The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook (Artech House Space Applications Series) (Artech House Space Technology and Applications)

Since the publication of the best-selling first edition of The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook, the satellite industry has experienced explosive growth thanks to a flood of innovations in consumer electronics, broadcasting, the Internet, transportation, and broadband telecommunications. This second edition covers all the latest advances in satellite technology and applications and features new chapters on mobile digital audio radio and VSAT networks. It updates and expands upon the engineering and management topics that made the first edition a must-have for every satellite communications professional as well as network architects. Engineers get the latest technical details into operations, architectures, and systems components. Managers are brought up to date with the latest business applications as well as regulatory and legal decisions affecting domestic and international markets. The treatment is also of value to marketing, legal, regulatory, and financial and operations professionals who must gain a clear understanding of the capabilities and issues associated with satellite space and ground facilities and services. You get real-world, first-hand insight into: defining a satellite network architecture to meet your organization’s business or operational requirements; engineering criteria and design principles for TV and radio broadcasting, mobile and fixed telephony, and VSAT data communications; and addressing business and regulatory issues to ensure a successful satellite application. Whether you are new to the satellite industry and need a quick and thorough understanding of how satellite communications operate or are a veteran professional needing a refresher on issues not encountered day to day, The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook, Second Edition is an indispensable resource to be referred to again and again. Team DDU......Page 1 Contents......Page 8 Preface......Page 16 PART I System Considerations......Page 20 CHAPTER 1 Evolution of Satellite Technology and Applications......Page 22 1.1 Satellite Network Fundamentals......Page 26 1.2.1 Broadcast and Multicast of Digital Content......Page 33 1.2.2 Voice and Telephony Networks......Page 39 1.2.3 Data Communications and the Internet......Page 42 1.2.4 Mobile and Personal Communications......Page 44 References......Page 45 2.1 Design of the Satellite Link......Page 46 2.1.1 Meaning and Use of the Decibel......Page 48 2.1.2 Link Budgets and Their Interpretation......Page 50 2.2 Link Budget Example......Page 55 2.2.1 Downlink Budget......Page 56 2.2.2 Uplink Budget......Page 61 2.2.3 Overall Link......Page 65 2.2.4 Additional Sources of Noise and Interference......Page 67 2.3 Multiple Access Systems......Page 68 2.3.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access......Page 69 2.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access and ALOHA......Page 70 2.3.3 Code Division Multiple Access......Page 72 2.4 Frequency Band Trade-Offs......Page 75 2.4.1 Ultra High Frequency......Page 78 2.4.2 L-Band......Page 79 2.4.4 C-Band......Page 80 2.4.6 Ku-Band......Page 81 2.4.7 Ka-Band......Page 82 2.4.9 Laser Communications......Page 83 References......Page 84 CHAPTER 3 Issues in Space Segment and Satellite Implementation......Page 86 3.1 Satellite Selection and System Implementation......Page 87 3.2 Communications Payload Configurations......Page 90 3.2.1 Single-Frequency-Band Payload......Page 91 3.2.3 Shaped Versus Spot Beam Antennas......Page 93 3.2.4 Analog (Bent-Pipe) Repeater Design......Page 97 3.2.5 Digital Onboard Processing Repeater......Page 100 3.2.6 Repeater Power and Bandwidth......Page 109 3.2.7 Additional Payload Issues......Page 112 3.3 Spacecraft Bus Considerations......Page 113 3.3.1 Three-Axis Bus Stability and Control......Page 114 3.3.2 Spacecraft Power Constraints......Page 115 3.4 Contingency Planning......Page 119 3.4.1 Risks in Satellite Operation......Page 120 3.4.2 Available Insurance Coverage......Page 124 3.4.3 Space Development-Estimating Lead Time......Page 127 3.4.4 Satellite Backup and Replacement Strategy......Page 128 References......Page 130 PART II Broadcast and Multicast Links to Multiple Users......Page 132 CHAPTER 4 Television Applications and Standards......Page 134 4.1 Entertainment Programming......Page 135 4.1.1 Network Broadcast......Page 141 4.1.2 Cable TV......Page 142 4.2 Educational TV and Distance Learning......Page 153 4.2.1 University Distance Education......Page 154 4.2.2 Corporate Education and Interactive Learning Networks......Page 155 4.2.3 Guidelines for Effective Distance Learning......Page 158 4.3 Business TV......Page 159 4.3.1 Private Broadcasting......Page 160 4.3.2 Video Teleconferencing......Page 162 4.4 Analog TV Standards......Page 167 4.4.2 Analog Transmission Standards......Page 168 References......Page 177 CHAPTER 5 Digital Video Compression Systems and Standards......Page 178 5.1 Compression Technology......Page 181 5.1.1 Digital Processing......Page 182 5.1.2 Spatial Compression (Transform Coding)......Page 184 5.1.3 Temporal Compression (Frame-to-Frame Compression)......Page 186 5.1.4 Motion Compensation......Page 187 5.1.5 Hybrid Coding Techniques......Page 188 5.2.1 ITU 601 Uncompressed Digital Television......Page 189 5.2.2 The ITU H. Series Standards......Page 190 5.3 Motion Picture Expert Group......Page 191 5.3.1 MPEG 1......Page 192 5.3.2 MPEG 2......Page 195 5.3.3 MPEG Audio......Page 197 5.3.4 Assessing MPEG 2 Video Quality......Page 199 5.3.5 MPEG 4......Page 202 5.4 Digital Video Broadcasting Standard......Page 205 5.4.1 DVB Requirements and Organization......Page 206 5.4.3 The Satellite Standard (DVB-S)......Page 207 5.4.4 Supporting DVB Services-Sound, Service Information, and Conditional Access......Page 209 5.5.1 IP Encapsulation in the MPEG Transport Stream......Page 214 5.5.2 Packet Identification......Page 216 5.5.3 Performance of IP Encapsulation......Page 217 5.6.1 Serial Digital Interface......Page 219 5.7 Terrestrial Backhaul Interfaces......Page 220 5.7.1 Fiber Optic System Interfaces-Synchronous Optical Network and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy......Page 221 5.7.2 Asynchronous Transfer Mode......Page 222 5.7.3 Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3z)......Page 223 References......Page 226 CHAPTER 6 Direct-to-Home Satellite Television Broadcasting......Page 228 6.1 Relative Cost of Satellite DTH Versus Cable......Page 229 6.2.1 Basic Elements and Signal Flow......Page 230 6.2.2 Compression System Arrangement......Page 231 6.2.3 Suppliers of Key Elements......Page 233 6.3 Satellite Architecture......Page 235 6.3.1 Medium-Power DTH Satellite Systems......Page 237 6.3.2 High-Power DTH Satellite Systems......Page 238 6.4.1 Interference Model......Page 240 6.4.2 Satellite Spacing and Dish Sizing Analysis......Page 242 6.5 Differences Among DTH Systems......Page 245 6.5.2 Significant Differences in Satellite EIRP......Page 246 6.5.3 Polarization Selection (LP or CP)......Page 247 6.5.4 Frequency Plan Differences (Channel Spacing)......Page 248 6.5.5 Digital Transmission Format (QPSK, 8PSK, 16 QAM)......Page 249 6.5.7 Scrambling and Conditional Access......Page 250 6.6 Survey of DTH Systems......Page 252 6.7.1 DIRECTV......Page 254 6.7.2 EchoStar DISH Network......Page 255 6.8 European DTH Experience......Page 256 6.8.1 SES-Astra......Page 257 6.8.2 British Sky Broadcasting......Page 258 6.8.3 T ̈¦l ̈¦diffusion de France and TV-Sat......Page 259 6.8.4 Eutelsat......Page 260 6.9 Expansion of DTH in Asia......Page 262 6.9.1 Indovision (Indonesia)......Page 263 6.9.2 ASTRO/MEASAT (Malaysia)......Page 264 6.9.3 SKY PerfecTV (Japan)......Page 265 6.9.4 STAR TV/AsiaSat (Hong Kong, SAR)......Page 267 6.10 Expansion of DTH in Latin America......Page 268 References......Page 269 CHAPTER 7 Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service......Page 270 7.1 Satellite Radio Broadcast Concept......Page 271 7.1.1 S-DARS Spectrum Allocations......Page 272 7.1.2 Propagation for Mobile Broadcasting......Page 273 7.2 First Introduction-WorldSpace......Page 275 7.2.1 Transmission and Network Design for WorldSpace......Page 276 7.2.2 WorldSpace GEO Satellite Design......Page 277 7.3.1 The Use of the Inclined Elliptical Orbit......Page 278 7.3.2 Satellite Design for Sirius......Page 282 7.3.3 Network Technical Design......Page 287 7.3.4 Receiver Equipment and User Experience......Page 289 7.4 XM Satellite Radio......Page 292 7.4.1 Satellite Design for XM......Page 294 7.4.2 Transmission and Network Design for XM......Page 296 7.4.3 Radio Equipment Development......Page 297 7.5.1 Mobile Broadcasting Corporation of Japan......Page 298 7.5.2 European Digital Audio Broadcasting......Page 300 7.6 Issues and Opportunities Relative to S-DARS......Page 301 References......Page 302 PART III Two-Way Interactive Applications for Fixed and Mobile Users......Page 304 8.1 Interactive Data Networks......Page 306 8.1.1 Principle of Protocol Layering......Page 307 8.1.2 Protocols Supported by VSAT Networks......Page 310 8.1.3 Point-to-Point Connectivity......Page 312 8.1.4 Point-to-Multipoint Connectivity (Star Topology with VSATs)......Page 315 8.2 VSAT Star Networks......Page 319 8.2.1 Applications of Star Networks......Page 320 8.2.2 VSAT Network Architecture......Page 323 8.2.3 Integrator of PCs, LANs, and Internets......Page 329 8.3 VSATs in Business TV......Page 335 8.3.2 Private Broadcasting......Page 336 References......Page 339 CHAPTER 9 Technical Aspects of VSAT Networks......Page 340 9.1 Capacity Planning and Sizing......Page 341 9.1.1 Collecting Requirements for the VSAT Network......Page 342 9.1.2 Estimating Delay and Response Time......Page 344 9.1.3 VSAT Access Protocols......Page 346 9.1.4 Comparison of Access Protocol Performance......Page 355 9.2 Sizing of VSAT Networks......Page 364 9.2.1 Hub Sizing......Page 365 9.2.2 VSAT Remote Sizing......Page 369 9.2.3 Transponder Capacity Sizing......Page 373 9.3 Hub Implementations......Page 375 9.3.1 Use of a Dedicated Hub......Page 376 9.3.2 Use of a Shared Hub......Page 378 9.3.3 Network Management and Control......Page 379 9.4 VSAT Networks at Ka-Band......Page 380 9.5 Suppliers of VSAT Networks......Page 381 References......Page 384 CHAPTER 10 Fixed Telephony Satellite Networks......Page 386 10.1 Role of Satellites in Telephone Services......Page 387 10.1.1 Domestic, Regional, and International Services......Page 388 10.1.2 Estimating Telephone Traffic......Page 390 10.1.3 VoIP......Page 395 10.1.4 Interfacing to the Terrestrial Telephone Network......Page 397 10.2.1 Demand-Assigned Network Topology......Page 401 10.2.2 Fixed Telephony Earth Station Design......Page 403 10.2.3 Use of Satellite Capacity......Page 407 10.3 Preassigned Point-to-Point Link......Page 408 10.3.1 Multiple-Channel Per Carrier Transmission......Page 409 10.3.2 Bandwidth Managers and Multiplexers......Page 411 10.4.1 SCPC FTS Example......Page 412 References......Page 413 CHAPTER 11 Mobile Satellite Service (GEO and Non-GEO)......Page 414 11.1 Foundation of the Mobile Satellite Service......Page 415 11.1.1 Radio Frequency Spectrum Availability......Page 418 11.1.2 MSS Link Design......Page 419 11.1.3 Orbit Selection......Page 422 11.2 GEO MSS Systems......Page 426 11.2.1 Inmarsat (Generations 3 and 4)......Page 427 11.2.2 North American and Australian MSS Systems......Page 428 11.3 GEO MSS Systems Serving Handheld Terminals......Page 430 11.4 Non-GEO MSS Systems......Page 434 11.4.1 Iridium......Page 436 11.4.2 Globalstar System......Page 437 11.4.3 ICO Communications......Page 438 11.4.4 Comparison of the Performance of Non-GEO Systems......Page 440 11.5 Intelligent MSS Services......Page 441 11.5.1 Mobile Telephone and Data Services......Page 443 11.5.2 Handheld User Terminals......Page 444 11.5.4 Fixed Telephony User Terminals......Page 445 11.5.5 Broadband Data Terminals......Page 446 11.6 Multiple Access in MSS......Page 447 11.6.1 Applying FDMA to MSS Service......Page 448 11.6.3 CDMA......Page 450 11.6.4 Comparison of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA......Page 452 11.7 Digital Speech Compression......Page 453 11.8.1 Network Control......Page 456 11.8.2 Subscriber Access and Connectivity......Page 457 11.8.3 Network Security......Page 458 References......Page 460 PART IV Service and Business Development......Page 462 CHAPTER 12 Frequency Coordination and Regulation of Services......Page 464 12.1 Sharing Radio Frequencies......Page 465 12.2 Structure of the ITU......Page 467 12.2.1 Objectives of ITU Regulations......Page 468 12.2.3 ITU Sectors and Bodies......Page 469 12.3.1 Objectives of the Radio Regulations......Page 471 12.3.2 Pertinent Content of the Radio Regulations......Page 472 12.3.3 Table of Frequency Allocations......Page 474 12.3.4 Coordination Procedures......Page 475 12.3.5 Rules for Satellite Operations......Page 476 12.4 International Frequency Coordination......Page 478 12.4.1 The First Step in the Process......Page 480 12.4.2 Frequency and Orbit Coordination......Page 481 12.4.3 Terrestrial Coordination of Earth Stations......Page 486 12.5 World Radiocommunication Conference......Page 488 12.6 Additional Regulatory Approvals......Page 489 12.6.1 Operation of Uplink Earth Stations......Page 490 12.6.3 Importation of Equipment......Page 491 12.6.6 Competitive Entry......Page 492 12.7.1 The U.S. Regulatory Environment......Page 493 12.7.3 Satellite Regulation in Japan......Page 496 12.7.4 Satellite Operations in Asia and the Pacific......Page 497 12.7.6 The Middle East and Southern Asia......Page 499 References......Page 500 13.1 The Satellite Marketing Challenge......Page 502 13.1.1 Selling Hardware......Page 504 13.1.2 Selling Services......Page 505 13.2 Selling the Space Segment......Page 506 13.2.1 FSS Transponder Segmentation......Page 507 13.2.2 Space Segment Provision......Page 509 13.2.3 Selling Occasional Video Service......Page 512 13.2.4 Partial Transponder and SCPC Services......Page 513 13.3.1 Entering the Competitive End-to-End Services Business......Page 514 13.3.2 Selling Value-Added Services as a Systems Integrator......Page 515 13.3.3 Maintenance Services......Page 516 Typical Content of a Satellite Application Contract......Page 518 13.4 The Marketing Organization......Page 523 13.5.1 Elements of Capital Budgeting Analysis......Page 524 13.5.2 Sources of Capital for New Satellite Systems......Page 526 13.5.3 Evaluating Venture Viability......Page 528 13.6 Trends in Satellite Communications Business and Applications......Page 529 13.6.1 Broadband Applications to Mobile and Fixed Locations......Page 530 Reference......Page 531 About the Author......Page 532 Index......Page 534 Team DDU The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook 1 Cover 1 Contents 8 Preface 16 PART I System Considerations 20 CHAPTER 1 Evolution of Satellite Technology and Applications 22 1.1 Satellite Network Fundamentals 26 1.2 Satellite Application Types 33 1.2.1 Broadcast and Multicast of Digital Content 33 1.2.2 Voice and Telephony Networks 39 1.2.3 Data Communications and the Internet 42 1.2.4 Mobile and Personal Communications 44 References 45 CHAPTER 2 Satellite Links, Multiple Access Methods, and Frequency Bands 46 2.1 Design of the Satellite Link 46 2.1.1 Meaning and Use of the Decibel 48 2.1.2 Link Budgets and Their Interpretation 50 2.2 Link Budget Example 55 2.2.1 Downlink Budget 56 2.2.2 Uplink Budget 61 2.2.3 Overall Link 65 2.2.4 Additional Sources of Noise and Interference 67 2.3 Multiple Access Systems 68 2.3.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 69 2.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access and ALOHA 70 2.3.3 Code Division Multiple Access 72 2.4 Frequency Band Trade-Offs 75 2.4.1 Ultra High Frequency 78 2.4.2 L-Band 79 2.4.3 S-Band 80 2.4.4 C-Band 80 2.4.5 X-Band 81 2.4.6 Ku-Band 81 2.4.7 Ka-Band 82 2.4.8 Q- and V-Bands 83 2.4.9 Laser Communications 83 2.4.10 Summary Comparison of the Spectrum Options 84 References 84 CHAPTER 3 Issues in Space Segment and Satellite Implementation 86 3.1 Satellite Selection and System Implementation 87 3.2 Communications Payload Configurations 90 3.2.1 Single-Frequency-Band Payload 91 3.2.2 Multiple-Frequency-Band Hybrid Payloads 93 3.2.3 Shaped Versus Spot Beam Antennas 93 3.2.4 Analog (Bent-Pipe) Repeater Design 97 3.2.5 Digital Onboard Processing Repeater 100 3.2.6 Repeater Power and Bandwidth 109 3.2.7 Additional Payload Issues 112 3.3 Spacecraft Bus Considerations 113 3.3.1 Three-Axis Bus Stability and Control 114 3.3.2 Spacecraft Power Constraints 115 3.4 Contingency Planning 119 3.4.1 Risks in Satellite Operation 120 3.4.2 Available Insurance Coverage 124 3.4.3 Space Development-Estimating Lead Time 127 3.4.4 Satellite Backup and Replacement Strategy 128 References 130 PART II Broadcast and Multicast Links to Multiple Users 132 CHAPTER 4 Television Applications and Standards 134 4.1 Entertainment Programming 135 4.1.1 Network Broadcast 141 4.1.2 Cable TV 142 4.2 Educational TV and Distance Learning 153 4.2.1 University Distance Education 154 4.2.2 Corporate Education and Interactive Learning Networks 155 4.2.3 Guidelines for Effective Distance Learning 158 4.3 Business TV 159 4.3.1 Private Broadcasting 160 4.3.2 Video Teleconferencing 162 4.4 Analog TV Standards 167 4.4.1 Video Format Standards 168 4.4.2 Analog Transmission Standards 168 References 177 CHAPTER 5 Digital Video Compression Systems and Standards 178 5.1 Compression Technology 181 5.1.1 Digital Processing 182 5.1.2 Spatial Compression (Transform Coding) 184 5.1.3 Temporal Compression (Frame-to-Frame Compression) 186 5.1.4 Motion Compensation 187 5.1.5 Hybrid Coding Techniques 188 5.2 ITU Recording and Transmission Standards 189 5.2.1 ITU 601 Uncompressed Digital Television 189 5.2.2 The ITU H. Series Standards 190 5.3 Motion Picture Expert Group 191 5.3.1 MPEG 1 192 5.3.2 MPEG 2 195 5.3.3 MPEG Audio 197 5.3.4 Assessing MPEG 2 Video Quality 199 5.3.5 MPEG 4 202 5.4 Digital Video Broadcasting Standard 205 5.4.1 DVB Requirements and Organization 206 5.4.2 Relationship Between DVB and MPEG 2 207 5.4.3 The Satellite Standard (DVB-S) 207 5.4.4 Supporting DVB Services-Sound, Service Information, and Conditional Access 209 5.5 Data Broadcasting and Internet Protocol Encapsulation 214 5.5.1 IP Encapsulation in the MPEG Transport Stream 214 5.5.2 Packet Identification 216 5.5.3 Performance of IP Encapsulation 217 5.6 Digital Video Interface Standards 219 5.6.1 Serial Digital Interface 219 5.6.2 DVB Asynchronous Serial Interface 220 5.7 Terrestrial Backhaul Interfaces 220 5.7.1 Fiber Optic System Interfaces-Synchronous Optical Network and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 221 5.7.2 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 222 5.7.3 Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3z) 223 References 226 CHAPTER 6 Direct-to-Home Satellite Television Broadcasting 228 6.1 Relative Cost of Satellite DTH Versus Cable 229 6.2 DTH System Architecture 230 6.2.1 Basic Elements and Signal Flow 230 6.2.2 Compression System Arrangement 231 6.2.3 Suppliers of Key Elements 233 6.3 Satellite Architecture 235 6.3.1 Medium-Power DTH Satellite Systems 237 6.3.2 High-Power DTH Satellite Systems 238 6.4 Orbital Interference Limitations 240 6.4.1 Interference Model 240 6.4.2 Satellite Spacing and Dish Sizing Analysis 242 6.5 Differences Among DTH Systems 245 6.5.1 Downlink Frequency 246 6.5.2 Significant Differences in Satellite EIRP 246 6.5.3 Polarization Selection (LP or CP) 247 6.5.4 Frequency Plan Differences (Channel Spacing) 248 6.5.5 Digital Transmission Format (QPSK, 8PSK, 16 QAM) 249 6.5.6 Video Signal Format 250 6.5.7 Scrambling and Conditional Access 250 6.6 Survey of DTH Systems 252 6.7 Digital DTH in the United States 254 6.7.1 DIRECTV 254 6.7.2 EchoStar DISH Network 255 6.7.3 Other U.S. DTH Operators 256 6.8 European DTH Experience 256 6.8.1 SES-Astra 257 6.8.2 British Sky Broadcasting 258 6.8.3 T ̈¦l ̈¦diffusion de France and TV-Sat 259 6.8.4 Eutelsat 260 6.8.5 Thor 262 6.9 Expansion of DTH in Asia 262 6.9.1 Indovision (Indonesia) 263 6.9.2 ASTRO/MEASAT (Malaysia) 264 6.9.3 SKY PerfecTV (Japan) 265 6.9.4 STAR TV/AsiaSat (Hong Kong, SAR) 267 6.10 Expansion of DTH in Latin America 268 References 269 CHAPTER 7 Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service 270 7.1 Satellite Radio Broadcast Concept 271 7.1.1 S-DARS Spectrum Allocations 272 7.1.2 Propagation for Mobile Broadcasting 273 7.2 First Introduction-WorldSpace 275 7.2.1 Transmission and Network Design for WorldSpace 276 7.2.2 WorldSpace GEO Satellite Design 277 7.2.3 WorldSpace Receivers 278 7.3 Sirius Satellite Radio 278 7.3.1 The Use of the Inclined Elliptical Orbit 278 7.3.2 Satellite Design for Sirius 282 7.3.3 Network Technical Design 287 7.3.4 Receiver Equipment and User Experience 289 7.4 XM Satellite Radio 292 7.4.1 Satellite Design for XM 294 7.4.2 Transmission and Network Design for XM 296 7.4.3 Radio Equipment Development 297 7.5 Expansion of S-DARS into Other Regions of the World 298 7.5.1 Mobile Broadcasting Corporation of Japan 298 7.5.2 European Digital Audio Broadcasting 300 7.6 Issues and Opportunities Relative to S-DARS 301 References 302 PART III Two-Way Interactive Applications for Fixed and Mobile Users 304 CHAPTER 8 VSAT Networks for Interactive Applications 306 8.1 Interactive Data Networks 306 8.1.1 Principle of Protocol Layering 307 8.1.2 Protocols Supported by VSAT Networks 310 8.1.3 Point-to-Point Connectivity 312 8.1.4 Point-to-Multipoint Connectivity (Star Topology with VSATs) 315 8.2 VSAT Star Networks 319 8.2.1 Applications of Star Networks 320 8.2.2 VSAT Network Architecture 323 8.2.3 Integrator of PCs, LANs, and Internets 329 8.3 VSATs in Business TV 335 8.3.1 Video Teleconferencing 336 8.3.2 Private Broadcasting 336 References 339 CHAPTER 9 Technical Aspects of VSAT Networks 340 9.1 Capacity Planning and Sizing 341 9.1.1 Collecting Requirements for the VSAT Network 342 9.1.2 Estimating Delay and Response Time 344 9.1.3 VSAT Access Protocols 346 9.1.4 Comparison of Access Protocol Performance 355 9.2 Sizing of VSAT Networks 364 9.2.1 Hub Sizing 365 9.2.2 VSAT Remote Sizing 369 9.2.3 Transponder Capacity Sizing 373 9.3 Hub Implementations 375 9.3.1 Use of a Dedicated Hub 376 9.3.2 Use of a Shared Hub 378 9.3.3 Network Management and Control 379 9.4 VSAT Networks at Ka-Band 380 9.5 Suppliers of VSAT Networks 381 References 384 CHAPTER 10 Fixed Telephony Satellite Networks 386 10.1 Role of Satellites in Telephone Services 387 10.1.1 Domestic, Regional, and International Services 388 10.1.2 Estimating Telephone Traffic 390 10.1.3 VoIP 395 10.1.4 Interfacing to the Terrestrial Telephone Network 397 10.2 Demand Assignment SCPC Network Architecture 401 10.2.1 Demand-Assigned Network Topology 401 10.2.2 Fixed Telephony Earth Station Design 403 10.2.3 Use of Satellite Capacity 407 10.3 Preassigned Point-to-Point Link 408 10.3.1 Multiple-Channel Per Carrier Transmission 409 10.3.2 Bandwidth Managers and Multiplexers 411 10.4 Application of FTS 412 10.4.1 SCPC FTS Example 412 References 413 CHAPTER 11 Mobile Satellite Service (GEO and Non-GEO) 414 11.1 Foundation of the Mobile Satellite Service 415 11.1.1 Radio Frequency Spectrum Availability 418 11.1.2 MSS Link Design 419 11.1.3 Orbit Selection 422 11.2 GEO MSS Systems 426 11.2.1 Inmarsat (Generations 3 and 4) 427 11.2.2 North American and Australian MSS Systems 428 11.3 GEO MSS Systems Serving Handheld Terminals 430 11.4 Non-GEO MSS Systems 434 11.4.1 Iridium 436 11.4.2 Globalstar System 437 11.4.3 ICO Communications 438 11.4.4 Comparison of the Performance of Non-GEO Systems 440 11.5 Intelligent MSS Services 441 11.5.1 Mobile Telephone and Data Services 443 11.5.2 Handheld User Terminals 444 11.5.3 Vehicular Terminals 445 11.5.4 Fixed Telephony User Terminals 445 11.5.5 Broadband Data Terminals 446 11.6 Multiple Access in MSS 447 11.6.1 Applying FDMA to MSS Service 448 11.6.2 TDMA in MSS 450 11.6.3 CDMA 450 11.6.4 Comparison of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA 452 11.7 Digital Speech Compression 453 11.8 Ground Segment Architecture in MSS 456 11.8.1 Network Control 456 11.8.2 Subscriber Access and Connectivity 457 11.8.3 Network Security 458 References 460 PART IV Service and Business Development 462 CHAPTER 12 Frequency Coordination and Regulation of Services 464 12.1 Sharing Radio Frequencies 465 12.2 Structure of the ITU 467 12.2.1 Objectives of ITU Regulations 468 12.2.2 Regulatory Philosophy 469 12.2.3 ITU Sectors and Bodies 469 12.3 The ITU Radio Regulations 471 12.3.1 Objectives of the Radio Regulations 471 12.3.2 Pertinent Content of the Radio Regulations 472 12.3.3 Table of Frequency Allocations 474 12.3.4 Coordination Procedures 475 12.3.5 Rules for Satellite Operations 476 12.3.6 Power Flux Density Limits 478 12.4 International Frequency Coordination 478 12.4.1 The First Step in the Process 480 12.4.2 Frequency and Orbit Coordination 481 12.4.3 Terrestrial Coordination of Earth Stations 486 12.5 World Radiocommunication Conference 488 12.6 Additional Regulatory Approvals 489 12.6.1 Operation of Uplink Earth Stations 490 12.6.2 Type Acceptance of Terminals 491 12.6.3 Importation of Equipment 491 12.6.4 Approval for Construction and Installation 492 12.6.5 Usage and Content Restrictions 492 12.6.6 Competitive Entry 492 12.6.7 Licensing 493 12.6.8 Other Roadblocks 493 12.7 Regulatory Environments in Different Countries and Regions 493 12.7.1 The U.S. Regulatory Environment 493 12.7.2 The European Experience in Orbit Assignments 496 12.7.3 Satellite Regulation in Japan 496 12.7.4 Satellite Operations in Asia and the Pacific 497 12.7.5 Satellite Regulation in Latin America 499 12.7.6 The Middle East and Southern Asia 499 12.7.7 Sub-Saharan Africa 500 References 500 CHAPTER 13 The Business of Satellite Communication 502 13.1 The Satellite Marketing Challenge 502 13.1.1 Selling Hardware 504 13.1.2 Selling Services 505 13.2 Selling the Space Segment 506 13.2.1 FSS Transponder Segmentation 507 13.2.2 Space Segment Provision 509 13.2.3 Selling Occasional Video Service 512 13.2.4 Partial Transponder and SCPC Services 513 13.3 Value-Added Service Offerings 514 13.3.1 Entering the Competitive End-to-End Services Business 514 13.3.2 Selling Value-Added Services as a Systems Integrator 515 13.3.3 Maintenance Services 516 13.3.4 The Services Contract and Service Level Agreement 518 Typical Content of a Satellite Application Contract 518 13.4 The Marketing Organization 523 13.5 Financing a Satellite System 524 13.5.1 Elements of Capital Budgeting Analysis 524 13.5.2 Sources of Capital for New Satellite Systems 526 13.5.3 Evaluating Venture Viability 528 13.6 Trends in Satellite Communications Business and Applications 529 13.6.1 Broadband Applications to Mobile and Fixed Locations 530 13.6.2 Focus on Valuable Segments 531 13.6.3 Satellites and the Digital Divide 531 Reference 531 About the Author 532 Index 534 Team DDU 1 "Since the publication of the best-selling first edition of The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook, the satellite industry has experienced explosive growth thanks to a flood of innovations in consumer electronics, broadcasting, the Internet, transportation, and broadband telecommunications. This second edition covers all the latest advances in satellite technology and applications and features new chapters on mobile digital audio radio and VSAT networks. It updates and expands upon the engineering and management topics that made the first edition a must-have for every satellite communications professional as well as network architects. Engineers get the latest technical details into operations, architectures, and systems components. Managers are brought up to date with the latest business applications as well as regulatory and legal decisions affecting domestic and international markets. The treatment is also of value to marketing, legal, regulatory, and financial and operations professionals who must gain a clear understanding of the capabilities and issues associated with satellite space and ground facilities and services."--BOOK JACKET

elbert (formerly With Hughes Electronics) Overviews The Technical And Business Fundamentals Of The Satellite Communication Industry, The Application Of Simplex Links To Multiple Users, Duplex Links That Deliver Two-way Interactive Services, And Regulatory And Business Affairs That Drive Investment And Financial Performance. A Technical Background Is Recommended, But Not Required. The Second Edition Adds A Chapter On Digital Audio Radio Service And A Section On Voice Over Ip. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, Or

booknews

a Review Of The Applications That Have Driven The Tremendous Growth In The Satellite Communication Industry In The Past Decade. It Is Organized Into Four Parts That Deal With The Most Fundamental Areas Of Concern To Application Developers And Users: The Technical And Business Fundamentals, The Application Of Simplex Links To Multiple Users, Duplex Links That Deliver Two-way Interactive Services, And Regulatory And Business Affairs That Drive Investment And Financial Performance. Annotation C. By Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.