The Science Book: From Darwin to Dark Energy, 250 Milestones in the History of Science (Sterling Milestones)

Title Page......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 Contents......Page 5 Introduction......Page 15 c. 18,000 BCE Ishango Bone Clifford A. Pickover......Page 21 c. 11,000 BCE Wheat: The Staff of Life Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 23 c. 10,000 BCE Agriculture Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 26 c. 10,000 BCE Domestication of Animals Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 29 c. 7000 BCE Rice Cultivation Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 32 c. 5000 BCE Birth of Cosmology Jim Bell......Page 35 c. 3300 BCE Bronze Derek B. Lowe......Page 38 c. 3000 BCE Dice Clifford A. Pickover......Page 40 c. 3000 BCE Sundial Clifford A. Pickover......Page 43 c. 3000 BCE Sutures Clifford A. Pickover......Page 46 c. 2500 BCE Egyptian Astronomy Jim Bell......Page 49 c. 1850 BCE Arch Clifford A. Pickover......Page 52 c. 1650 BCE Rhind Papyrus Clifford A. Pickover......Page 55 c. 1300 BCE Iron Smelting Derek B. Lowe......Page 57 c. 1000 BCE Olmec Compass Clifford A. Pickover......Page 60 c. 600 BCE Pythagorean Theorem and Triangles Clifford A. Pickover......Page 63 c. 600 BCE Sewage Systems Clifford A. Pickover......Page 66 c. 350 BCE Aristotle’s Organon Clifford A. Pickover......Page 69 c. 350 BCE Platonic Solids Clifford A. Pickover......Page 72 c. 300 BCE Euclid’s Elements Clifford A. Pickover......Page 75 c. 250 BCE Archimedes’ Principle of Buoyancy Clifford A. Pickover......Page 77 c. 250 BCE π Clifford A. Pickover......Page 80 c. 240 BCE Eratosthenes Measures the Earth Clifford A. Pickover......Page 83 c. 240 BCE Sieve of Eratosthenes Clifford A. Pickover......Page 85 c. 230 BCE Pulley Clifford A. Pickover......Page 88 c. 125 BCE Antikythera Mechanism Clifford A. Pickover......Page 91 c. 50 Gears Clifford A. Pickover......Page 94 c. 126 Roman Concrete Derek B. Lowe......Page 97 c. 650 Zero Clifford A. Pickover......Page 100 830 al-Khwarizmi’s Algebra Clifford A. Pickover......Page 103 c. 850 Gunpowder Derek B. Lowe......Page 106 1202 Fibonacci’s Liber Abaci Clifford A. Pickover......Page 108 1284 Eyeglasses Clifford A. Pickover......Page 111 c. 1500 Early Calculus Jim Bell......Page 113 1509 Golden Ratio Clifford A. Pickover......Page 116 1543 De Humani Corporis Fabrica Clifford A. Pickover......Page 119 1543 Sun-Centered Universe Clifford A. Pickover......Page 122 1545 Paré’s “Rational Surgery” Clifford A. Pickover......Page 125 1572 Imaginary Numbers Clifford A. Pickover......Page 128 1608 Telescope Clifford A. Pickover......Page 131 1609 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion Clifford A. Pickover......Page 134 1614 Logarithms Clifford A. Pickover......Page 137 1620 Scientific Method Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 140 1621 Slide Rule Clifford A. Pickover......Page 143 1628 Circulatory System Clifford A. Pickover......Page 146 1637 Descartes’ La Géométrie Clifford A. Pickover......Page 149 1638 Acceleration of Falling Objects Clifford A. Pickover......Page 152 1639 Projective Geometry Clifford A. Pickover......Page 155 1654 Pascal’s Triangle Clifford A. Pickover......Page 157 1660 Von Guericke’s Electrostatic Generator Clifford A. Pickover......Page 160 1665 Development of Modern Calculus Clifford A. Pickover......Page 163 1665 Micrographia Clifford A. Pickover......Page 165 1668 Refuting Spontaneous Generation Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 168 1672 Measuring the Solar System Clifford A. Pickover......Page 171 1672 Newton’s Prism Clifford A. Pickover......Page 174 1678 Discovery of Sperm Clifford A. Pickover......Page 177 1683 Zoo Within Us Clifford A. Pickover......Page 180 1687 Newton as Inspiration Clifford A. Pickover......Page 183 1687 Newton’s Laws of Motion and Gravitation Clifford A. Pickover......Page 185 1713 Law of Large Numbers Clifford A. Pickover......Page 188 1727 Euler’s Number, e Clifford A. Pickover......Page 190 1733 Normal Distribution Curve Clifford A. Pickover......Page 193 1735 Linnaean Classification of Species Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 196 1738 Bernoulli’s Law of Fluid Dynamics Clifford A. Pickover......Page 199 1760 Artificial Selection (Selective Breeding) Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 202 1761 Bayes’ Theorem Clifford A. Pickover......Page 205 1761 Causes of Cancer Clifford A. Pickover......Page 207 1761 Morgagni’s “Cries of Suffering Organs” Clifford A. Pickover......Page 209 1783 Black Holes Clifford A. Pickover......Page 212 1785 Coulomb’s Law of Electrostatics Clifford A. Pickover......Page 215 1797 Fundamental Theorem of Algebra Clifford A. Pickover......Page 218 1798 Smallpox Vaccine Clifford A. Pickover......Page 221 1800 Battery Clifford A. Pickover......Page 223 1800 High-Pressure Steam Engine Marshall Brain......Page 226 1801 Wave Nature of Light Clifford A. Pickover......Page 229 1807 Fourier Series Clifford A. Pickover......Page 232 1808 Atomic Theory Clifford A. Pickover......Page 235 1812 Laplace’s Théorie Analytique des Probabilités Clifford A. Pickover......Page 238 1822 Babbage Mechanical Computer Clifford A. Pickover......Page 241 1824 Carnot Engine Clifford A. Pickover......Page 244 1824 Greenhouse Effect Clifford A. Pickover......Page 247 1825 Ampère’s Law of Electromagnetism Clifford A. Pickover......Page 250 1827 Brownian Motion Clifford A. Pickover......Page 253 1828 Germ-Layer Theory of Development Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 256 1829 Blood Transfusion Clifford A. Pickover......Page 259 1829 Non-Euclidean Geometry Clifford A. Pickover......Page 261 1831 Cell Nucleus Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 264 1831 Darwin and the Voyages of the Beagle Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 267 1831 Faraday’s Laws of Induction Clifford A. Pickover......Page 270 1836 Fossil Record and Evolution Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 273 1837 Nitrogen Cycle and Plant Chemistry Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 276 1837 Telegraph System Marshall Brain......Page 279 1839 Daguerreotype Derek B. Lowe......Page 281 1839 Rubber Derek B. Lowe......Page 284 1841 Fiber Optics Clifford A. Pickover......Page 287 1842 General Anesthesia Clifford A. Pickover......Page 290 1843 Conservation of Energy Clifford A. Pickover......Page 293 1844 Transcendental Numbers Clifford A. Pickover......Page 295 1847 Semmelweis’s Hand Washing Clifford A. Pickover......Page 298 1850 Second Law of Thermodynamics Clifford A. Pickover......Page 301 1855 Bessemer Process Marshall Brain......Page 304 1855 Cell Division Clifford A. Pickover......Page 307 1856 Plastic Marshall Brain......Page 310 1858 Möbius Strip Clifford A. Pickover......Page 313 1859 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Section Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 316 1859 Ecological Interactions Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 319 1859 Kinetic Theory Clifford A. Pickover......Page 322 1859 Riemann Hypothesis Clifford A. Pickover......Page 325 1861 Cerebral Localization Clifford A. Pickover......Page 328 1861 Maxwell’s Equations Clifford A. Pickover......Page 331 1862 Germ Theory of Disease Clifford A. Pickover......Page 334 1864 Electromagnetic Spectrum Clifford A. Pickover......Page 337 1865 Antiseptics Clifford A. Pickover......Page 340 1865 Mendel’s Genetics Clifford A. Pickover......Page 343 1869 Periodic Table Derek B. Lowe......Page 346 1874 Cantor’s Transfinite Numbers Clifford A. Pickover......Page 349 1875 Boltzmann’s Entropy Equation Clifford A. Pickover......Page 352 1876 Gibbs Free Energy Derek B. Lowe......Page 355 1876 Telephone Marshall Brain......Page 358 1878 Enzymes Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 361 1878 Incandescent Light Bulb Clifford A. Pickover......Page 364 1878 Power Grid Marshall Brain......Page 367 1887 Michelson-Morley Experiment Clifford A. Pickover......Page 370 1888 Tesseract Clifford A. Pickover......Page 373 1890 Steam Turbine Marshall Brain......Page 376 1890 The Principles of Psychology Wade E. Pickren......Page 379 1891 Neuron Doctrine Clifford A. Pickover......Page 382 1892 Discovery of Viruses Clifford A. Pickover......Page 385 1895 X-rays Clifford A. Pickover......Page 388 1896 Proof of the Prime Number Theorem Clifford A. Pickover......Page 391 1896 Radioactivity Clifford A. Pickover......Page 394 1897 Electron Clifford A. Pickover......Page 397 1899 Psychoanalysis Clifford A. Pickover......Page 400 1900 Blackbody Radiation Law Clifford A. Pickover......Page 403 1900 Hilbert’s 23 Problems Clifford A. Pickover......Page 406 1902 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance Clifford A. Pickover......Page 409 1903 Wright Brothers’ Airplane Marshall Brain......Page 412 1903 Classical Conditioning Wade E. Pickren......Page 415 1905 E = mc2 Clifford A. Pickover......Page 418 1905 Photoelectric Effect Clifford A. Pickover......Page 420 1905 Special Theory of Relativity Clifford A. Pickover......Page 422 1908 Internal Combustion Engine Marshall Brain......Page 425 1910 Chlorination of Water Clifford A. Pickover......Page 428 1910 Main Sequence Jim Bell......Page 431 1911 Atomic Nucleus Clifford A. Pickover......Page 434 1911 Superconductivity Clifford A. Pickover......Page 437 1912 Bragg’s Law of Crystal Diffraction Clifford A. Pickover......Page 440 1912 Continental Drift Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 443 1913 Bohr Atom Clifford A. Pickover......Page 446 1915 General Theory of Relativity Clifford A. Pickover......Page 448 1919 String Theory Clifford A. Pickover......Page 451 1920 Hydrogen Bonding Derek B. Lowe......Page 454 1920 Radio Station Marshall Brain......Page 457 1921 Noether’s Idealtheorie Clifford A. Pickover......Page 460 1921 Einstein as Inspiration Clifford A. Pickover......Page 463 1924 De Broglie Relation Clifford A. Pickover......Page 466 1925 Pauli Exclusion Principle Clifford A. Pickover......Page 469 1926 Schrödinger’s Wave Equation Clifford A. Pickover......Page 472 1927 Complementarity Principle Clifford A. Pickover......Page 475 1927 Food Webs Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 478 1927 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Clifford A. Pickover......Page 481 1927 Insect Dance Language Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 484 1928 Dirac Equation Clifford A. Pickover......Page 487 1928 Penicillin Clifford A. Pickover......Page 489 1929 Hubble’s Law of Cosmic Expansion Clifford A. Pickover......Page 492 1931 Gödel’s Theorem Clifford A. Pickover......Page 495 1932 Antimatter Clifford A. Pickover......Page 497 1932 Neutron Clifford A. Pickover......Page 500 1933 Dark Matter Clifford A. Pickover......Page 503 1933 Polyethylene Derek B. Lowe......Page 506 1933 Neutron Stars Clifford A. Pickover......Page 509 1935 EPR Paradox Clifford A. Pickover......Page 512 1935 Schrödinger’s Cat Clifford A. Pickover......Page 515 1936 Turing Machines Clifford A. Pickover......Page 518 1937 Cellular Respiration Derek B. Lowe......Page 520 1937 Superfluids Clifford A. Pickover......Page 523 1938 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Clifford A. Pickover......Page 526 1941 Doped Silicon Marshall Brain......Page 529 1942 Energy from the Nucleus Clifford A. Pickover......Page 532 1945 Little Boy Atomic Bomb Clifford A. Pickover......Page 535 1945 Uranium Enrichment Marshall Brain......Page 538 1946 ENIAC Clifford A. Pickover......Page 541 1946 Stellar Nucleosynthesis Clifford A. Pickover......Page 544 1947 Hologram Clifford A. Pickover......Page 547 1947 Photosynthesis Derek B. Lowe......Page 550 1947 Transistor Clifford A. Pickover......Page 553 1948 Information Theory Clifford A. Pickover......Page 556 1948 Quantum Electrodynamics Clifford A. Pickover......Page 559 1948 Randomized Controlled Trials Clifford A. Pickover......Page 562 1949 Radiocarbon Dating Clifford A. Pickover......Page 565 1949 Time Travel Clifford A. Pickover......Page 568 1950 Chess Computer Marshall Brain......Page 571 1950 Fermi Paradox Clifford A. Pickover......Page 574 1951 HeLa Cells Clifford A. Pickover......Page 577 1952 Cellular Automata Clifford A. Pickover......Page 580 1952 Miller-Urey Experiment Derek B. Lowe......Page 583 1953 DNA Structure Clifford A. Pickover......Page 586 1955 Atomic Clocks Clifford A. Pickover......Page 589 1955 Birth-Control Pill Clifford A. Pickover......Page 592 1955 Placebo Effect Clifford A. Pickover......Page 595 1955 Ribosomes Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 598 1956 Parallel Universes Clifford A. Pickover......Page 601 1957 Antidepressant Medications Wade E. Pickren......Page 604 1957 Space Satellite Marshall Brain......Page 607 1958 Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 610 1958 Integrated Circuit Clifford A. Pickover......Page 613 1959 Structure of Antibodies Clifford A. Pickover......Page 616 1960 Laser Clifford A. Pickover......Page 619 1961 Cracking the Genetic Code for Protein Biosynthesis Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 622 1961 First Humans in Space Jim Bell......Page 625 1961 Green Revolution Marshall Brain......Page 628 1961 Standard Model Clifford A. Pickover......Page 631 1963 Chaos and the Butterfly Effect Clifford A. Pickover......Page 634 1963 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Clifford A. Pickover......Page 637 1964 Brain Lateralization Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 640 1964 Quarks Clifford A. Pickover......Page 643 1965 Cosmic Microwave Background Clifford A. Pickover......Page 645 1966 Dynamic RAM Marshall Brain......Page 648 1967 Endosymbiont Theory Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 651 1967 Heart Transplant Clifford A. Pickover......Page 654 1967 Saturn V Rocket Marshall Brain......Page 657 1969 ARPANET Marshall Brain......Page 660 1969 First on the Moon Jim Bell......Page 663 1972 Genetic Engineering Marshall Brain......Page 666 1975 Feigenbaum Constant Clifford A. Pickover......Page 669 1975 Fractals Clifford A. Pickover......Page 672 1977 Public-Key Cryptography Clifford A. Pickover......Page 675 1978 Theory of Mind Wade E. Pickren......Page 678 1979 Gravitational Lensing Jim Bell......Page 681 1980 Cosmic Inflation Clifford A. Pickover......Page 684 1981 Quantum Computers Clifford A. Pickover......Page 687 1982 Artificial Heart Marshall Brain......Page 690 1983 Epigenetics Clifford A. Pickover......Page 693 1983 Polymerase Chain Reaction Clifford A. Pickover......Page 696 1984 Telomerase Clifford A. Pickover......Page 699 1984 Theory of Everything Clifford A. Pickover......Page 702 1987 Mitochondrial Eve Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 705 1990 Domains of Life Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald......Page 708 1990 Hubble Telescope Clifford A. Pickover......Page 711 1990 World Wide Web Marshall Brain......Page 714 1994 Global Positioning System (GPS) Marshall Brain......Page 717 1998 Dark Energy Clifford A. Pickover......Page 720 1998 International Space Station Jim Bell......Page 723 2003 Human Genome Project Clifford A. Pickover......Page 726 2004 Spirit and Opportunity on Mars Jim Bell......Page 729 2008 Human Cloning Clifford A. Pickover......Page 732 2009 Large Hadron Collider Clifford A. Pickover......Page 735 2016 Gene Therapy Clifford A. Pickover......Page 737 2016 Gravitational Waves Jim Bell......Page 740 2017 Proof of the Kepler Conjecture Clifford A. Pickover......Page 743 Notes and Further Reading......Page 746 About the Contributors......Page 773 Photo Credits......Page 776 From astronomy to psychology, this comprehensive and fully illustrated volume presents the most groundbreaking milestones in the history of science. Science author Cliff Pickover continues his award–winning series—which includes The Math Book , The Physics Book, and The Medical Book —by gathering the most important thinkers and ideas in the history of science into one gorgeously illustrated volume. This unique omnibus edition includes 250 thoughtfully selected entries from many of the science-based books in the Sterling Milestones series, including math, physics, medicine, biology, chemistry, engineering, psychology, and space. With a new introduction by Pickover explaining how this impressive collection was curated, The Science Book showcases humanity's greatest achievements and provides readers with a sense of wonder at the diversity of scientific discovery.

From astronomy to psychology, this beautifully illustrated chronology presents the most important and groundbreaking milestones in science. Award-winning author Cliff Pickover ( The Math Book, The Physics Book, and The Medical Book ) gathers into one fully illustrated volume the most important thinkers and ideas in the history of science. This unique omnibus edition includes 250 thoughtfully selected entries from many of the science-based books in the Sterling Milestones series, including math, physics, medicine, biology, chemistry, engineering, psychology, and space. With a new introduction by Pickover explaining how this impressive collection was curated, The Science Book showcases humanity's greatest achievements and provides readers with a sense of wonder at the diversity of scientific discovery.

"From astronomy to psychology, this beautifully illustrated chronology presents the most important and groundbreaking milestones in science. Award-winning author Cliff Pickover gathers into one fully illustrated volume the most important thinkers and ideas in the history of science. This unique omnibus edition includes 250 thoughtfully selected entries from many of the science-based books in the Sterling Milestones series, including math, physics, medicine, biology, chemistry, engineering, psychology, and space. With a new introduction by Pickover explaining how this impressive collection was curated, The Science Book showcases humanity's greatest achievements and provides readers with a sense of wonder at the diversity of scientific discovery."--Publisher's website