The Routledge International Handbook of the Psychology of Morality

This cutting-edge handbook examines moral psychology and behavior, uncovering layers of human morality through a comprehensive overview of topics and approaches. Featuring an array of expert international contributors, the book addresses five key themes: moral reasoning, moral judgments, moral emotions, moral behavior and moral self-views. Each section includes empirical chapters that address these themes at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, intragroup or intergroup level. Each section starts with a reflective chapter from a leading scholar in this field of study who shares their personal vision on key issues and future developments. Drawing on emerging research and featuring real-world examples, the book offers a deeper understanding of the social psychological factors that shape our moral behavior and how this plays out in our daily lives. __The Routledge International Handbook of the Psychology of Morality__ will be essential reading for academics and students in social psychology, the psychology of morality, business ethics and related areas. It will also be a compelling resource for legal and HR professionals, policy makers and anyone interested in understanding the complex and multi-faceted nature of human morality. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of Figures List of Contributors 1 Introduction: What Is Right and What Is Wrong Relates to Who You Are and Where You Belong—unpacking the Psychology of Morality One Giant Umbrella: Different Topics, Different Levels References Part I A Vision On Morality 2 Forward: The Century of Moral Psychology Introduction What Moral Psychology Was The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology The Next Decade (Or Century) of Moral Psychology References Part II Moral Reasoning Part IIa A Vision On Moral Reasoning 3 Moral Reasoning: My Personal Journey Introduction Cognitive Processes: Ethical Awareness Cognitive Processes: Moral Disengagement at Work Affective Processes: Moral Outrage Affective Processes: Fear, Elevation and Voice Conclusion References Part IIb Empirical Review Chapters On Moral Reasoning 4 The Intrapersonal Level: Intrapersonal Moral Reasoning Introduction Sacrificial Dilemmas Analytic Approaches Traditional Approach: Relative Preference for Harm Rejection Versus Outcome-Maximization Modelling Approaches: Independently Assessing Harm Rejection and Outcome-Maximization Theoretical Models of Moral Reasoning Original “Hard” Dual Process Model Revised “Soft” Dual Process Model Future Directions Conclusion Notes References 5 The Interpersonal Level: Impartial Beneficence—the Forgotten Core of Utilitarian Psychology Introduction Trolleyology A Missing Piece: Impartial Beneficence The Two-Dimensional Model of Utilitarian Psychology Individual Differences Underlying Processes Social Perceptions Future Directions Conclusion Note References 6 The Intragroup Level: How Social Identity Tunes Moral Cognition Introduction Moving Beyond Intuition Versus Reason Social Identities Tune Preferences and Goals Social Identities Tune Expectations Social Identities Tune What Outcomes Matter Directions for Future Research Conclusion Acknowledgments Note References 7 The Intergroup Level: Human = Moral—the Boundary Conditions for Moral Reasoning Engagement in Intergroup Contexts Introduction Moral Reasoning Is Gated By Contaminant Proximity The Influence of Proximity On Moral Reasoning for Intergroup Relations Denying Outgroup Members Moral Reasoning: Avoidance Action-Tendencies Perceiving Outgroups as Prepared Stimuli Final Thoughts and Directions for Future Research References Part III Moral Judgments Part IIIa A Vision On Moral Judgments 8 Moral Judgment: What Makes It Unique? My Interest in Moral Judgment Moral Judgments in the Context of Social Judgment and Social Evaluation Moral Judgments Are Unique Because the Definition of Morality Is Not Trivial Moral Judgments Are Unique Because They Are Based On Values Moral Judgments Are Unique Because They Depend On Perspective Moral Judgments Are Unique Because Negative Exemplars Have a Higher Weight Than Positive Ones Moral Judgments Are Unique Because They Are Highly Related to Valence Conclusions References Part IIIb Empirical Review Chapters On Moral Judgments 9 The Intrapersonal Level: How Power Shapes the Judgment of Others’ Moral Character—a Social Context Perspective Introduction Moral Judgment Power Often Elicits Negative Moral Judgments Power May Also Induce Positive Moral Judgments The Social Context of Moral Judgment Power, Moral Judgments, and Social Norms Future Research Directions Conclusion References 10 The Interpersonal Level: Interpersonal Consequences of Moral Judgments About Others Introduction Morality and Interpersonal Perception Morality Can Unite and Divide Why Morality Affects Interpersonal Judgment and Behavior Characteristics of Moral Judgments and Beliefs Violations of Morality Prompt Person-Focused Attributions Moral Emotions Promote Attributional Certainty and Inhibit Revision Future Directions for Research Privileged Status of Moral Beliefs Attributional Processes Unitary Or Foundation-Specific Consequences Conclusion References 11 The Intragroup Level: Moral Character in Group Perception Introduction Two-dimensional Models of Impression Formation: Theoretical Bases Evaluating Ingroup and Outgroup Members: Morality Dominates Group Impressions The Importance of Being (Perceived) Moral: Morality as Group Validation Conclusion References 12 The Intergroup Level: Social Neuroscience of Intergroup Decision-Making Introduction Decision-Making Methods Relevant to Moral Psychology Behavioral Decision-Making Paradigms Neuroscientific and Computational Methods Intergroup Decision-Making Social Neuroscience of Intergroup Categorization and Evaluation Brief Introduction to the Social Neuroscience of Intergroup Bias Intergroup Perception and Categorization Intergroup and Moral Evaluation Social Neuroscience of Intergroup Decision-Making Brief Introduction to the Social Neuroscience of Decision-Making Intergroup Trust and Cooperation Intergroup Fairness Intergroup Moral Value Computation Model Unresolved Questions and Future Directions Note References Part IV Moral Emotions Part IVa A Vision On Moral Emotions 13 A Vision (And Definition) of Moral Emotions References Part IVb Empirical Review Chapters On Moral Emotions 14 The Intrapersonal Level: Beyond Contamination and Disgust—the Role of Moral Emotion in Threat Monitoring and Moral Judgment Disease Threat, and Inducing and Reducing Disgust Beyond Disgust and the Behavioral Immune System: Threat Monitoring Better Safe Than Sorry References 15 The Interpersonal Level: What Is Shame? Shame as a Relational Network of Emotion-Experience Introduction Shame and Shared Agreements Shame and Current Issues Shame and Controversies Shame and Unresolved Questions Shame: Important Practical Implications Conclusion Note References 16 The Intragroup Level: Moral Emotions, Empathy, and Acceptance of Others as Ingroup Members—a Social Neuroscience Perspective Introduction Disgust Collective Guilt Schadenfreude Implications of Moral Emotions for People in Groups References 17 The Intergroup Level: Moral Emotions in Intergroup Relations—the Motivations and Consequences of Advantaged... Introduction Three Types of Emotional and Behavioral Orientations to Intergroup Inequality By Disadvantaged and Advantaged Group Members Which Emotions Are Associated With the Likelihood for Members of Advantaged Group to Challenge the Intergroup Inequality? Advantaged Group Members’ Identity Forms and Their Association With Emotions and Attitudes Towards Intergroup Inequality Relations to Color-Blindness Versus Color-Cognizance How Do Members of Disadvantaged Groups Perceive Members of Advantaged Groups Who Aim to Challenge the Intergroup Inequality? Further Introduction Perceived Motivation of Allies and Trust Awareness of Power Dynamics and Hope Autonomy- Versus Dependency-Oriented Help, Feeling Respected and Empowerment Controversies, Unresolved Questions and Future Directions Practical Implications References Part V Moral Behaviour Part Va A Vision On Moral Behaviour 18 Behavioural Ethics: A Retrospective Reflection and Prospective Prescription References Part Vb Empirical Review Chapters On Moral Behavior 19 The Intrapersonal Level: From Feelings to Moral Actions—a Working Memory Model of Emotional Influences On People’s Own Moral Behaviours Working Memory as a Central Hub for Affective Processing From Feelings to Moral Actions: a Brief Overview of State and Dispositional Emotional Influences On Moral Behaviour Working Memory Constrains of Emotional Influences On Moral Behaviour Unresolved Questions, and Practical Implications of a Working Memory Model References 20 The Interpersonal Level: Affirming Transgressors’ Morality as a Strategy to Promote Apologies and... Introduction Obstacles to Apology and Reconciliation Addressing Transgressors’ Need for Positive Moral Identity Can Open Them to Apology and Reconciliation Unresolved Issues Concerning the Positive Effect of Restoring Transgressors’ Moral Identity Future Research Directions Practical Implications Conclusion Notes References 21 The Intragroup Level: When and Why Reputational Concerns Influence Immoral Behaviour Introduction Moral Behaviour Viewed From an Intragroup Perspective When Reputational Concerns Decrease Immoral Behaviour When Reputational Concerns Do Not Influence Immoral Behaviour When Reputational Concerns Increase Immoral Behaviour Emerging Patterns, Practical Implications and Future Directions Conclusion Contributor Statement Notes References 22 The Intergroup Level: The Strategic Use of Morality in Intergroup Relations Introduction The Main Theoretical Issues Concerning Morality in Intergroup Relations The Main Empirical Insights Visible Power: Moral Framing as Agenda-Setting Hidden Power: Moral Framing as Impression Management Invisible Power: Moral Framing to Preserve Power and Privilege The Main Controversies and Unresolved Questions The Important Practical Implications of Current Insights On this Topic and Level References Part VI Moral Self-Views Part VIa A Vision On Moral Self-Views 23 On the Vertical: How the Moral Self Pursues Its Highest Good Part VIb Empirical Review Chapters On Moral Self-Views 24 The Intrapersonal Level: The Moral Self Introduction The Moral Self Within the Greater Self Concept The Regulatory Function of the Moral Self Influences On and of the Moral Self One’s Own Behavior: Real and Imagined Others’ Behavior Maintaining the Moral Self Via Cognitive Processes Future Directions Conclusion Notes References 25 The Interpersonal Level: Moral Self-Views, at the Interpersonal Level of Analysis Introduction An Interpersonal Framework for Understanding Moral Self-Views Reactions to Our Actions Reactions to Morality: Positive Self-Esteem and Praise Reactions to Immorality: Guilt, Embarrassment, and Blame Others’ Actions Moral Actions: Exemplars, Vicarious Self-Concepts, and Reactance Immoral Actions: Condemnation, Downward Comparison, and Gossip Directions for Future Research Moral Conversations Integrating Across Multiple Levels of Analysis Conclusion References 26 The Intragroup Level: Morally Motivated Intragroup Deviance and Dissent Introduction Why Group Members Might Become Moral Rebels (a) Moral Rebellion for Personal Reasons (b) Moral Rebellion for Reasons Relating to Group Concerns Responses to Moral Rebels When Moral Rebellion Is MORE Likely to Be Punished By the Group When Moral Rebellion Is LESS Likely to Be Punished By the Group Practical Implications and Future Research Final Words References 27 The Intergroup Level: Moral Self-Views Introduction Moral Self-Enhancement: an Intergroup Approach The Challenges of Creating Moral Reform as an Outgroup Member. How Intergroup Audiences Shape Willingness to Give and Receive Moral Feedback Unresolved Questions Practical Implications References Part VII A Concluding Vision 28 How Morality Shapes Research: A Conversation With the Editors References Index