURBERRY TITANIUM IN JET ENGINES , Pages 1099-1115 , L.P. JAHNKE THE APPLICATION OF TITANIUM ALLOYS IN THE OLYMPUS 593 ENGINE FOR THE CONCORDE SST , Pages 1117-1125 , A.H. MELEKA TITANIUM METAL FABRICATIONS IN AERO ENGINES , Pages 1127-1141 , A.F. DIX, R. PARKIN TITANIUM APPLICATIONS FOR SUPERSONIC AIRPLANES , Pages 1143-1147 , ROGER V. CARTER FUTURE POSSIBILITIES FOR TITANIUM IN PRIMARY AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES , Pages 1149-1151 , A.J. CHIVERS MARINE APPLICATIONS OF TITANIUM , Pages 1153-1160 , W. LEE WILLIAMS TITANIUM APPLICATIONS—U.S. ARMY , Pages 1161-1167 , E.N. KINAS TITANIUM IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES TODAY , Pages 1169-1173 , A.O.F. FREUND TITANIUM ALLOY PRESSURE VESSELS IN THE MANNED SPACE PROGRAM , Pages 1175-1186 , R.E. JOHNSON DISCUSSION: SECTION VIII. APPLICATIONS: Part A. Techniques and Processes , Pages 1187-1188 , N.F. HARPUR, H. BROOKS SECTION VIII. APPLICATIONS: Part B. Applications Experience , Page 1189 , W.W. MINKLER, H. BROOKS NAME INDEX , Pages 1191-1195 SUBJECT INDEX , Pages 1197-1202