The Routledge International Handbook of Clinical Hypnosis (Routledge International Handbooks)

The Routledge International Handbook of Clinical Hypnosis explores and clarifies the challenge of defining what hypnosis is and how best to integrate it into treatment. It contains state-of-the-art neuroscience, cutting-edge practice, and future-oriented visions of clinical hypnosis integrated into all aspects of health and clinical care. Chapters gather current research, theories, and applications in order to view clinical hypnosis through the lens of neurobiological plasticity and reveal the central role of hypnosis in health care. This handbook catalogs the utility of clinical hypnosis as a biopsychosocial intervention amid a broad range of treatment modalities and contexts. It features contributions from esteemed international contributors, covering topics such as self-hypnosis, key theories of hypnosis, hypnosis and trauma, hypnosis and chronic pain management, attachment, and more. This handbook is essential for researchers, clinicians, and newcomers to clinical hypnosis, in medical schools, hospitals, and other healthcare settings. Chapters 4, 35, and 63 of this book are freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license. Cover Endorsements Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Tables Figures Acknowledgment Introduction Section I: The Roots of Contemporary Clinical Hypnosis Historical Overview and Key Concepts 1. Brief History of World Hypnosis Prehistory and Antiquity: The Trance Enlightenment, Animal Magnetism, 1750-1815 Hypnotism (1841-1933) Germany and Austria Spain Italy Russia Outside Europe Japan China India Stage Hypnosis in the 19th Century Hypnosis, 1933-1985 Hypnosis into the 21st Century, 1985-2022 References 2. On the Hard Process of Understanding Hypnosis: Epistemological Issues in the Debate Between State, Trait, and Hypofrontality Theories Key Epistemological Points The Enduring Misunderstanding of Hypnosis Hypofrontality and Neodissociation Theories Hypnosis as State or Trait: Both or Neither? Conclusions Notes References 3. Suggestibility and Hypnotizability Measures of Hypnosis and Hypnotizability Introduction Theory Non-Hypnotic Suggestibility Hypnotic Suggestibility Hypnotizability Milton H. Erickson Enacting and Vivid Imagining or: Is Hypnotizability Modifiable? Is There One Hypnotizability or Several? Hypnotizability and Other Personality Variables The Person of the Hypnotherapist Measurement Measurement of Hypnosis Depth Measurement of "Hypnotic" Imagination: The Creative Imagination Scale Measurement of Hypnotizability I: The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales for Individual Testing Measurement of Hypnotizability II: The Harvard and Walterloo-Stanford Scales of Hypnotic Susceptibility for Group Testing Measurement of Hypnotizability III: The Elkins Hypnotizability Scale The Introductory Hypnosis Inductions Imagination or Hallucination? Phenomena of Identity Delusion Meaning and Purpose of Hypnotizability Testing Note References Theoretical Models 4. The Contributions of Milton Erickson to Modern Clinical Hypnosis Erickson's Theoretical Framework Hypnotic Rapport and Therapeutic Alliance Integration of Hypnosis in Therapy Trance and Suggestion Philosophical Underpinnings Erickson's Top Six Contributions to Hypnosis Practice and Theory Naturalistic Approach Individualization Experiential Arousal Seeding and Incubation Utilizing Resistance Individuation Core Competencies in Ericksonian Therapy Future Implications for Training and Professional Development References 5. Attachment and Hypnosis: Revisiting Our Evolutionary Past to Reconstruct Our Future Introduction Evolution of Attachment Neuro-Sculpting the Social Brain Attachment, Intention, and Decision-Making Attachment and Hypnosis References 6. Mind, Self, and Hypnosis: A Relational Theory Mind Self Flow Transitioning into Hypnosis Utilization Avolitional Agency The Context of Hypnosis Hypnotherapy Making a Difference References 7. From Phenomenology to Noetic Analysis: The Use of Quantitative First-Person Self-Reports to Better Understand Hypnosis Quantifying Phenomenological Experience Phenomenology and Its Quantitative Development Noetic Analysis Noetic Analysis vis-à-vis Phenomenological Psychology and Neurophenomenology Noetic Analysis and its Underlying Presuppositions Noetic Analysis Questionnaires Using Noetics to Quantify States of Consciousness The Model Quantifying States of Consciousness Diagramming States of Consciousness: Pips and Psygrams Using Noetic Analysis to Assess Hypnotic Responsivity: The Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory: Hypnotic Assessment Procedure (PCI-HAP) Major Domains Assessed by the PCI-HAP Operationalizing the Model via the PCI-HAP Using Noetic Analysis for Better Understanding the Brain/Mind/Behavior Interface during Hypnosis Using the PCI-HAP to Differentiate the Component Processes Underlying Self-Reported Hypnotic Depth Using the PCI-HAP to Evaluate Hypnosis vis-à-vis Sidhi Meditation in a Single Case Study Hypnotic Assessment and Subsequent Hypnotic Intervention via the PCI/PCI-HAP Conclusions Note References 8. States of Consciousness Model and Ericksonian Approaches to Hypnosis States of Consciousness and Ego State Tart's Definition Experiential Resources and Ego States Paths of Connectivity Hypnosis and Induction Tart's Seven Steps of Induction Ambiguity Sociocognitive Factors and Expectancy Hypnosis and Induction in the SoC Model Why Hypnosis Is a Valuable SoC Empathy and Boundaries Induction and Ulterior Transactions Induction in a Clinical Setting Establishing an Empathic Relationship Depotentiating Boundaries and Retrieving Experience Ratifying and Stabilizing the SoC of Hypnosis Conclusion References 9. The Foundation of an Ecological Model of Hypnotherapy: The Base for Defining the Structural Dimensions of Hypnotherapy My Relationship to This Topic Conceptual Clarifications Hypnosis and Trance Trance and Links between Neurobiology and Experience Hypnotherapy: The Neurobiology of the Hypnotherapeutic Relationship The Development of Hypnotherapy Hypnosis-Psychotherapy The Foundation of an Ecological Model of Hypnotherapy The Ecological Nature of Hypnotherapy The Ecology of the Basic Emotional Needs Hypnosis-Psychotherapy as a Comprehensive Psychotherapeutic Modality The Structural Dimensions of Hypnotherapy A Model for Planning, Shaping, and Reflecting the Hypnotherapeutic Process Reality Levels and Therapy Goals: The Basic Structural Dimensions of Hypnotherapy The Hypnotherapeutic Approach: Solution-oriented, Conflict-oriented, Relation-oriented/Supportive The Therapy Phases: Stabilization, Confrontation, Integration, Transfer The Therapy Session Therapeutic Focus: Crisis Intervention, Therapeutic Theme, Therapeutic Relationship Temporal Orientation: Past, Present, Future Therapeutic Strategy: Psychoeducation, Dissociation, Association, Reframing The Trancework Trance Induction: Explicit, Implicit Trance Communication: Monologic, Dialogic, Ideomotoric Trance Content: Concrete, Symbolic, Metaphoric Conclusion References 10. An Empirically-Informed Integrative Theory of Hypnosis: Clinical Implications Empirical Foundations Clinical Applications Conclusion References From Theory to the Art of Practice 11. Rapid Hypnotic Inductions SLEEP! Pros and Cons Time What Are the Prerequisites for Rapid Inductions? Patient Requirements Clinician Requirements Induction Types Mechanisms Physiology and Phenomenology Suggestibility Testing Ethics My Favorite Induction References 12. Self-Hypnosis Introduction Definitions and Overview Historical Background Theory and Practice Review of Evidence Suggestions and Recommendations References 13. Hypnosis: A Developmental Perspective Introduction Knowledge and Skills That Benefit Child Health Professionals Who Are Teaching Hypnosis Example: The Pre-school - Early Verbal age child School Age Development Case History: School Age Early Adolescent Development Late Adolescent Development Cross-cultural Variables Other Developmental Factors to Consider in Teaching Hypnosis Factors That Impair Normal Development Summary References 14. Hypnosis and Integrative Aspects of Music Professional Background Theoretical Framework Review of Research Applications of Music in Medicine and Psychotherapy Applications of Hypnosis in Medicine and Psychotherapy Integrative Applications of Music and Hypnosis Shared Elements of Music and Hypnosis Rhythm Brain Oscillations Entrainment Prosody Repetition Novelty and Change of Perspective New Research, Perspectives, Applications Clinical Illustration Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Conclusion References 15. Utilization of Metaphor as a Therapeutic Tool Introduction Background Metaphors: Transfer of Associations Metaphors Used by Clients Goal-oriented Metaphors Using Metaphors and Metaphoric Stories Metaphor as Storytelling Therapeutic Metaphors Metaphors for Stimulating Perceptual Flexibility Metaphors for Stimulating Emotional Flexibility Metaphors for Stimulating Cognitive Flexibility Metaphors for Stimulating Behavioral Flexibility Metaphors for Stimulating Identity Flexibility Metaphors for Stimulating Relational Flexibility Metaphors for Stimulating Contextual Flexibility Conclusion References Section II: The Neuroscientific Foundations of Hypnosis Neural Correlates of Hypnosis 16. Neural Correlates of Hypnosis Background Resting-State Neural Correlates of Hypnosis Conflict Monitoring and Attentive Functions Mental Imagery Motor Control Episodic Memory Suppression in Posthypnotic Amnesia Conclusions References 17. EEG Oscillatory Activity Concomitant with Hypnosis and Hypnotizability Introduction EEG Frequency Oscillations Hypnotizability, Hypnosis, and EEG oscillations EEG Connectivity Studies of Hypnosis and Hypnotizability Resting Functional Connectivity in Control and Hypnosis Conditions Concluding Remarks References 18. Beyond the Neural Signature of Hypnosis: Neuroimaging Studies Support a Multifaceted View of Hypnotic Phenomena The Quest to Uncover the Neural Signature of Hypnosis Decomposing Hypnosis into Components Conclusion References 19. The Neurochemical Bases of Verbal Suggestion and Hypnosis Introduction The Neurochemistry and Psychopharmacology of Hypnosis and Suggestion Dopamine Serotonin GABA Glutamate Other Substances Implications for Theories of Hypnosis Dissociation and Cold Control Theories Congruence with Pharmacological Findings Response Expectancy and Predictive Coding Theories Congruence with Pharmacological Findings Therapeutic Implications and Applications Enhanced Suggestibility Challenges and Future Directions Limitations of the Literature Determining Causal Pathways Apples and Oranges Orexin: A New Frontier? Non-Linear Effects Conclusion References Hypnotizability 20. The Neuropsychology of Hypnotizability Introduction A Neuropsychological Approach for Hypnotizability Theoretical Conceptualization of Hypnotizability Biological Bases of Hypnotizability Neurocognitive Factors in Hypnotizability Attention and Working Memory Executive Functions Memory Integration and Future Directions Limitations Conclusion Disclosures Notes References 21. Physiological Correlates of Hypnotizability Genetic Markers Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Oxytocin (OXT) Receptors Opioids μ1 Receptors Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Sensorimotor Integration and Imagery Spinal and Trigeminal Reflexes Postural and Visuomotor Control Motor Cortex Excitability and Functional Equivalence between Imagery and Perception/Action The Cerebellum Cardiovascular Control Heart Rate and Variability, Blood Pressure, Skin Blood Flow, Electrodermal Activity Interoceptive Accuracy and Sensitivity Peripheral Arteries Flow Mediated Dilation, Cerebrovascular Reactivity Limitations and Conclusions References 22. Types of High Hypnotizables Fantasizers Versus Other Types of High Hypnotizables Vivid Imagery and Fantasies Early Memories and Parental Discipline Fantasizers' Experience of Hypnosis Dissociation Group Fantasies, Early Memory, and Parental Discipline Dissociaters' Experience of Hypnosis Follow-up: Comparison with Hidden Observer Distinction, Dream Phenomena, and Dissociative Disorders Dreams Trauma Histories Dissociative Diagnoses and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Barber's "Positively Set" Hypnotizables Conclusions References 23. Alteration of Hypnotic Phenomena and Hypnotizability with Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS): State of the Art and Future Perspectives Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Application of NIBS in Hypnosis Research: The "God Helmet" Application of NIBS in Hypnosis Research: TMS Studies Application of NIBS in Hypnosis Research: tDCS Studies Future Studies and Possible Implications for Hypnosis Research and Practice References Mechanisms of Hypnotic Analgesia 24. How Can We Better Understand Hypnosis and Its Modulation of Pain with Neuroimaging? Introduction What Is Hypnosis? Phenomenological and Neuroimaging Accounts Part 1. Hypnosis, a Specific State of Consciousness Part 2. Neurophysiology of Hypnosis and Consciousness, an Integrative Perspective Part 3. Suggestibility/hypnotizability Hypnosis and Pain Modulation: From Experimental Studies to Hypnosedation Hypnosis for Chronic Conditions Chronic Pain Oncology Toward Contemporary Hypnosis? Virtual Reality Hypnosis Conclusion Acknowledgment Notes References 25. EEG-Assessed Bandwidth Power and Hypnotic Analgesia Mediation and Moderation Electroencephalography-Assessed Bandwidth Power as a Possible Mediator, Predictor, and Moderator of General Hypnosis Treatment What Does Electroencephalography Measure? EEG-Assessed Bandwidth Power and General Hypnosis Bandwidth Power and Hypnotic Analgesia Baseline Power as a Predictor of Subsequent Response to Hypnotic Analgesia Enhancing Response to Hypnotic Analgesia by Enhancing Theta Bandwidth Power as a Mediator of Hypnotic Analgesia Research Implications Clinical Implications Summary and Conclusions References Research in Hypnosis 26. Conducting Research in Clinical Hypnosis Research in Hypnosis History Research in Modern Hypnosis Meta-Analyses of Hypnosis Research and Critiques of Research Design The Task Force for Efficacy Standards in Hypnosis Research Recommendations for Best Practices in Research Essential Recommendations for Research Design Essential Recommendations for Research Reporting Preferred Recommendations for Research Design Preferred Recommendations on Research Reporting Guidelines for Assessing Efficacy of Clinical Hypnosis Applications Survey on Current Practices in Clinical Hypnosis Summary and Conclusions Note References 27. The Potential Role of Hypnosis and Neurofeedback in Linking Neuroscience to Psychotherapy Introduction Experimental Neuropsychopathology Hypnotic Modulation of Conflicts in the Human Brain Neural Correlates of Psychotherapy (Neuro-Psychotherapy) EEG-NFB EEG-NFB in ADHD EEG-NFB in Psychiatric Disorders EEG-NFB in Epilepsy EEG-NFB in Chronic Pain EEG-NFB in Neurorehabilitation EEG-NFB and Performance Enhancement rtfMRI-NFB rtfMRI-NFB Self-Regulation of ROIs rtfMRI-NFB Self-Regulation of Pain rtfMRI-NFB Self-Regulation in Affective and Anxiety Disorders rtfMRI-NFB Self-Regulation in ADHD Patients Unsolved Issues Limitations Simultaneous EEG and rtfMRI NFB The Potential Role of Hypnosis in Self-Regulatory Techniques Conclusions and Future Directions References Section III: Clinical Hypnosis in Practice Behavioral and Affective Change 28. Clinical Hypnosis and Anxiety Introduction Hypnosis and Anxiety Clinical Hypnosis: A Set of Skills Introducing Hypnosis: A Trance-Forming Opportunity Metaphors Anchors Silence Self-Hypnosis Permissive Conclusions Conclusion References 29. Applying Hypnosis Strategically in Treating Depression About the Author: Background and Perspectives Empirical Support for Hypnosis in the Treatment of Depression Overview: The Scope of the Problem The Medical Model Dominates Treatment ... But Should It? The COVID-19 Global Pandemic and Depression Why Hypnosis for Treating Depression? Setting the Stage for Applying Hypnosis Strategically in Psychotherapy Common Targets of Depression Treatment Two Key Strategies of Applied Hypnosis: Structures and Representative Verbiage Hypnotically Building Positive Expectancy Induction Response Set Theme #1 Theme #2 Theme #3 Check-In Post-Hypnotic Suggestion Closure and Disengagement Hypnotically Facilitating Flexibility Induction Response Set Theme #1 Theme #2 Theme #3 Check-In Post-Hypnotic Suggestion Closure and Disengagement Conclusion References 30. The Hypnotic Lens on Trauma and Treatment Background Perspectives Brief History of Trauma Awareness in Health Care Labels and Diagnostic Terms Simple Versus Complicated Trauma Definitions of Trauma Dissociation and Hypnosis Applying Hypnosis Developmental Variation and Vulnerability Becoming Trauma-Informed References 31. Eating Disorders: Using Hypnotic Techniques and Rapport to Treat Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa Distinctive Issues in the Treatment of ED Hypnosis as a Treatment Theoretical Framework A Multifactorial Approach Genetic Factors Traumatic Experiences Sociocultural Factors Brain-Based Neuroscience Triggering Factors Maintaining Factors Applications of Hypnosis Hypnotic Approaches to ED: Distinctive Features and Complementarity New Perspectives in the Treatment of EDs Clinical Illustration Future Orientation References 32. The Promise of Hypnosis Within CBT for Smoking Cessation Pitching Hypnosis and Debunking Myths The Winning Edge Program General Overview Introducing CBT The Educational Component The Motivation Piece and the Importance of Social Support The Cognitive Piece The All-Important Behavioral Ingredients Managing the Urge Incorporating Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Strategies Incentivizing Success and Preventing Relapse The Boost from Self-Hypnosis Success Ceremony and Continued Support Conclusions References 33. Systemic Hypnosis: How to Develop and Use Systemic Trances with Couples and Families Outline Theoretical Framework and History Orientation: Direct Versus Indirect and Systemic Versus Individual General Principles and Goals of Systemic Hypnosis Trance Phenomena Produced by a Systemic Family Induction Reduction of Spontaneous Interactive Exchanges Slower Interactive Rhythm Conjoint Activity and Increased Sense of Belonging Physical Synchronism Emotional Synchronism Interruption of Usual Interactive Patterns Increased Attention to Individual Patterns Reduced Attention to Family Relationships Increased Attention to the Content Reduced Responsiveness to Other Family Members Increased Responsiveness to the Therapist Forms of Systemic Induction with the Family Indirect Family Induction The Family Trance Is Induced in an Indirect Way Utilization of the Natural Family Trance Inducing Indirectly Part of the Family While Inducing Directly Other Family Members Indirect Induction Techniques with the Family The Use of Space and Posture Family Rituals Interspersing Suggestions Metaphors Confusion Technique Direct Family System Induction Hypnosis with the Index Patient in the Presence of the Family Direct Hypnosis with Another Family Member in the Presence of the Patient Direct Hypnosis with the Whole Family Specific Direct Techniques for Families Other Therapeutic Factors Relevant to Systemic Hypnosis Application of Systemic Hypnosis with Families and Couples Segregating Families Individual Detachment Family Dissociation Hyper-Connected Families Chaotic Families Clinical Illustration References 34. A Systemic View: Hypnosis to Solve Problems of Overweight and Obesity Introduction Why Is the Issue of Overweight and Obesity Important? What Happens When There Is Overweight or Obesity? At the Behavioral Level At the Emotional Level Why Ericksonian Hypnosis? Research Model Benefits of a Group Model Lightening the Soul and the Body Model The Process Program and Group Sessions Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Session 5 Session 6 Session 7 Session 8 Session 9 Session 10 Results Conclusion References Children and Adolescents 35. Hypnosis in the Treatment of Functional Somatic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents Introduction What Are Functional Somatic Symptoms? Assessment and Treatment of Functional Somatic Symptoms What Is Hypnosis? Every Clinical Encounter Counts The Comprehensive Medical Assessment When the Clinical Encounter Does Not Go Well: The Use of Negative Illness-Promoting Suggestions Starting Treatment Hypnosis Integrated into the Natural Conversation with the Child and Family in the Clinical Encounter Building Inner Agency and Mastery Using Imagination and Creativity Using Metaphors Embedding Positive Suggestions into the Conversation Use of the Treatment Ritual The Feeling of Being Part of an Effective Treatment Program Communicating Expertise and Providing Accurate Information Therapeutic Rituals That Promote Predictability, a Sense of Control, and Mastery Using Hypnosis to Support Medical or Physical Interventions Changing Focus of Attention Self-Hypnosis With or Without the Use of Audio Recordings Use of Formal Hypnosis The Hypnosis Session as a Therapeutic Ritual The Use of Scripts as Part of the Therapeutic Ritual Hypnosis Delivered in the Group Setting Conclusion References 36. Hypnosis: Finding Relief for Children and Teens in Pain Introduction Who Are We? Our Philosophical and Practice Approach Definition of Pain Under-Treatment of Children's Pain and Consequent Institutional Changes Hypnosis Is a Good Fit for Treating Pain, Particularly Persistent Pain Educating Patients on How Pain Is Processed Complex Chronic Pediatric Pain Hypnotic Metaphors Explain and Help Re-Pattern the Puzzle of Pain Hypnosis Techniques That Are a "Good-Fit" for Managing Pain Favorite Place Pain Switch (Kuttner, 2018) Hypnosis for Acute and Procedural Pain The Magic Glove (Kuttner, 2014) The Meg Foundation Resources Recurrent and Chronic Pain Require Complex Approaches Hypnosis for End of Life and Palliative Care Final Thoughts References 37. Clinical Use of Hypnosis in Pediatric Dentistry Background Theoretical Framework: Approaches and Principles in Pediatric Dentistry Commonly Used Principles in Pediatric Dentistry Effect of Hypnosis on Children's Dental Fear and Anxiety Approaches and Clinical Implications Invite Yourself to the Children's Universe Case a 12-Year-Old Boy with Dental Anxiety Trance Anchoring the Resourceful Feeling in the Body Future Pacing Ego-States as Metaphors Stage 1: Safety with Ego-Strengthening Stage 2: Accessing Trauma Material Stage 3: Resolving Traumatic Experiences Stage 4: Integration of New Identity Healing Metaphor Stories The Pain Reflex Conditioned by the Sound of the Drill Reframing of the Drill in Hypnosis Hypnosis and Management of Children's Digit Sucking Case: A Seven-Year-Old Girl Sucking Her Thumb Excessively Gagging Management in Children with the Use of Hypnosis Case: A Eight-Year-Old Girl with Severe Gagging Future Orientation References Medicine 38. Hypnodontics Mind Dental Fear, Anxiety, and Phobia Pain Body Bleeding Management/Control Salivation Control and Management Gagging Control and Management Responses Stress Management Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer Management Behaviors Smoking Cessation Habit Control Bruxism Inductions Hypnodontics: Practice Integration Potential Models of Hypnodontics In Summary References 39. Hypnosis in Pediatric and Adult Pulmonology Author's Background Theoretical Framework and Principles of My Approach from Which I Practice Hypnosis Instruction Orientation Literature Review Asthma Chest Pain Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Cystic Fibrosis Interstitial Lung Disease Dyspnea (Shortness of Breath) Habit Cough Vocal Cord Dysfunction Smoking Cessation Bronchoscopy Chest Physiotherapy Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation Laryngoscopy Mechanical Ventilation Radiotherapy Phenomenology: New Directions Directions for Future Research Therapeutic Relevance Clinical Illustrations Habit Cough Vocal Cord Dysfunction Future Orientation References 40. Hypnosis in Neurological Disorders and Neurorehabilitation Introduction The Role of Hypnosis in Neurological Disorders Movement Disorders Dystonia Epidemiology Signs and Symptoms Pathophysiology Diagnosis Principles of Treatment The Role of Hypnosis in ICD Hypnotic Techniques Case Example Transcript Postural Hypnosis for ICD (Spasmodic Torticollis) Parkinson's Disease Epidemiology Signs and Symptoms Pathophysiology Principles of Treatment The Role of Hypnosis in Parkinson Disease Hypnotic Techniques Psychogenic Movement Disorders or Functional Movement Disorders Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome Multiple Sclerosis Epilepsy and Non-Epileptic Psychogenic Crisis Raynaud Syndrome Neurorehabilitation Contraindications, Precautions, and Safety Profile Conclusions References 41. Hypnosis for Skin Disorders Medical Hypnotherapy for Treating Specific Skin Disorders Medical Hypnotherapy for Reducing Procedure Stress and Anxiety Psychosomatic Hypnoanalysis Conclusions References 42. Hypnosis in Gastroenterology Disorders of Gut Brain Interaction Irritable Bowel Syndrome Functional Dyspepsia Non-Cardiac Chest Pain How Does Hypnotherapy Improve Symptoms in DGBIs? Inflammatory Bowel Disease Duodenal Ulcer Esophageal Disorders Conclusions References 43. Hypnosis and Chronic Pain Management Introduction Four Key Research Findings Hypnosis Treatment for Chronic Pain Is Effective, But Outcomes Vary Self-Hypnosis Training Has Two Primary Beneficial Effects on Pain Intensity Hypnosis Treatment Has Many More Benefits Than Just Pain Reduction Focusing Hypnosis Treatment on Pain-Related Thoughts May Be More Effective Than Focusing on Pain Reduction Clinical Implications Self-Hypnosis Training for Chronic Pain Overall Session Structure Inductions Clinical Suggestions Decreased Awareness of Uncomfortable Sensations Increased Understanding That Pain Is Not Necessarily an Indication of Harm Increase in Reassuring Pain-Related Thoughts Age Progression for Comfort and Confidence Post-Hypnotic Suggestions Re-Orienting De-Briefing Summary and Conclusions Disclosures Acknowledgments Note References 44. Hypnosis and Fibromyalgia Syndrome Introduction and Definition Epidemiology Clinical Symptoms and Signs Diagnostic Criteria Etiology and Pathophysiology Traumatic Life Events, PTSD, and FMS Treatment General Principles of Treatment The Importance of Psychological Therapies The Importance of Hypnosis in FMS Guidelines The Role of Hypnosis in FMS Current State of Evidence-Based Medicine Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy for FMS Clinical Illustrations Hypnotherapy Protocol for Fibromyalgia Patients Case Example Safety Profile and Contraindications Future Orientation Implications for Training and Professional Development References 45. A Suggestive Presence during Labor and Birth Introduction Pregnancy Negative Suggestions Positive Suggestion Loss Delivery Involvement of a Professional After Delivery Summary Case Vignette Conclusion References Critical Care 46. Hypnosis in Surgery: The Social-Psycho-Biological Model of Surgical Hypnosis Background Theoretical Framework Introduction The Biological Effects of Mental Stress Traditional Literature Review The Mental Effects of Mental Stress The Complex Effects of Socio-Psycho-Biological Stress Social Relationship Aspects Psychobiological Aspects Acceptance of Analgesic Suggestion Spontaneous Surgery Trance Archaic Involvement as Interpersonal Relations Therapeutic Relevance Future Orientation References 47. Perioperative Medical Interventions and Devices Outline Theoretical Framework The Importance of Appropriate Communication in Light of the Literature Clinical Application Christel Bejenke's Approach Clinical Examples from Practice Case Vignette 1 Case Vignette 2 Conclusion and Closing Remarks References 48. Bleeding, Hemostasis: Suggestive Techniques Hemostasis, Bleeding, Coagulation Factors Affecting Bleeding during Surgery Consequences of Perioperative Bleeding, Transfusion The Relationship between Bleeding and Mental State Brief Review of Literature - Psychological Techniques to Reduce Blood Loss Mechanism of Action of the Interventions Suggestion Techniques with or without Hypnosis Clinical Usage Research Goals and Difficulties References 49. Epilepsy, Stroke and Psychoses after Traumatic Brain Injury Epilepsy: Prevalence, Traditional Treatments and Their Limitations Epilepsy and Rational for Hypnosis Stroke: Prevalence, Traditional Treatments and Their Limitations Stroke and Rational for Hypnosis Psychosis Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Prevalence, Traditional Treatments and Their Limitations PFTBI and Rationales for Hypnosis Measuring Outcome and Perspectives on Evidence Outcome Measurement with Relevance for Relational Hypnosis Indications and Definition of Hypnosis in Treatment of Epilepsy, Stroke and PFTBI Definitions of Hypnosis Clinical Hypnosis Is Affect-Dependent and Relational Clinical Hypnosis Is Induced with Simple Vocabulary, Safe Voice and Slow Tempo Clinical Hypnosis Evokes Positive Affect Clinical Hypnosis for Dealing with Repressed Feelings Applied Hypnosis: PFTBI Applied Hypnosis: Epilepsy Applied Hypnosis: Stroke Case: Barney References 50. Hypnosis in the Intensive Care Unit: Utilization of the Superorganismic Connection State Introduction The Evolutionary Roots and the ICU Stress-Response The Superorganismic Connection State Caregiver in Trouble Self-Connection Hypnosis in the Superorganismic Connection State Rapport by Gaining the Patient's Perspective Closing Remarks References 51. Clinical Hypnosis in Palliative Care Introduction: Psychophysiology, Perspectives, and Applications of Clinical Hypnosis in Palliative Care Clinical Hypnosis and the Challenge of Its Therapeutic Relevance in Palliative Medicine The Goals of Clinical Hypnosis in Palliative Care To Provide Relief from Pain, Anxiety, and Other Distressing Symptoms Palliative Care Affirms Life and Regards Dying as a Normal Process Palliative Care Intends Neither to Hasten or Postpone Death Palliative Care Integrates the Psychological and Spiritual Aspects of Patient Care Palliative Care Offers a Support System to Help Patients Live as Actively as Possible Until Death Palliative Care Offers a Support System to Help the Family Cope during the Patient's Illness and in Their Own Bereavement Palliative Care Uses a Team Approach to Address the Needs of Patients and their Families, Including Bereavement Counseling, If Indicated Palliative Care Will Enhance Quality of Life, and May Also Positively Influence the Course of Illness Palliative Care Is Applicable Early in the Course of Illness, in Conjunction with Other Therapies That Are Intended to Prolong Life, Such as Chemotherapy or Radiation Therapy, and Includes Those Investigations Needed to Better Understand and Manage Distressing Clinical Complications Brief Introduction to Clinical Hypnosis in Palliative Care for Children Conclusions: Future Orientation for Professional Development of Clinical Hypnosis as an Integrative Therapy in Palliative Care References Section IV: Frontiers of Hypnosis Hypnosis and Society 52. Efforts, Pitfalls, and Criteria to The Routledge International Handbook of Clinical Hypnosis explores and clarifies the challenge of defining what hypnosis is and how best to integrate it into treatment.It contains state-of-the-art neuroscience, cutting-edge practice, and future-oriented visions of clinical hypnosis integrated into all aspects of health and clinical care. Chapters gather current research, theories, and applications in order to view clinical hypnosis through the lens of neurobiological plasticity and reveal the central role of hypnosis in health care. This handbook catalogs the utility of clinical hypnosis as a biopsychosocial intervention amid a broad range of treatment modalities and contexts. It features contributions from esteemed international contributors, covering topics such as self-hypnosis, key theories of hypnosis, hypnosis and trauma, hypnosis and chronic pain management, attachment, and more.This handbook is essential for researchers, clinicians, and newcomers to clinical hypnosis, in medical schools, hospitals, and other healthcare settings.Chapters 4, 35, 62 and 63 of this book are freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.