The Rules, Practice, and Jurisprudence of International Courts and Tribunals (International Litigation in Practice, 4)

International courts and tribunals are key actors in international law, both because of their primary dispute resolution function and for their role in developing international law in a more general sense. Their growing number and complexity makes a detailed study of their practice particularly relevant. The Rules, Practice, and Jurisprudence of International Courts and Tribunals examines existing international dispute resolution institutions, including those of general jurisdiction (ICJ, PCA), specialised jurisdiction (ITLOS, ICSID, WTO), as well as human rights courts, international criminal courts and tribunals, courts of regional integration agreements, claims commissions and tribunals, and administrative tribunals of international organizations. Uniquely, it assesses both procedural rules and essential case-law, making it relevant for both academics and practitioners in international law. Contents Preface About the Authors Introduction Courts and Tribunals of General Jurisdiction Chapter One The International Court of Justice A. Overview 1. Essential Information 2. Jurisdiction 3. Procedural Overview B. Review of the Case Law 1. Sources of International Law a. Customary International Law b. Treaty Law c. Other Sources 2. Subjects of International Law 3. Rules on State Responsibility 4. Privileges and Immunities in National Systems 5. Injury to Aliens and Human Rights 6. Use of Force 7. Land and Maritime Boundary Disputes 8. Law of the Sea and Environmental Law C. Conclusion Chapter Two Permanent Court of Arbitration A. Overview 1. Essential Information 2. Jurisdiction 3. Procedural Overview a. Structure of Proceedings b. Possibility of Interim Measures c. Languages d. Third Party Intervention and Amicus Briefs e. Appeal, Annulment, and Interpretation of Arbitral Awards f. Enforcement g. Costs B. Review of Significant Arbitral Awards 1. The Island of Palmas Case (or Miangas) a. Background b. Question Submitted to the Arbitral Tribunal c. Decision of the Arbitral Tribunal d. Analysis 2. Arbitral Cases Arising from the Conflict in Eritrea and Ethiopia a. Background b. The Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission c. The Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission d. Analysis 3. Guyana v. Suriname a. Background b. Decision of the Tribunal c. Analysis 4. Abyei Arbitration a. Background b. The Decision of the Arbitral Tribunal c. Analysis 5. Saluka v. The Czech Republic a. Background b. Counterclaims c. Jurisdictional Objections d. Decision of the Tribunal e. Analysis 6. Romak v. Uzbekistan a. Background b. Decision of the Tribunal c. Analysis C. Conclusion Courts and Tribunals of Specialized Jurisdiction Chapter Three International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes A. Overview 1. Essential Information 2. Jurisdiction Under the ICSID Convention B. Procedural Overview 1. Constitution of the Tribunal 2. Conduct of the Proceeding 3. The Award, Enforcement, and Post-Award Remedies C. Review of Significant Jurisprudence 1. Decisions on Jurisdiction: Definition of Investor and Investment a. Definition of Investor b. Definition of Investment 2. Legal Standards of Protection a. Fair and Equitable Treatment b. Full Protection and Security c. Other Legal Standards 3. Expropriation D. Conclusion Chapter Four The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea A. Overview 1. Essential Information 2. Jurisdiction 3. Procedural Overview a. Instituting Proceedings b. Languages c. Preliminary Proceedings and Objections d. Provisional Measures e. Proceedings f. Permission to Intervene g. Amicus Curiae h. Decision i. Expenses j. Financial Assistance B. Review of the Case Law 1. Judgments on Provisional Measures 2. Judgments on Prompt Release of Vessels and Crews 3. Pending Cases 4. Discontinued Cases 5. Arbitrations Under Annex VII 6. Advisory Opinion C. Conclusions Chapter Five The World Trade Organization A. Overview 1. The Origins of the WTO and the GATT 1947 2. The WTO Agreement And The WTO As An Institution 3. The Dispute Settlement System a. Objectives and Standing b. Judiciary and Structure c. Jurisdiction and Competence B. The Evolving Body of WTO Law 1. The Jurisprudence Regarding the Effect of Case Law 2. The Jurisprudence on the Use of Non-WTO Law as a Tool for the Interpretation of WTO Law C. Remedies and Enforcement in WTO Dispute Settlement D. Conclusion Chapter Six Administrative Tribunals of International Organizations A. Introduction B. Overview 1. Structure of International Administrative Tribunals 2. Jurisdiction 3. Procedure 4. Powers of the Tribunal 5. Finality of Judgments C. Issues and Case Law 1. Sources of Law 2. Enforcement Powers 3. Relationship with National Law D. Conclusion: The Role of International Administrative Tribunals Specialized Courts: International Criminal Courts and Tribunals Chapter Seven The International Criminal Court A. Introduction and Overview B. The Structure of the Court C. Jurisdiction 1. Substantive Jurisdiction: The Core Crimes a. Genocide b. Crimes Against Humanity c. War Crimes d. The Crime of Aggression 2. Other Jurisdictional Prerequisites a. Jurisdiction Ratione Personae b. Nationality and Territoriality c. Temporal Jurisdiction D. Triggering the Jurisdiction 1. Referral by a State Party 2. Referral by the Security Council 3. Prosecutorial Initiative a. Deferral by the Security Council E. Admissibility and Complementarity F. Applicable Law G. State Cooperation with the ICC H. Witness and Victim Participation I. Review of Pending Situations 1. Uganda and the Lord’s Resistance Army 2. Democratic Republic of the Congo 3. Sudan/Darfur 4. Central African Republic 5. Kenya 6. Libya 7. Other Matters J. Conclusion Chapter Eight The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia A. Introduction B. Overview 1. Establishment and Structure 2. Jurisdiction 3. Procedure C. Selected Case Law 1. A Foundational Decision: The 1995 Decision in the Tadic Case 2. Case Law Regarding General Issues of International Law 3. Case Law Regarding International Humanitarian and Criminal Law a. Definition of Crimes b. Individual Criminal Responsibility and Joint Criminal Enterprise D. Conclusion Chapter Nine The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda A. Introduction B. Establishment of the ICTR C. Organization of the ICTR 1. Chambers 2. The Office of the Prosecutor 3. The Registry D. Jurisdiction E. Procedural Overview F. Completion Strategy and Rule 11bis G. Significant Case Law 1. Akayesu a. Subjective Standard b. Rape as a Modality of Genocide 2. Kayishema & Ruzindana a. Non-International Armed Conflict b. Link Between the Accused and the Armed Forces c. Ratione Personae and Ratione Loci d. Nexus Requirement 3. Nahimana, Barayagwiza, & Ngeze 4. Baglishema H. Conclusion Chapter Ten Hybrid and Internationalized Tribunals A. Introduction Β. The Special Court For Sierra Leone 1. Essential Information 2. Jurisdiction 3. Procedural Overview 4. Selected Examples of Significant Case Law C. The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 1. Essential Information 2. Jurisdiction 3. Procedural Overview 4. Significant Case Law D. The War Crimes Chamber of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1. Essential Information 2. Jurisdiction 3. Procedural Overview 4. Significant Case Law E. Special Panels for Serious Crimes in East Timor 1. Essential Information 2. Jurisdiction 3. Procedural Overview 4. Significant Case Law F. Internationalized War Crimes Panels in Kosovo 1. Essential Information 2. Jurisdiction 3. Procedural Overview 4. Significant Case Law G. Special Tribunal for Lebanon 1. Essential Information 2. Jurisdiction 3. Procedural Overview 4. Significant Case Law H. Conclusion Specialized Courts: Human Rights Chapter Eleven The European Court of Human Rights A. Overview: The Mechanism of the European Court of Human Rights 1. Brief History 2. Organization a. Seat b. Composition c. Structure d. Registry 3. Jurisdiction a. Jurisdiction Ratione Materiae b. Jurisdiction Ratione Personae c. Jurisdiction Ratione Temporis 4. Procedure Before the Court a. Initial Stages of the Proceedings b. Admissibility Criteria c. Third-Party Intervention d. Interim Measures e. Consideration of the Case and Judgment 5. Execution of Judgments B. Review of Case Law 1. Right to Life a. Scope b. Protection by Law c. Death Penalty d. Use of Force by State Agents e. Procedural Obligation to Undertake an Effective Investigation 2. Prohibition of Torture, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment a. Scope b. Torture c. Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment d. Non-Refoulement e. Positive and Procedural Obligations 3. Right to Liberty and Security of Person a. Scope b. Concept of Arbitrary Deprivation of Liberty c. Duty of Prompt Information of Reasons for Arrest and of Any Charge d. Right to be Brought Promptly Before a Judge and to Trial Within a Reasonable Time or Release e. Right to Challenge the Legality of the Detention f. Derogations Under Article 15 of the Convention 4. Right to a Fair Trial a. Scope b. Right of Access to a Court c. Equality of Arms d. Reasonable Time Guarantee 5. Right to Respect for Private and Family Life a. Private Life b. Family Life c. Permissible Interference d. Positive Obligations 6. Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion a. Freedom to Manifest Religion or Beliefs in a “Democratic Society” b. Dress Codes as a Manifestation of Religious Beliefs c. Use of Religious Symbols in Public Schools 7. Freedom of Opinion and Expression a. Limits to Article 10 Protection b. Special Protection of the Press and of Political Expression c. Disclosure of Confidential Information 8. Prohibition of Discrimination a. Applicability of Article 14 b. Direct, Indirect, and Positive Discrimination 9. Right to Property a. Scope b. Approach to Allegations of Violations c. The Proportionality Test C. Conclusion Chapter Twelve The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights A. Overview 1. Essential Information 2. Jurisdiction 3. Procedural Overview a. Proceedings Before the IACHR b. Proceedings Before the IACtHR B. Review of the Case Law: Background 1. Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras Case a. Preliminary Objections b. Decisions on Provisional Measures and on the Merits c. Reparations 2. Aloeboetoe et al. v. Suriname Case, Reparations (Article 63(1) ACHR) 3. Cases Related to Vulnerable Groups a. Indigenous Peoples b. Persons Deprived of Liberty c. Women’s Rights d. Children’s Rights 4. Other Cases a. Freedom of Expression b. Judicial Independence c. Armed Conflict d. The Death Penalty e. Amnesty Laws C. Conclusion Chapter Thirteen The African Human Rights System A. Institutions 1. African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights 2. African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights 3. African Court of Justice 4. African Court of Justice and Human Rights B. Cases 1. African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights 2. African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights C. Conclusion Specialized Courts: Regional Economic and Political Integration Agreements Chapter Fourteen European Union Courts A. Overview 1. Essential Information a. The European Union: A Regional Integration Organisation b. Founding Treaties and Amending Treaties c. The Judicial System of the European Union 2. Jurisdiction of the Court of Justice of the European Union a. Subject Matter Jurisdiction b. Allocation of Jurisdiction Between the Court of Justice, the General Court, and the Civil Service Tribunal 3. Procedural Overview a. General Features of the Procedure Before the Three Courts b. Language Arrangements c. Representation of the Parties d. Costs e. Enforcement B. Court’s Jurisprudence Relating to Public International Law 1. Direct Effect and Supremacy of Union Law in the Domestic Legal Order of Member States 2. Court’s Jurisprudence Relating to (General) Customary Law and Treaty law a. Customary Law b. International Treaties in General, Whether or Not Concluded by the EU and Its Member States c. Jurisprudence Relating to Human Rights Treaties and to the UN Charter d. Jurisprudence Relating to Bilateral or Multilateral Agreements Concluded by Member States Prior to Their Membership of the EU e. Jurisprudence Relating to Third-Party Dispute Settlement Outside the EU’s Judicial System C. Conclusion Chapter Fifteen Courts of Other Economic Communities: NAFTA A. Introduction B. Overview of NAFTA Chapter 11 1. Essential Information 2. Jurisdiction 3. Procedural Overview C. Review of the Case Law 1. NAFTA Chapter 11 Cases Against Canada 2. NAFTA Chapter 11 Cases Against Mexico 3. NAFTA Chapter 11 Cases Against the United States D. Conclusion Chapter Sixteen Courts and Tribunals Established by Regional Economic Integration Agreements A. Dispute Resolution in the Andean Community B. Dispute Resolution Under Mercosur C. Dispute Resolution Under COMESA D. Dispute Resolution Under CAFTA-DR Chapter Ten: A Case Study in Streamlined Ad Hoc Dispute Resolution E. The Modified Waiver Provision in CAFTA-DR Article 10.18.2 1. Railroad Development Corp. v. Republic of Guatemala 2. TCW Group v. The Dominican Republic 3. Pac Rim Cayman LLC v. El Salvador 4. Commerce Group v. Republic of El Salvador F. The Mechanisms for Preliminary Objections in CAFTA-DR Article 10.20.4 and Their Expedited Consideration in CAFTA-DR Article 10.20.5 1. RDC v. Guatemala 2. Pac Rim v. El Salvador G. Conclusion Chapter Seventeen The United Nations Compensation Commission A. Introduction B. Background 1. Establishment of the UNCC 2. Institutional Framework a. Funding Compensation b. The Structure of the UNCC C. Organization of Claims 1. Category “A” Claims 2. Category “B” Claims 3. Category “C” Claims 4. Category “D” Claims 5. Category “E” Claims 6. Category “F” Claims D. Late-Filed Claims E. General Approaches to Processing Claims 1. Key Decisions of the Governing Council a. Urgent Claims b. Category D, E, and F Claims 2. Main Jurisdictional Rulings of the Panels of Commissioners 3. Compensation for Environmental Damage F. Conclusion Chapter Eighteen Iran-United States Claims Tribunal A. Introduction B. Overview of the Tribunal 1. Seat 2. Composition 3. Operation 4. Costs 5. Applicable Law 6. Jurisdiction a. Private Claims b. Official Claims c. Interpretive Disputes 7. Enforcement 8. Interest C. Procedural Overview 1. Rules of Procedure 2. Structure of the Proceedings 3. Third-Party Intervention and Amicus Submissions 4. Remedies 5. Interim Measures of Protection 6. Choice of Forum 7. Language D. The Tribunal’s Jurisprudence 1. Taking of Property a. Standard for Establishing an Expropriation b. Attribution c. Standard of Compensation for a Taking 2. Development of Transnational Commercial Law 3. Legacy of the Tribunal’s Jurisprudence E. Conclusion Chapter Nineteen The Claims Resolution Tribunal A. Introduction B. CRT I Procedures C. CRT II Procedures D. Relevant Cases 1. In re Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation 2. In re Account of Österreichische Zuckerindustrie AG Syndicate (“OZAG”) 3. In re Account of Sigmund Freud E. Conclusion Index This Book Examines Existing International Disputes Resolution Institutions Of Both General And Specific Subject-matter Jurisdiction. Uniquely, It Assesses Both Procedural Rules And Essential Case-law, Making It Relevant For Both Academics And Practitioners In International Law. Preface; About The Authors; Introduction; Courts And Tribunals Of General Jurisdiction; Chapter One The International Court Of Justice; A. Overview; 1. Essential Information; 2. Jurisdiction; 3. Procedural Overview; B. Review Of The Case Law; 1. Sources Of International Law; A. Customary International Law; B. Treaty Law; C. Other Sources; 2. Subjects Of International Law; 3. Rules On State Responsibility; 4. Privileges And Immunities In National Systems; 5. Injury To Aliens And Human Rights; 6. Use Of Force; 7. Land And Maritime Boundary Disputes. 8. Law Of The Sea And Environmental Lawc. Conclusion; Chapter Two Permanent Court Of Arbitration; A. Overview; 1. Essential Information; 2. Jurisdiction; 3. Procedural Overview; A. Structure Of Proceedings; B. Possibility Of Interim Measures; C. Languages; D. Third Party Intervention And Amicus Briefs; E. Appeal, Annulment, And Interpretation Of Arbitral Awards; F. Enforcement; G. Costs; B. Review Of Significant Arbitral Awards; 1. The Island Of Palmas Case (or Miangas); A. Background; B. Question Submitted To The Arbitral Tribunal; C. Decision Of The Arbitral Tribunal; D. Analysis. 2. Arbitral Cases Arising From The Conflict In Eritrea And Ethiopiaa. Background; B. The Eritrea-ethiopia Boundary Commission; C. The Eritrea-ethiopia Claims Commission; D. Analysis; 3. Guyana V. Suriname; A. Background; B. Decision Of The Tribunal; C. Analysis; 4. Abyei Arbitration; A. Background; B. The Decision Of The Arbitral Tribunal; C. Analysis; 5. Saluka V. The Czech Republic; A. Background; B. Counterclaims; C. Jurisdictional Objections; D. Decision Of The Tribunal; E. Analysis; 6. Romak V. Uzbekistan; A. Background; B. Decision Of The Tribunal; C. Analysis; C. Conclusion. Courts And Tribunals Of Specialized Jurisdictionchapter Three International Centre For Settlement Of Investment Disputes; A. Overview; 1. Essential Information; 2. Jurisdiction Under The Icsid Convention; B. Procedural Overview; 1. Constitution Of The Tribunal; 2. Conduct Of The Proceeding; 3. The Award, Enforcement, And Post-award Remedies; C. Review Of Significant Jurisprudence; 1. Decisions On Jurisdiction: Definition Of Investor And Investment; A. Definition Of Investor; B. Definition Of Investment; 2. Legal Standards Of Protection; A. Fair And Equitable Treatment. B. Full Protection And Securityc. Other Legal Standards; 3. Expropriation; D. Conclusion; Chapter Four The International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea; A. Overview; 1. Essential Information; 2. Jurisdiction; 3. Procedural Overview; A. Instituting Proceedings; B. Languages; C. Preliminary Proceedings And Objections; D. Provisional Measures; E. Proceedings; F. Permission To Intervene; G. Amicus Curiae; H. Decision; I. Expenses; J. Financial Assistance; B. Review Of The Case Law; 1. Judgments On Provisional Measures; 2. Judgments On Prompt Release Of Vessels And Crews; 3. Pending Cases. By Chiara Giorgetti. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.