The Science of Grapevines

__The Science of Grapevines, Third Edition__ reflects the latest insights into cultivar relationships, vascular transport, hormone action, and stress responses of grapevines. Based on the author's many years of teaching, research and practical experience with grapevines and grape production, the book is completely revised and updated, presenting a comprehensive introduction on the physical structure of the grapevine, its organs, their functions, and their environmental interactions. While many concepts discussed are broadly applicable to plants in general, the focus is on grapevines, especially cultivated grapevines. This book enables readers to use these concepts in their own scientific research or in practical production systems. Scientifically grounded and integrating discoveries in other plant species, the book explores the physiological processes underlying grapevine form and function, their developmental and environmental control, and their implications for practical vineyard management. Cover The Science of Grapevines Copyright About the author Preface to the third edition 1 Taxonomy and anatomy Botanical classification and geographical distribution Domain Eukaryota Kingdom plantae Division (synonym phylum) Angiospermae (synonym Magnoliophyta) Class dicotyledoneae (synonym Magnoliopsida) Order vitales (formerly Rhamnales) Family Vitaceae Genus Muscadinia Genus Vitis American group Eurasian group Cultivars, clones, and rootstocks Variety versus cultivar Cultivar classification Clones Rootstocks Morphology and anatomy Roots Trunks and shoots Nodes and buds Leaves Tendrils and clusters Flowers and grape berries 2 Phenology and growth cycle Seasons and day length Vegetative cycle Bleeding Budbreak Shoot growth Growth cessation and senescence Bud development and dormancy Root growth Reproductive cycle Inflorescence and flower formation Pollination and fertilization Fruit set Berry and seed development 3 Water relations and nutrient uptake Osmosis, water potential, and cell expansion Transpiration and stomatal action Water and nutrient uptake and transport Driving forces and resistances Root water uptake Symplast and apoplast Channels and transporters Transpiration stream and growth 4 Photosynthesis and respiration Light absorption and energy capture Carbon uptake and assimilation Gas exchange Carbon assimilation Carbohydrate production Photorespiration Respiration From cells to plants 5 Partitioning of assimilates Photosynthate transport and distribution Sources and sinks Assimilate transport Loading, transport, and unloading Allocation and partitioning Canopy-environment interactions Light Temperature Wind Humidity The ``ideal ́ ́ canopy Nitrogen assimilation and interaction with carbon metabolism Nitrate uptake and reduction Ammonium assimilation From cells to plants 6 Developmental physiology Yield formation Yield components and compensation Yield potential and its realization Grape composition and fruit quality Cell walls and membranes Water Sugars Acids Nitrogenous compounds and mineral nutrients Phenolics Nonflavonoids and flavonoids Tannins Anthocyanins Flavonols Lipids and volatiles Sources of variation in fruit composition Fruit maturity Light Temperature Water status Nutrient status Crop load Rootstock 7 7 Environmental constraints and stress physiology Responses to abiotic stress Water: Too much or too little Water surplus Water deficit Stomatal limitation and metabolic limitation Xylem cavitation and repair From Isohydric to anisohydric behavior Drought signals and growth Root growth and nutrient uptake Yield formation Deficit irrigation Mineral nutrients: Deficiency and excess Macronutrients Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur Calcium Magnesium Transition metals and micronutrients Iron Zinc Copper Manganese Molybdenum Boron Nickel Silicon Salinity Temperature: Too hot or too cold Heat acclimation and damage Chilling stress Cold acclimation and damage 8 Living with other organisms Biotic stress and evolutionary arms races Competitors, herbivores, and pathogens Defense strategies Pathogens: Defense and damage Bunch rot Powdery mildew Downy mildew Bacteria Viruses Glossary Abbreviations and symbols Bibliography Internet resources Index Back Cover The Science of Grapevines, Third Edition reflects the latest insights into cultivar relationships, vascular transport, hormone action, and stress responses of grapevines. Based on the author's many years of teaching, research and practical experience with grapevines and grape production, the book is completely revised and updated, presenting a comprehensive introduction on the physical structure of the grapevine, its organs, their functions, and their environmental interactions. While many concepts discussed are broadly applicable to plants in general, the focus is on grapevines, especially cultivated grapevines. This book enables readers to use these concepts in their own scientific research or in practical production systems. Scientifically grounded and integrating discoveries in other plant species, the book explores the physiological processes underlying grapevine form and function, their developmental and environmental control, and their implications for practical vineyard management. Improves user understanding of the impact of their management decisions and cultural practices Enables prediction of the consequences of actions in the vineyard and the diagnosis and mitigation of potential problems before they threaten the sustainability of grape production Includes specific insights on canopy-environment interactions, yield formation, sources of variation in fruit composition and environmental constraints